In the last twenty years, industrial and academic research has produced over one hundred new converter topologies for drives applications. Regrettably, most of the published work has been directed towards a single topology, giving an overall impression of a large number of unconnected, competing techniques. To provide insight into this wide ranging subject area, an overview of converter topologies is presented. Each topology is classified according to its mode of operation and a family tree is derived encompassing all converter types. Selected converters in each class are analysed, simulated and key operational characteristics identified. Issues associated with the practical implementation of analysed topologies are discussed in detail. Of all AC-AC conversion techniques, it is concluded that softswitching converter topologies offer the most attractive alternative to the standard hard switched converter in the power range up to 100kW because of their high performance to cost ratio. Of the softswitching converters, resonant dc-link topologies are shown to produce the poorest output performance although they offer the cheapest solution. Auxiliary pole commutated inverters, on the other hand, can achieve levels of performance approaching those of the hard switched topology while retaining the benefits of softswitching. It is concluded that the auxiliary commutated resonant pole inverter (ACPI) topology offers the greatest potential for exploitation in spite of its relatively high capital cost. Experimental results are presented for a 20kW hard switched inverter and an equivalent 20kW ACPI. In each case the converter controller is implanted using a digital signal processor. For the ACPI, a new control scheme, which eliminates the need for switch current and voltage sensors, is implemented. Results show that the ACPI produces lower overall losses when compared to its hardswitching counterpart. In addition, device voltage stress, output dv/dt and levels of high frequency output harmonics are all reduced. Finally, it is concluded that modularisation of the active devices, optimisation of semiconductor design and a reduction in the number of additional sensors through the use of novel control methods, such as those presented, will all play a part in the realisation of an economically viable system.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar os métodos de digitalização de bases cartográficas na escala de 1:50.000, bem como analisar formas de realizar o controle de qualidade do produto final. No processo de digitalização foram empregadas as seguintes metodologias: digitalização em mesa, em tela (heads-up), semi-automática e automática. O emprego de tais metodologias de digitalização prevê a possível utilização da base cartográfica digital em um sistema de informação geográfica, necessitando assim de alguns cuidados adicionais. Em todo esse processo, deverão ser levados em conta variáveis como: tipo e qualidade do mapa original, equipamentos, programas, recursos especiais oferecidos e uma avaliação dos tempos de digitalização e edição. Também foi dada atenção ao controle de qualidade geométrica, propondo-se um roteiro para avaliar o padrão de exatidão cartográfico (PEC), seguindo as normas vigentes no país e utilizando nesse processo pontos de controle com coordenadas obtidas das folhas 1:10.000 do IGC e de levantamentos GPS. / The purpose of this work is to study digitizing methods for cartographic bases in 1:50.000 scale, as well as to analyse ways to carry out the quality control for the final products. During the digitizing process, have been the following methods employed: tablet digitizing, screen (heads-up), semi automatic and automatic raster/vector conversion. These methodologies foresees the introduction of this cartographic base in a geographic information system, which asks for some further care. All this process shall be considered variables such as: kind of map, original quality of map, equipment, programs, special resources and an evaluation of time spent in digitzing and edition. Attention has also been given to the geometric quality control by observing cartographic accuracy standard (CAS) result, based on the standards used in Brazil and, for this, taking into account control points with coordinates obtained from 1:10.000 IGC maps and GPS surveying.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar os métodos de digitalização de bases cartográficas na escala de 1:50.000, bem como analisar formas de realizar o controle de qualidade do produto final. No processo de digitalização foram empregadas as seguintes metodologias: digitalização em mesa, em tela (heads-up), semi-automática e automática. O emprego de tais metodologias de digitalização prevê a possível utilização da base cartográfica digital em um sistema de informação geográfica, necessitando assim de alguns cuidados adicionais. Em todo esse processo, deverão ser levados em conta variáveis como: tipo e qualidade do mapa original, equipamentos, programas, recursos especiais oferecidos e uma avaliação dos tempos de digitalização e edição. Também foi dada atenção ao controle de qualidade geométrica, propondo-se um roteiro para avaliar o padrão de exatidão cartográfico (PEC), seguindo as normas vigentes no país e utilizando nesse processo pontos de controle com coordenadas obtidas das folhas 1:10.000 do IGC e de levantamentos GPS. / The purpose of this work is to study