Background: Psychiatric hospitalization of children and adolescents can be carried out either voluntarily or involuntarily. The aim of this form of inpatient hospitalization is to provide treatment for those who cannot manage the symptoms of their mental illnesses on their own. However, psychiatric hospitalizations of children and adolescents are costly and could lead to outcomes such as worsened mental state in former patients and distrust of the system in caregivers. It is crucial to have a solid understanding of specific components that lead to the hospitalization. Purpose: To identify potential trends in patient admission data through the analysis of admission characteristics in children and adolescents placed under involuntary and voluntary status in a psychiatric facility. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted using the CINAHL, MEDLINE, and APA PsycINFO databases. Articles that were eligible for inclusion in this review of literature were those written in English, published from 2000-2024, and contained a population of subjects aged 3-17. A total of nine articles were utilized for the review after the search was completed. Results: Of the nine articles, a majority of them found correlations between involuntary admission and psychotic symptoms and disorders, manic behaviors, older age, female gender, and psychosocial burden. As for voluntary admission, behavioral or mood disorders, symptoms of depression and suicidal thoughts, and younger age were found to be primary contributing factors. Conclusion: More research should be completed on patient demographics that are lesser noted, such as sexual orientation, race, and ethnicity, in order to enhance the quality of care children and adolescents receive under inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. Additionally, with the identification of these trends related to legal placement status, future research should be conducted on long-term outcomes of and satisfaction with psychiatric hospitalization in former patients with the aforementioned demographics.

Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This study explores the contours, dynamics and impacts of African football migration to South Africa. It argues that there has been a change in the international political economy of sport, and that this change is affecting world football migration. In addition to the study’s primary focus on African football migration, it also reviews substantial parts of the literature concerning the phenomenon of football migration, in order to explain which dynamics characterise football migration. The thesis also accounts for the incentives that motivate African football migration to South Africa, and the impact such players have on the South African domestic elite league. The study identifies which incentives exist for promoting football cooperation in the context of Southern Africa, and how football migration patterns correlate or contrast with general migration patterns to South Africa. The study makes use of two theoretical frameworks, by Paul Darby and Joseph Maguire, to understand and explain player migration. These frameworks provide an understanding of the different aspects and structures shaping player migration, and should be interpreted as complementary and not contrasting approaches. The examination of the frameworks’ theoretical deficiencies and implications provides the basis for further research in the conclusion. The conclusion argues that there exists a need to create a new theoretical framework within which future studies can be concluded. The study is motivated by the general lack of academic research on the specific subject and migration to South Africa. The latter is suggested by the body of literature, concerning African migration to South Africa, which argues for more research on the issue to get a better understanding of the current situation. This study is based on both primary and secondary sources, the latter being represented by e.g. academic journal articles and books. In addition it was necessary to conduct fieldwork to provide answers to the research questions. The study makes use of exploratory qualitative methods in order to provide a conclusion, and to answer the research questions. It can be characterised as exploratory because it will offer new insights into a specific issue which, until now, has not been researched extensively. The analysis of the data and desktop research revealed certain trends, and provides a basis for answering the research questions. The study concludes that football migration, like conventional migration, is very complex and influenced by several interwoven factors. Hence a broad scope is crucial to understand the phenomenon correctly and not exaggerate the importance of some factors above others. In the conclusion the current position of the PSL is explained in relation to the two theoretical frameworks and the work of Pierre Lanfranchi and Matthew Taylor. It is argued that the PSL, unlike most other African leagues, has managed to cope with the ‘enduring problem of African football’, and has transformed into a commercialised, commoditised league heavily influenced by corporate interests.

