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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Cooperative breeding and anti-predator strategies of the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus Pallas, 1776) in northern Mongolia

Bayandonoi, Gantulga 11 July 2016 (has links)
No description available.
32

Senescence and sociality : the example of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) / Sénescence et socialité : l'exemple de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota)

Berger, Vérane 08 December 2015 (has links)
Quels sont les facteurs qui peuvent retarder ou accélérer la sénescence? Les chercheurs tentent d'y apporter des réponses à différents niveaux moléculaires, cellulaires et également au niveau des traits d'histoire de vie. Tl est établi que différents facteurs ont un impact significatif sur les patrons de sénescence tels que le continuum lent-rapide, la sélection sexuelle, ou encore la disponibilité en ressources. De façon surprenante, peu d'intérêt a été porté sur l'influence de la socialité sur les patrons de sénescence. L'objet de cette thèse est de combler cette lacune et d'étudier l'influence de la socialité sur la sénescence grâce à un suivi exceptionnel d'une population de marmottes alpines (Marmota Marmota), mammifère hautement social et longévif. En effet, cette espèce est organisée en groupes familiaux, composés d'un couple dominant reproducteur socialement monogame despotique, et de subordonnés des deux sexes. La marmotte alpine pratique l'élevage coopératif. En effet, les subordonnés mâles participent à l'élevage des jeunes, ils sont aussi appelés helpers. Nous avons mis en évidence une sénescence de la taille de portée à partir de 10 ans et du succès reproducteur vers 8 ans chez les femelles dominantes et une sénescence de survie à partir de 6 ans chez les dominants mâles et femelles. Nous avons montré que le nombre de helpers durant l'année de naissance et durant la vie adulte étaient indépendants et augmentaient additivement le succès reproducteur sur toute la vie et la longévité des femelles dominantes. Nous avons apporté la preuve que les helpers présents l'année de naissance avaient une influence sexe-spécifique sur les patrons de sénescence de survie des dominants. En effet, les mâles nés avec des helpers vieillissaient plus vite et plus tôt que ceux nés sans helpers. Les femelles ayant bénéficié de helpers l'année de naissance présentaient une sénescence tardive et moins intense que celles sans helpers. Également, les helpers présents durant la vie adulte retardait la sénescence des dominants des deux sexes et diminuaient son intensité. Les coûts et bénéfices liés à l'élevage coopératif expliquent en partie la variabilité de la sénescence de survie chez la marmotte alpine. Pour finir, nous nous sommes placés à l'échelle interspécifique et nous avons montré que la socialité chez les mammifères retardait l'âge de début de sénescence / What are factors that can delay or accelerate senescence? Researchers are seeking these factors at molecular, cellular and life history traits level. Recent studies have firmly showed that the slow-fast continuum, sexual selection and food availability are factors shaping variability in senescence patterns. Surprisingly, the influence of sociality on senescence has been less investigated. The aim of this thesis is to fill this gap and to study the influence of sociality on senescence thanks to an extensive dataset spanning 25 years of study on free-ranging Alpine marmots (Marmota Marmota), a long-lived and highly social mammal. Alpine marmots live in family groups typically composed of a dominant pair, of sexually mature and immature (yearling) subordinates, and of pups of the year. Male subordinates help to raise pups, they are also called helpers. We showed in dominant females that litter size declined at 10 years of age and reproductive success at 8 years of age. In both sexes, survival was constant with age until dominants were between 6 and 8 years of age and declined markedly thereafter. We also showed that the number of helpers at birth and during adult life were independent and additively increased female dominant longevity and lifetime reproductive success. Moreover, we provided evidence that the presence of helpers at birth and during adult life strongly influenced survival senescence and that this influence was sex-specific. Indeed, females benefiting from the presence of helpers at birth showed a delayed and less intense senescence while males born with helpers showed a earlier and faster senescence. The presence of helpers during adult life was beneficial for both sexes by delaying senescence and decreasing its intensity. Sociality, more specifically cooperative breeding and its benefits and costs associated, is an important predictor of the diversity of survival senescence in Alpine marmot. Finally, we worked at the interspecific level and showed that sociality in mammals delayed the onset of senescence
33

Expanding Scales of Influence: Behavioral, Physiological, and Reproductive Implications of Relative Power within Social Groups

Ligocki, Isaac Young 20 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
34

The influence of lifestyle on demographic responses to climate change : the Alpine marmot as a case study / Influence du mode de vie sur les réponses démographiques au changement climatique : l'exemple de la marmotte alpine