digitizing methods for cartographic bases in 1:50.000 scale, as well as to analyse ways to carry out the quality control for the final products. During the digitizing process, have been the following methods employed: tablet digitizing, screen (heads-up), semi automatic and automatic raster/vector conversion. These methodologies foresees the introduction of this cartographic base in a geographic information system, which asks for some further care. All this process shall be considered variables such as: kind of map, original quality of map, equipment, programs, special resources and an evaluation of time spent in digitzing and edition. Attention has also been given to the geometric quality control by observing cartographic accuracy standard (CAS) result, based on the standards used in Brazil and, for this, taking into account control points with coordinates obtained from 1:10.000 IGC maps and GPS surveying.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de alcalinidade, da concentração da glicose e da taxa de carregamento orgânico na produção de hidrogênio e ácidos orgânicos em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF), contendo argila expandida (2,8 - 3,35 mm) como material suporte para adesão microbiana. Foram utilizados oito reatores idênticos, sendo quatro deles operados sem adição de alcalinidade, e com concentração de glicose de 2000, 4000, 10000 e 25000 mg/L, respectivamente. Outros quatro reatores operados com adição de alcalinidade, e com as mesmas concentrações de glicose cada um. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo anaeróbio pré-tratado termicamente, operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) decrescente de 8 h a 1 h à temperatura controlada de 30°C. Foi constatada produção volumétrica de hidrogênio máxima de 1,58 L/h.L, para o reator operado com 10000 mg/L de glicose com adição de alcalinidade (R10CA) e um rendimento máximo de 2,52 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol glicose, para o reator operado com 4000 mg/L de glicose com adição de alcalinidade (R4CA). O biogás produzido foi composto de \'H IND.2\' e \'CO IND.2\'. Em ambos os reatores, o conteúdo de hidrogênio aumentou com a redução do TDH de 8 h para 1 h, alcançando valor máximo de 77%, para o reator operado com 4000 mg/L sem adição de alcalinidade (R4SA). Os reatores operados com altas concentrações de glicose produção de hidrogênio, o qual predominou o ácido acético e butírico. Neste mesmo reator, o rendimento da produção de hidrogênio foi superior aos outros reatores. As análises de clonagem e sequenciamento do consórcio bacteriano revelaram semelhanças com Clostridium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter e bactérias não cultivadas. / This study evaluated the effect alkalinity addition, glucose concentration and organic loading rate in the hydrogen production and organic acids in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), containing expanded clay (2.8 - 3,35 mm) as support material for microbial adhesion. We used eight identical reactors, four of them operated without the addition of alkalinity, and concentration of glucose in 2000, 4000, 10000 and 25000 mg/L, respectively. Another four reactors operated with the addition of alkalinity, and with the same concentrations of glucose each. The reactors were operated with hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranging from 8 h at 1 h, and temperature of 30°C. It has been found for hydrogen production rate maximum 1.58 L/h.L for the reactor operated with 10000 mg/L glucose with the addition of alkalinity (R10CA) and a maximum yield of 2.52 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol glucose to the reactor operated with 4000 mg/L glucose with the addition of alkalinity (R4CA). The biogas produced was composed of \'H IND.2\' and \'CO IND.2\'. In both reactors, the hydrogen content increased with the reduction of HRT of 8 h at 1 h, reaching a maximum of 77% for the reactor operated from 4000 mg/L without added alkalinity (R4SA). The reactors operated with high glucose concentrations (10000 mg/L and 25000 mg/L) had higher proportions of solvents such as soluble metabolites. There was a linear correlation between the hydrogen production rate and organic loading rate in all reactors. The yield, the hydrogen production rate and distribution of soluble metabolites in both reactors, were influenced by the glucose concentration. The reactor operated with 4000 mg/L and addition of alkalinity, presented the most favorable distribution of soluble metabolites to hydrogen production, which was predominant acetic and butyric acid. In the same reactor, the hydrogen yield was higher than other reactors. The cloning and sequencing analysis bacterial consortium revealed the presence of Clostridium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and uncultivated bacteria.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de alcalinidade, da concentração da glicose e da taxa de carregamento orgânico na produção de hidrogênio e ácidos orgânicos em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF), contendo argila expandida (2,8 - 3,35 mm) como material suporte para adesão microbiana. Foram utilizados oito reatores idênticos, sendo quatro deles operados sem adição de alcalinidade, e com concentração de glicose de 2000, 4000, 10000 e 25000 mg/L, respectivamente. Outros quatro reatores operados com adição de alcalinidade, e com as mesmas concentrações de glicose cada um. