Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / Corporations often find it difficult to raise capital in illiquid markets such as most African markets and if they do they pay a premium which is not only costly to them but also propagates illiquidity in these markets. Convertible bonds provide a cheaper source of nancing for issuers with the optionality of maintaining targeted capital structures. However, these instruments are not popular in these markets as they are less understood compared to their conventional counterparts and if used are often mispriced. The main objective of this research is to provide a valua- tion framework for structured bonds, speci cally convertible bonds where market imperfections such as illiquidity are prevalent. This will entail customising the standard valuation framework so that these market imperfections are incorporated in the model. The valuation framework of the convertible bond is then applied to an illiquid market where several deviations from the perfect-market benchmarks exist and then observe what e ect these deviations have by comparing the theo- retical value to that of a convertible bond assuming the market is liquid.

The purpose of the study is to use the data of the companies that are listed (including OTC) in Taiwan Stock Exchange to examine whether companies engage in earnings management in the years convertible bonds are issued and de-listed. We also want to know if there is any difference of earnings management whether convertible bonds are issued domestically or abroad. Discretionary current accruals are adopted as proxies for earnings management and the regression models are used to control the related variables. The empirical results indicate that companies conduct earnings management in the years convertible bonds are issued and there is no significant difference of earnings management whether convertible bonds are issued in Taiwan or abroad. However, the data after 2001 indicate that companies that issued convertible bonds abroad have less earnings management than those that issued convertible bonds domestically. The results also show no significant difference in the years convertible bonds are de-listed. The reasons may be due to the relatively small sample size or companies may not use discretionary accruals to conduct earnings management.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

In this paper we dive into the world of pricing convertible bonds, with increasing complexity. This work aims to investigate the pricing methods behind different convertibles and see how well they agree with exact prices and benchmarks from established literature. The simulation-based techniques used for the European convertibles are regular Monte Carlo, and for the American with exercise opportunity before maturity, least-squares Monte Carlo with backward induction procedure. The findings in this paper do agree well with the analytical results and what previous papers have found. / Denna uppsats utforskar prissättningen av konvertibla obligationer och fördjupar sig i ökande komplexitetsnivåer. Dess mål är att undersöka olika prissättningsmetoder för olika typer av konvertibler och bedöma deras anpassning till de exakta priser och riktmärken från befintlig litteratur. De Europeiska konvertiblerna prissätts med ett simuleringsbaserat tillvägagångssätt, nämligen med vanlig Monte Carlo, medan de Amerikanska konvertiblerna, som erbjuder möjlighet att konvertera före förfallodagen, prissätts med minsta kvadratmetoden och Monte Carlo med en bakåtinduktionsprocedur. Resultaten som erhållits i denna studie visar en stark överensstämmelse med analytiska resultat och resultaten från tidigare forskningsartiklar.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (February 17, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 21)

This study was designed to yield three types of information: (1) The degree of perfection prevailing in the parimary and secondary convertible bond markets; (2) the profit potential of various investing and hedging techniques in the convertible bond market; and (3) a judgment on whether each technique can be classified as rational or irrational.

Dann and Mikkelson (1984) report that the common stockholders of firms issuing convertible debt realize significantly negative returns upon the announcement of such financing. They further state that this observation is not consistent with the leverage hypothesis nor with the new financing models of Myers and Majluf (1984) and Miller and Rock (1982). This study also documents negative returns to the stockholders of convertible debt issuing firms on the announcement date. However, Dann and Mikkelson's assumption that the issuance of convertible debt increases financial leverage is questioned. A new convertible bond valuation model is proposed which valuates a convertible bond as the sum of its market perceived equity and straight debt components. Convertible bond rates of return are regressed on common stock and straight debt rates of return to demonstrate that convertible bonds have a large and significant equity component; often large enough to cause leverage decreasing changes to the issuing firm's capital structure. Furthermore, the perceived change in leverage is shown to be significant in explaining the announcement period excess returns realized by the stockholders of convertible issuing firms. In this way, negative announcement period excess returns are shown to be consistent with the leverage hypothesis. In addition, the results support the new financing model developed by Myers and Majluf. / Ph. D.