Biological nursing science, also known as Bioscience, is a difficult subject or module in nurse training and education worldwide. In the four-year comprehensive nursing diploma programme, Biological Nursing Science (BNS) is one of the core subjects taught in the first year. One of the major bioscience concepts integrated in the undergraduate nursing curriculum is Anatomy and Physiology (A&P). It is essential for students to pass A&P before enrolling for GNS because the two subjects provide details of the normal structures of the body and how they function, which is the foundation of GNS. The failure of students in BNS (Anatomy and Physiology) enrolled for the Diploma in Nursing (General, Psychiatry and Community) and Midwifery is of great concern to the nurse educators and campus principals at the KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing. The results for the BNS module between 2014 and 2017 indicated that students had problems with the course. Accordingly, the researcher wished to determine the factors that contributed to student failure in BNS (Anatomy and Physiology) in the KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing. The aim of the study was to identify factors that contributed to the BNS failure rate and make recommendations to improve the pass rate in BNS. The researcher used Jeffreys’ (2013) NURS model as the conceptual framework to examine the influence of student profile characteristics, academic factors, environmental factors and psychological outcomes on Anatomy and Physiology performance. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive research design was selected to describe, explain, and predict factors contributing to students’ failure in BNS. Data was collected from 114 respondents by means of a Likert scale-based self-administered structured questionnaire.The study found that shorter breaks between lectures, which caused exhaustion; the one-day study time between examinations; two hours for the subject examination, and educators not involving students in lessons or providing after-class sessions were among the factors contributing to the high failure rate. It is recommended that the curriculum allow sufficient notional hours for teaching; learner support programmes be introduced to assist students who need help; examination timetables be adjusted to allow adequate study and preparation time, and educators involve students in active learning. Recommendations are also made for further research. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Career success has become one of the most central issues in the 21st century as the nature of careers has undergone major changes over the past two decades. The change in perception that has taken place in terms of the nature of work has led to increased uncertainty about career development as a construct and as a practice. Career success has therefore become not only of interest and concern for individuals, but also a priority to organisations as the realisation of employees’ personal goals and success can eventually contribute to the realisation of the organisation’s goals and successes. Therefore the general objective of this study was to explore the experience and conceptualisation of career success among South African executives. This study utilised a qualitative research design with an exploratory approach to investigate executives’ conceptualisation and experience of career success. A non-probability purposive, voluntary sample of 24 participants was drawn from two seperate international financial organisations with offices located in Johannesburg. The data collection process was performed through semi-structured individual interviews and the verbatim transcriptions that were captured from these interviews, were analysed using content analysis. The twelve main themes that were extracted from the interviews are set out as follow: general conceptualisation of career success; executives’ personal meaning associated with career success; transformation of perceptions; future goals of executives; factor’s influencing executives’ career success; personality attributes related to career success; contributing factors to the career success of executives; hindering factors in career success; potential for experiencing turnover intention; consequences of career success; role of the organisation; and prerequisites for career success. It is crucial that organisations be made more aware of the significance of executives’ conceptualisation and experience of career success (as highlighted within this research).This is especially the case when considering future career and succession planning and mapping. Organisations should be familiar with the potential influencing and hindering factors (e.g. lack of opportunities, lack of support, organisational culture, etc.). They should be prepared to address the adverse impact that these factors could have as obstacles to employees and particularly for executives to attain career success. If these hindrances are not addressed it could lead to increased job dissatisfaction and consequently increased turnover intention. They should also be alert to the contributing factors and other factors conducive to career development (e.g. support and buy-in from organisation, or being given challenges and opportunities) that facilitate career success. By providing an environment that helps career development along, the experiece of career success is increased. This can lead to various positive outcomes, such as increased job performance, organisational commitment, employee engagement, career satisfaction and talent retention. Talent retention is particularly important as one can gather from the data collected among the executives. Thus, in order to retain them as valuable employees, it is crucial to address and fulfil their career needs accordingly. / Thesis (MCom (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Career success has become one of the most central issues in the 21st century as the nature of careers has undergone major changes