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo anaeróbio pré-tratado termicamente, operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) decrescente de 8 h a 1 h à temperatura controlada de 30°C. Foi constatada produção volumétrica de hidrogênio máxima de 1,58 L/h.L, para o reator operado com 10000 mg/L de glicose com adição de alcalinidade (R10CA) e um rendimento máximo de 2,52 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol glicose, para o reator operado com 4000 mg/L de glicose com adição de alcalinidade (R4CA). O biogás produzido foi composto de \'H IND.2\' e \'CO IND.2\'. Em ambos os reatores, o conteúdo de hidrogênio aumentou com a redução do TDH de 8 h para 1 h, alcançando valor máximo de 77%, para o reator operado com 4000 mg/L sem adição de alcalinidade (R4SA). Os reatores operados com altas concentrações de glicose produção de hidrogênio, o qual predominou o ácido acético e butírico. Neste mesmo reator, o rendimento da produção de hidrogênio foi superior aos outros reatores. As análises de clonagem e sequenciamento do consórcio bacteriano revelaram semelhanças com Clostridium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter e bactérias não cultivadas. / This study evaluated the effect alkalinity addition, glucose concentration and organic loading rate in the hydrogen production and organic acids in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), containing expanded clay (2.8 - 3,35 mm) as support material for microbial adhesion. We used eight identical reactors, four of them operated without the addition of alkalinity, and concentration of glucose in 2000, 4000, 10000 and 25000 mg/L, respectively. Another four reactors operated with the addition of alkalinity, and with the same concentrations of glucose each. The reactors were operated with hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranging from 8 h at 1 h, and temperature of 30°C. It has been found for hydrogen production rate maximum 1.58 L/h.L for the reactor operated with 10000 mg/L glucose with the addition of alkalinity (R10CA) and a maximum yield of 2.52 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol glucose to the reactor operated with 4000 mg/L glucose with the addition of alkalinity (R4CA). The biogas produced was composed of \'H IND.2\' and \'CO IND.2\'. In both reactors, the hydrogen content increased with the reduction of HRT of 8 h at 1 h, reaching a maximum of 77% for the reactor operated from 4000 mg/L without added alkalinity (R4SA). The reactors operated with high glucose concentrations (10000 mg/L and 25000 mg/L) had higher proportions of solvents such as soluble metabolites. There was a linear correlation between the hydrogen production rate and organic loading rate in all reactors. The yield, the hydrogen production rate and distribution of soluble metabolites in both reactors, were influenced by the glucose concentration. The reactor operated with 4000 mg/L and addition of alkalinity, presented the most favorable distribution of soluble metabolites to hydrogen production, which was predominant acetic and butyric acid. In the same reactor, the hydrogen yield was higher than other reactors. The cloning and sequencing analysis bacterial consortium revealed the presence of Clostridium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and uncultivated bacteria.

I Kraftringens geotermianläggning cirkulerar köldmediet R134a som är en fluorerande växthusgas med relativt hög GWP (Global Warming Potential). När den nya F-gasförordningen trädde i kraft 2015 resulterade det i att priserna ökade markant på de köldmedierna med hög GWP. Kraftringen vill därför undersöka vilka konverteringsalternativ det finns till R134a, dels för att minska på kostnaderna men också för att minimera verksamhetens klimatpåverkan.   Olika köldmedier har jämförts med avseende på hur de påverkar anläggningens prestanda. Det har också undersökts vilka köldmedier som ligger inom rätt tryck med hänsyn till vad kompressorn och anläggningens rör är konstruerade för. Undersökningen har gjorts genom teoretiska beräkningar som är grundade på uppmätta värden från när värmepumparna går på maximal belastning. Vid urvalet av köldmedier har det utgåtts från samma förångningstemperatur och kondenseringstemperatur som vid mätningen.   I undersökningen fann vi två köldmedier, R152a och R450A, som skulle fungera som konverteringsalternativ i avseende att de ligger inom rätt tryck och temperatur. Båda alternativen har lägre GWP och en högre värmefaktor än nuvarande köldmediet R134a. Dock är R152a brandfarligt och har högre säkerhetsklass än de två andra medierna. / In the geothermal plant of 'Kraftringen' the refrigerant R134a, which is a fluorescent greenhouse gas with relatively high GWP (Global Warming Potential), circulates. When the new F-Gas regulation was introduced in 2015, it resulted in a significant price increase for high-pressure GWP refrigerants. 'Kraftringen' therefore wants to investigate which conversion options there are for R134a, partly to reduce costs, but also to minimize the climate impact of the business.   Different refrigerants have been compared with regard as to how they affect the plants performance. Moreover, it has been investigated which refrigerants are in the correct pressure range with regard to what the plants compressor and pipes are designed for. The survey has been done by performing theoretical calculations based on measured values from when the heat pumps operate at maximum load. In the refrigerant selection process, the same evaporation and condensation temperature as during the measuring was used.   