This dissertation analyzes factors associated with the apparent decision that firms make when choosing a source of long-term capital. Straight debt, common stock, convertible debt, and units of debt with warrants (units) are included in the issuer’s opportunity set, with particular emphasis being placed on the choice between convertible debt and units. A unit of debt with warrants is a financial package consisting of a straight bond or note, and one or more common stock warrants. This study finds that issuers earn insignificant average abnormal returns around the announcement and issuance period for unit offerings, thus presenting units as a unique case of a "penalty-free" equity offering. Finnerty [1986] suggests that units may be structured in such a way as to create a synthetic convertible bond. He shows how a unit provides the issuer an advantage of a larger tax shield than does a comparatively structured convertible. The present study finds that the market views the tax advantage as being only marginally important. Also, a comparison of the terms of units and convertibles reveals that, in practice, units are not structured as synthetic convertible bonds. A cross—sectional analysis evaluates unit and convertible issuer abnormal returns in light of hypotheses that the securities reduce agency costs to the firm. The evidence is generally inconsistent with the agency cost reduction hypothesis. This study presents the first information about the valuation consequences of unit issuances and factors that may be related to the decision to make such offerings. / Ph. D.

This dissertation includes three essays, which investigate contingent claims pricing subject to credit risk based on the structural approach and analyze associated issues of corporate finance. The first essay develops and examines a partial equilibrium model to investigate the effects of macroeconomic condition and firm-level productivity shocks on the determination of optimal debt ratio. The model extends the contingent-claims models of the firm's capital structure by incorporating both the industry demand and firm-level supply factors into the firm's earnings and unlevered asset value. Our model predicts that the optimal debt ratio is negatively correlated to the macroeconomic conditions and the firm-level productivity. Furthermore, the theoretical implications are totally supported by the pooled feasible generalized least squares estimation with 311 Taiwanese listed manufacturing firms' quarterly data over the period from 1994 to 2003. The differences between the high-tech electronics and other manufacturing firms are also investigated, and particularly the high-tech firms are not tied up with the macroeconomic conditions while the others are. The second essay presents a contingent claim valuation of a callable convertible bond with the issuer's credit risk. The optimal call, voluntary conversion and bankruptcy strategies are jointly determined by shareholders and bondholders to maximize the equity value and the bond value, respectively. Our model not only incorporates tax benefits, bankruptcy costs, refunding costs and a call notice period, but also takes account of the issuer's debt size and structure. The numerical results show that the predicted optimal call policies are generally consistent with recent empirical findings; therefore calling convertible bonds too late or too early can be rational. The third essay provides a closed-form valuation formula for the Black-Scholes options subject to interest rate risk and credit risk. Not only does our model allow for the possible default of the option issuer prior to the option's maturity, but also considers the correlations among the option issuer's total asset, the underlying stock, and the default-free zero coupon bond. We further tailor-make a specific credit-linked option for hedging the default risk of the option issuer. The numerical results show that the default risk of the option issuer significantly reduces the option values, and the vulnerable option values may be remarkably overestimated in the case where the default can occur only at the maturity of the option.

近幾年來我國資本市場籌資狀況，可轉換公司債為國內多數企業之首選，企業透過發行可轉換公司債取得所需資金，除考量支付較銀行借款為低之利率水準的利息外，亦希望避免採現金募資方式所造成之資本快速膨脹，導致企業獲利能力遭到稀釋，甚至影響企業經營權之掌控。 海外可轉換公司債(ECB)為歐洲債券(Eurobond)和可轉換公司債(Convertible Bond)的結合，是一種屬於海外金融商品，係以純公司債再附加一不可分割之普通股買進轉換權(Equity Call Option)。持有人可於發行後特定期間內，以約定價格（即轉換價格或轉換比率），將公司債轉換成發行公司之普通股股票，所以海外可轉換公司債係一種可轉換為國內股票，且在境外流通或掛牌之上市公司債，同時具備債券及股票投資兩種功能；當股價上漲時，持有者可享受股價上漲之報酬，當股價下跌時，持有者仍可收取固定之債券利息，故本研究欲以海外可轉換公司債做為探討之主題。 本研究個案公司其營運內容為國際散裝航運業務，主要從事國際間散裝貨運運輸。本研究將分析個案公司於2009年至2012年間，發行海外可轉換公司債之原因，對於個案公司經營績效及財務結構會有何影響？籌資完成後，那些因素造成公司在後續的經營管理過程中，影響公司的經營績效及財務結構。本研究希望藉由上述的實證分析，期望使個案公司之經營管理階層能了解此募資方式，是否有達到公司募集資金時之目的，藉以提供個案公司經營管理階層在爾後籌資時決策之參考。