over the past two decades. The change in perception that has taken place in terms of the nature of work has led to increased uncertainty about career development as a construct and as a practice. Career success has therefore become not only of interest and concern for individuals, but also a priority to organisations as the realisation of employees’ personal goals and success can eventually contribute to the realisation of the organisation’s goals and successes. Therefore the general objective of this study was to explore the experience and conceptualisation of career success among South African executives. This study utilised a qualitative research design with an exploratory approach to investigate executives’ conceptualisation and experience of career success. A non-probability purposive, voluntary sample of 24 participants was drawn from two seperate international financial organisations with offices located in Johannesburg. The data collection process was performed through semi-structured individual interviews and the verbatim transcriptions that were captured from these interviews, were analysed using content analysis. The twelve main themes that were extracted from the interviews are set out as follow: general conceptualisation of career success; executives’ personal meaning associated with career success; transformation of perceptions; future goals of executives; factor’s influencing executives’ career success; personality attributes related to career success; contributing factors to the career success of executives; hindering factors in career success; potential for experiencing turnover intention; consequences of career success; role of the organisation; and prerequisites for career success. It is crucial that organisations be made more aware of the significance of executives’ conceptualisation and experience of career success (as highlighted within this research).This is especially the case when considering future career and succession planning and mapping. Organisations should be familiar with the potential influencing and hindering factors (e.g. lack of opportunities, lack of support, organisational culture, etc.). They should be prepared to address the adverse impact that these factors could have as obstacles to employees and particularly for executives to attain career success. If these hindrances are not addressed it could lead to increased job dissatisfaction and consequently increased turnover intention. They should also be alert to the contributing factors and other factors conducive to career development (e.g. support and buy-in from organisation, or being given challenges and opportunities) that facilitate career success. By providing an environment that helps career development along, the experiece of career success is increased. This can lead to various positive outcomes, such as increased job performance, organisational commitment, employee engagement, career satisfaction and talent retention. Talent retention is particularly important as one can gather from the data collected among the executives. Thus, in order to retain them as valuable employees, it is crucial to address and fulfil their career needs accordingly. / Thesis (MCom (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / MBA Professional Report / Over the years, the United Nations' (UN) peacekeeping operations have increased significantly. When a crisis develops, the UN is expected to respond. It examines the overall situation in order to assess the political and military goals, required composition of force, equipment, training, financial implications, circumstances of deployment and effectiveness of the peacekeeping operation required. The UN does not have any permanent force structure; it is dependent on its member States for contribution of forces, though the equipment may or may not be provided by the troops' contributing countries. The UN has a standard procedure for acquiring peacekeeping operations/services. The process is a contract between the UNDPKO and the troops' contributing countries. Though there are similarities betweeen UN-followed contract management process and the generaly accepted contract management process identified in the contract management body of knowledge, there are many differences as well. The purpose of this study is both to evaluate the existing UN contract management process being followed to acquire peacekeeping operations/services from various troops' contributing countries against the generally accepted contract management process identified in the contract management body of knowledge as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the UN contract management process maturity so as to assess the effectiveness of the UN contract management process for obtaining peacekeeping operations/services from troops' contributing countries.

Submitted by Mariana Dias Chaves null (mariana.unesp@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-16T19:43:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Batistao, MDC-TeseDr.pdf: 6348711 bytes, checksum: 0f1b9c7f3392530f6d2f279ee0b58768 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-02-19T11:31:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 batistao_mdc_dr_prud.pdf: 6348711 bytes, checksum: 0f1b9c7f3392530f6d2f279ee0b58768 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T11:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 batistao_mdc_dr_prud.pdf: 6348711 bytes, checksum: 0f1b9c7f3392530f6d2f279ee0b58768 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo acerca dos fatores contribuintes de acidentes rodoviários com o objetivo de fornecer evidências para analisar o comportamento dos fatores contribuintes envolvidos nesses acidentes, mais especificamente nos trechos críticos. Desejase identificar a relação dos fatores com o grau de severidade de um acidente (danos materiais, sem vítimas fatais e com vítimas fatais) e o impacto de cada classe de fator na ocorrência de um acidente. A intensão é embasar uma análise geoespacial levando em consideração