In the study we found two refrigerants, R152a and R450A, which would serve as conversion options in terms of them being in the correct pressure and temperature range. Both options have lower GWP and a higher heat factor than the current refrigerant R134a. However, R152a is flammable and has a higher degree of safety than the other two refrigerants.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-27T16:44:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Wanderley Mattos.pdf: 1851496 bytes, checksum: d4830f03c5ec4f1d7bd2a148707d654a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T16:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Wanderley Mattos.pdf: 1851496 bytes, checksum: d4830f03c5ec4f1d7bd2a148707d654a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The study was carried out to evaluate growth performance, nutrients intake, digestibility, and profitability of Santa Inês lambs fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill). Forty lambs not castrate9, with initial live weight of 19.46±2.35 kg and four months of age were distributed in a randomized design with four diets and 10 replicates. The levels ofspineless cactus intluenced DMI (kg, %LW, and L WO.75), been observed quadratic effect with maximum values of 1.29 kg, 4.84% and 109.75 g/LW075, respectively, to 28.8, 21.4, and 23.6% of spineless cactus. Quadratic effect was found to üMI, NDFI, TCHüI, and NFCI, while for MM1 and CPI were observed decreasing linear effect. There is no inf1uence of cactus levei on MEl and EEI (2.7±0.3 Mcal e 25.4±4.9 g, respectively). Water intake from diet increased with spineless cactus inc1usion, been observed inverse behaviour for water drinking. Total water intake was not intluenced by inclusion of spineless cactus (4.8±0.7 L), as DM and üM aparent digestibilities. It was observed linear effect for CP aparent digestibility, while NDF aparent digestibility had quadratic effect, with minimum value of 19.1 % at the levei of 27.5% of cactus. Feed conversion was improved with the inclusion of cactus, decreasing DMI in 12.8 g/kg of ADG to each unit of increasing in spineless cactus leveI. There was quadratic effect for both, crude protein and metabolizable energy feed convertion, as well as ADG, whose maximum value was 0.26 kg at the levei of 35.0% of cactus in the diet. The inclusion of spineless cactus increased the crude margin and the cost per kg of carcass was lower for the levei of 67.9%. The cactus levei of 35.0% in the diet resulted in higher growth rate, however, from the point of economic view, the inclusion of 67.9% promoted the best income, with profitability of 69.0%. The results indicate that the use of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill), at the studied levels, in oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) hay-based total mixed diets presents as a viable alternative for lambs production in fedlot. / Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho, consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade e rentabilidade de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com níveis crescentes de palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica MiII). Quaren,ta cordeiros não castrados, com peso corporal inicial de 19,46±2,35 kg e quatro meses de idade, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dietas e 10 repetições. Os níveis de palma influenciaram o CMS (kg, %PC e PCO,75), sendo observado comportamento quadrático com valores máximos de 1,29 kg, 4,84%PC e 109,75 g/PCO,75, respectivamente, para o nível de 28,8; 21,4 e 23,6% de palma na dieta. Os CMO, CFDN, CCHOT e CCNF sofreram efeito quadrático, enquanto para os CMM e CPB foi observado efeito linear decrescente. Os CEM e CEE não foram influenciados pelo nível de palma, com média de 2,7±0,3 Mcal e 25,4±4,9 g, respectivamente, O consumo de água proveniente da dieta aumentou linearmente com a inclusão de palma, sendo observado comportamento inverso para o de água de bebida. O consumo total de água não foi influenciado pelo nível de palma (4,8±0,7 L), assim como as digestibilidades aparentes da MS e MO. Para a digestibilidade aparente da PB, foi observado efeito linear decrescente, enquanto a digestibilidade aparente da FDN sofreu efeito quadrático com valor mínimo de 19,1% no nível de inclusão de 27,5% de palma. A CA foi incrementada com a inclusão de palma, sofrendo redução no CMS de 12,8 g/kg de GPD para cada aumento de 1 % no nível de palma da dieta. Observou-se efeito quadrático para as conversões alimentares da PB e EM, assim como para o GPD, cujo valor máximo foi de 0,26 kg para o nível de 35,0% de palma. A inclusão de palma incrementou a margem bruta, e o custo por kg de carcaça foi menor para o nível de 67,9%. O nível de 35,0% de palma na dieta resultou em maior taxa de crescimento; todavia, do ponto de vista econômico, a inclusão de 67,9% promoveu melhor retorno financeiro, com rentabilidade de 69,0%. Os resultados indicam que a utilização de palma forrageira (Opuntia jícus-indica Mill) nos níveis estudados, em dietas completas à base de feno de erva-sal (Atriplex nummularia L.), apresenta-se como alternativa viável para a produção de cordeiros em confinamento.