técnicas estatísticas e cartográficas e contribuir para melhorar a qualidade das informações sobre segurança viária no país e seu atual cenário crítico. A estrutura metodológica da pesquisa consiste em três etapas principais: (I) Identificação e determinação de segmentos de trechos críticos, (II) Mapeamento dos fatores contribuintes “via” para o acidente e (III) Investigação e estudo dos fatores contribuintes. Quatro trechos de rodovias do oeste do estado de São Paulo foram escolhidos como área de estudo. Na etapa I propôs-se um método de interpolação espacial de escolha de segmentos de trechos críticos levando a premissa existência da dependência geográfica dos acidentes em consideração. No total, foram identificados oito segmentos de trechos críticos na área de estudo. A etapa II concentrou-se no mapeamento dos fatores contribuintes desses segmentos de trechos críticos. Essa etapa trouxe o caráter tecnológico à pesquisa por fazer uso da integração de geotecnologias e a contribuição das Ciências Cartográficas para os estudos de segurança viária, por gerar informação a partir do mapeamento da localização dos fatores contribuintes. Das quatro classes de fatores (humano, ambiente, veículo e via) as características da via foram escolhidas para serem mapeadas, tendo-se deparado com a ausência de qualquer dado dessa classe de fatores tanto no banco de dados dos acidentes como no boletim de ocorrências. A relação com as outras três classes de fatores foi tratada na etapa III da pesquisa, cujos resultados proporcionaram montar o ranking dos seis fatores contribuintes da via mais frequentes nos segmentos de trechos críticos. Adicionalmente, foram construídos três modelos de regressão logística ordinal para investigar o impacto de cada uma das quatro classes de fatores no grau de severidade do acidente (três graus de severidade). Para isso, o grau foi tratado como variável dependente dos modelos. Quatro variáveis independentes (fatores contribuintes) foram consideradas significativas e escolhidas para compor os modelos: consumo de drogas (da classe de fator contribuinte humano), estado dos pneus (da classe de fator veículo), vegetação (da classe de fator via) e sinalização (da classe de fator via). Por fim, os modelos puderam ser analisados a partir da razão de chances (odds ratio) para complementar as informações e sintetizar os resultados como contribuições da pesquisa. / This research presents a study about the contributing factors of road accidents in order to provide evidences to analyse the behaviour of contributing factors involved in these accidents more specifically in critical sections. The intention is to identify the relationship between those factors and the severity degree of an accident (material damage, no fatalities and fatalities) and the impact of each factor class on an accident occurrence. The aim is to base on geospatial analysis taking into account statistical and cartographic techniques and contribute to improve the quality of the road safety information in the country which has a current critical scene. The methodological structure of this thesis consists of following three main steps: (I) Identification and determination of critical sections segments, (II) mapping “road” contributing factors for each accident and (III) Investigation and study of the contributing factors. Four sections of highways in the west of São Paulo state were chosen as the study area. In Step I, proposed a spatial interpolation method to choose critical sections segments premising the existence of geographical dependence of the considered accidents. In entire, eight critical sections segments were identified in the study area. Step II focused on mapping the contributing factors of these segments. This step brought the technological character to this research by making use of geotechnologies integration and the contribution of Cartographic Sciences to road safety by generating information of the contributing factors location from mapping. Of the four factors classes (human, environment, vehicle and road), the road characteristics were chosen to be mapped, since no data from this factor class was found in both the accident database and the occurrence report. The relation with the other three factors classes was the subject of step III, which results provided a ranking of the six most frequent contributing factors in critical sections segments. In addition, three ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to investigate the impact of each of the four factors classes on the accident severity degree (three severity degrees). For this, the severity degree was considered as the models dependent variable. Four significant independent variables (contributing factors) were chosen to compose the following models: drug consumption (from the human contributing factor class), tire condition (vehicle factor class), vegetation (road factor class) and signaling (road factor class). Lastly, the models could be analysed by the odds ratio method to complement the information and synthesize the results as research contributions.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Introduction: Students in universities are exposed to various stressors which affect them to progress in their studies. The sources of stress are varied and ranging from challenges resulting from family background and history, the present circumstances and the uncertain future. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore factors that contribute to stress among students at a selected university in rural South Africa. Method: This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using an explorative design to explore the factors contributing to stress among students at a selected university in South Africa. The study utilised convenience sampling to select participants who met the criteria of inclusion and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, privacy and protect participants from being harmed were observed in the study. Data was analysed using Tesch method. Results: The following themes were derived from data analysis: Personal, relationship environmental, academic factors. Recommendations: Students specific health promotion programmes should be introduced to raise awareness about stress and management of it. Conclusions: The study concludes that students experience high levels of stress during their studies therefore it is important for the university health authorities to introduce stress management programs for students. / NRF