ZBROJOVKA BRNO - Opportunity for the city Strategies for Zbrojovka Brno, the third largest brownfield in the city. Urban policy and the process of integration of the site into the city and connection with his organism. Creating a territorial strategy or tactical urbanism procedure that tries successive interventions re- incorporate this into the organism of the city , in a way that fully reflect the needs , possibilities and polarity in the territory. It is essential that the established process allowed for long-term gradual regeneration, which can be interrupted by economic pressure, and in its every moment of creating a working environment that sudden interruption of restorative work in their stride. The entire process of restoring the site is divided into several phases , but at each flexibly connected and can run such a large area partially independently . Based on the current state of the complex, which is gradually opened , are removed objects that are in disrepair , and those that hinder the development of the area and its smooth functioning. Subsequently, traffic control , area connected to public transport. As a result, the situation will stabilize and rehabilitate the total area of the factory and its surroundings. All through individual interventions in its structure and public space. The whole process is documented on the basic objectives and approaches of the phases that are subsequently documented reference interventions and achievements typical of the condition of the site. All complemented by an analysis of the phenomenon of the basic tasks of rehabilitation of the site.

Cette thèse développe un système d'analyse en ligne compact, précis, rapide et autonome par spectrométrie de fluorescence X raies L, pour quantifier les transuraniens (uranium, plutonium et américium) présents dans les solutions et effluents des procédés du plutonium. Au cours de cette étude, la configuration, les paramètres de ce système et une méthode de quantification non destructive ont été définis puis la capacité du spectromètre à dissocier ces éléments dans de fortes concentrations relatives a été vérifiée. Des solutions contenant des éléments non radioactifs ont d'abord été étudiées afin de s'affranchir des effets dus à la désintégration des transuraniens et d'optimiser efficacement le spectromètre. Par simulations Monte-Carlo avec le code PENELOPE, une méthode de quantification a été mise au point et diverses configurations pour optimiser l'intensité d'excitation de l'échantillon et mesurer une raie de diffusion Compton de la source X ont été testées numériquement. Ces configurations ont été expérimentées avec un spectromètre prototype sur des solutions non radioactives pour valider et compléter la configuration la plus intéressante. Des solutions contenant des éléments en fortes concentrations relatives ont été analysées afin de déterminer une méthode de déconvolution des spectres avec le logiciel COLEGRAM et démontrer la faculté de cette méthode à quantifier de telles solutions. Quelques solutions d'uranium et de plutonium ont été analysées pour s'approcher au plus près des futures conditions expérimentales, caractériser et diminuer les effets dus à la désintégration des radioéléments. / This thesis deals with the development of a new compact, accurate, fast, without cooling liquid, fluorescence L X-ray spectrometer, with the aim to determinate online transuranic elements (uranium, plutonium and americium) in nuclear materials reprocessing. The objective was to define the configuration and the characteristics of this spectrometer and the method to quantify transuranic elements between 0.1 g/L and 20 g/L. To minimize as law as possible the manipulation of these elements, we have used an original approach, namely Monte-Carlo simulations and none radioactive surrogate elements. The study of these solutions allowed to eliminate the specific effects of transuranic elements decay (internal conversion) and to optimize the spectrometer. Monte-Carlo simulations with the PENELOPE code were used for two reasons. Firstly, we have developed an analytical method to correct the matrix effects. Then, we have selected three systems to produce a quasi-monochromatic X-rays beam from the X-ray generator, to optimize the intensity of the L X-ray fluorescence spectra, and to measure the Compton scatter peak. These systems were then tested with an adjustable spectrometer in order to select and optimize the best configuration. We have shown that, after peaks and left tails separation from spectra with COLEGRAM software, the spectrometer can be used to analyze solutions with various concentrations of thallium and bismuth. Several solutions of uranium or plutonium were analyzed to determine the effects of interferences from gamma rays and internal conversion with the fluorescence L X-rays. These effects have been corrected by subtracting a passive spectrum to an active one.