MPH / Department of Public Health / The abuse of substances among the youth is a global health problem which has a negative impact on their health and wellbeing, families, educational and professional life, as well as communities and limits their hopes and dreams. An estimated 246 million persons globally (about one out of twenty people) between 15 and 64 years have abused substances in the past three years. The global drug problem has increased to such an extent that more than 1 out of 10 drug abusers is affected by either disorder or drug dependence. The aim of the study was to explore the factors contributing to substance abuse among the youth in Atteridgeville, Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The study was conducted in Atteridgeville community. Atteridgeville is a portion of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, west of Pretoria in South Africa. The design was qualitative in nature, using exploratory design. The researcher purposively chose the participants from the target population. The population and sampling method was on participants aged between 15 and 35 years, with substance abuse problem, who were referred to Atteridgeville Medical Health Centre for counselling. The researcher used a semi-structured interview guide for gathering data. In-depth interview was used to collect data. A proposed total of number of 20 participants was suggested, and it was guided by data saturation. Data was analysed by using thematic content analysis. A measure of trustworthiness was ensured. Ethical consideration was observed in this study. The findings states that substance abuse problem was identified and certainly noticed by everyone in the community. New drugs remain unchallenged, drug dealers are known, yet, not a single law enforcement institution attempt to raid their houses to search and arrest them. Community involvement is not enough to end the scourge of substance abuse problems in the community. Some police officers were identified and known to be part of drug dealings or have family relatives who are drug dealers. The researcher therefore recommends that parents should be involved in the community forums to deal with substance abuse problems. The community policing and law enforcement should be equipped by developing a tactical team specifically looking at the drug problems in the local communities. In conclusion, the research revealed that, South African citizens are people who see a problem happening but lacks to implement strategies to deal it immediately. / NRF

The aim of this thesis was to analyse and compare tax morale and its determinants in South Africa and Zimbabwe, as well as in Zimbabwe in different economic environments. The study applied the standard models of tax evasion, game theory, prospect theory, agent-based theory and slippery slope framework to explain the variability in the determinants of tax morale between South Africa and Zimbabwe under different economic and political environments. The study becomes novel in that it provides a comparative analysis of the determinants of the tax morale between Zimbabwe and South Africa under contrasting economic and political time scales. The study also tested a new variable, namely hunger, on how it affects tax morale in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study was guided by quantitative research which was used to inform the study. Data was collected using questionnaires from the 2010-2014 and 2017-2020 World Values Survey (WVS). For Zimbabwe, Wave 6 and Wave 7 had a sample size of 1500 and 1200 respectively. The Wave 6 survey for South Africa had 3531 participants. Data was analysed using STATA software 2013 Version. The study’s dependent variable, tax morale and independent variables included marital status, age, income level, employment and religion among others, and analysed them using the Ordered Logit Model. The Ordered Logit Model was used to empirically model the effects of the identified variables on tax morale. The study concludes with an understanding of how tax morale and its determinants is crucial for governments in their bid to boost voluntary compliance. Also, different economic milieus for a particular country affect the level of tax morale significantly. Tax morale was established to be high when Zimbabwe was experiencing economic growth due to the introduction of multi-currency, herein called the dollarization period, and the opposite was true for the post-dollarization era. Surprisingly, the study’s results showed that Zimbabweans have a higher tax morale than South Africans, who have better standards of living. In addition, the determinants of tax morale also differ from one economic situation to another and from one country to another. Corruption, which is a menace in both countries under study, has proven to be an important factor that influences tax morale. Results of all the models show that demographic factors have little effect on tax morale. The study introduced an important variable of hunger in its analysis of determinants of tax morale. Though this variable was insignificant for South Africa, the study showed that there is a negative relationship between hunger and tax morale for Zimbabwe in both economic situations. Based on the thesis’s findings, policy makers should consider the eradication of corruption and hunger in order to boost tax morale, which in turn improves tax compliance. Also, policy makers should include improvement in the perception of democracy in the mix of enhancement strategies of tax compliance. / Economics / D. Com. (Economics)