Rézouki, Célia 25 September 2018 (has links)
Comprendre la réponse des populations aux variations environnementales est un défi central en écologie et est devenu un enjeu indéniable ces dernières années avec le changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que certaines caractéristiques écologiques propres aux espèces, comme le mode de vie, qui ont évolué en réponse à des contraintes environnementales et qui influencent les traits d'histoire de vie des espèces, puissent façonner la démographie des populations en environnement variable. Pourtant, cette influence du mode de vie sur la réponse démographique des populations demeure encore mal comprise. J'ai essayé de combler cette lacune au cours de ma thèse, principalement par l'analyse d'un jeu de données exceptionnel obtenu grâce à un suivi à long terme d'une population de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota) dans les Alpes Françaises. La marmotte alpine présente un mode de vie très particulier. Les individus vivent au sein de groupes familiaux de taille variable, généralement composés d'un couple de dominants reproducteurs, de subordonnés et de juvéniles. Ils hibernent durant la moitié de l'année, et pratiquent l'élevage coopératif ; les subordonnés mâles participent activement à la survie des jeunes durant l'hibernation, et sont alors appelés helpers. J'ai d'abord étudié comment le mode de vie de la marmotte (qui allie hibernation et socialité) a influencé les effets des fluctuations météorologiques sur les variations de survie de chaque classe d'âge. Les résultats ont alors révélé une forte diminution de la survie des juvéniles au fil des ans, et cela du fait d'effets interactifs entre facteurs environnementaux (i.e., hivers de plus en plus rudes) et sociaux (i.e., diminution de la présence des helpers). Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai étudié la valeur adaptative de l'élevage coopératif au sein de cette population de marmottes alpines et j'ai pu montrer que les effets bénéfiques de la présence des helpers sur la survie des juvéniles tendaient à disparaître du fait du changement climatique. En conséquence de cela, la population de marmottes alpines semble être actuellement en déclin. Cependant, l'impact du changement climatique semble avoir été en partie limité par une plus grande probabilité d'accéder à la dominance pour les subordonnés au cours des dernières années, ce qui démontre une influence complexe de la socialité sur la réponse de cette espèce. Enfin, j'ai comparé la démographie de la population de marmottes alpines avec celle d'une population de chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) soumise à des variations météorologiques similaires dans les Alpes. J'ai été en mesure de montrer que le mode de vie et la stratégie de reproduction de ces espèces ont façonné différemment leurs réponses démographiques aux variations environnementales, et ainsi au changement climatique / Understanding populations' response to environmental variation is a central issue of ecology, and has become a compelling goal in the last years due to climate change. In this broad context we could expect some species-specific ecological characteristics known to influence life history traits, such as lifestyle, to shape the demography of populations in variable environments as well as structure between-species differences in response to environmental change. Yet, the influence of species' lifestyle on population demographic responses to environmental variation is still poorly understood. During my PhD, I tried to fill this gap primarily through the analysis of an extensive data set of an Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) population in the Alps. Alpine marmots present a particular lifestyle. 1ndividuals live in family groups of variable size, typically composed of one dominant breeding pair, of sexually mature and immature subordinates and of pups of the year. Half the year, they hibernate together in burrows and practise cooperative breeding with male subordinates acting as helpers for the pups, increasing their survival probability during hibernation. I first investigated how the marmot's lifestyle (hibernation and sociality) mediated the effects of weather fluctuations on age-specific survival variation. I found that juvenile survival strongly decreased over the years because of inter-related effects of harsher winter weather conditions and social factors (i.e., decrease in helpers' presence). In a second step, I studied the adaptive value of cooperative breeding in this Alpine marmot population, and showed that the positive influence of helpers' presence on juvenile survival was vanishing with climate change. The Alpine marmot population is currently decreasing accordingly. However, in parallel to the latter changes, I found a better access to dominance for subordinate individuals over the years, compensating in part this decrease, and highlighting a complex influence of sociality on marmot response to climate change. Finally, I compared the demography of the Alpine marmot population with that of an Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population, subjected to similar weather conditions in the Alps. I was able to show that the difference in lifestyle and reproductive tactic between these species shaped their demographic responses to environmental variation, providing them with differentresistance to current environmental change
35

The evolution of social behaviour : the effect of mating system and social structure in the European badger Meles meles

Dugdale, Hannah L. January 2007 (has links)
Studies of mating systems and social organisation have been central to understanding of the evolution of social behaviour. The European badger Meles meles is a good species in which to study these processes, as its complex social system provides an opportunity to investigate how both natural and kin selection shape the evolution of mating systems and social structure. In this thesis, I use behavioural and genetic data to describe the mating system and social organisation of a high-density badger population and examine the occurrence of cooperative breeding. I genotyped 915 (85%) badgers trapped in Wytham Woods (1987–2005), 630 of which were cubs, and assigned both parents to 331 cubs with 95% confidence. This revealed a polygynandrous mating system, with up to five mothers and five fathers per social group. Mounting behaviour was also polygynandrous and I show the strongest evidence to date for multiple-paternity litters. I demonstrate, for the first time, that groups consisted of close and distant kin: approximately one third of group members were first-order kin, and overall group members had slightly lower relatedness levels than half-siblings. Within groups, adult and yearling females had higher pairwise relatedness than males, and neighbouring groups contained relatives. These findings result from the high level (42%) of extra-group paternities, 86% of which were assigned to neighbouring males. For the first time I show that females avoided inbreeding by mating with extra-group males; however, incestuous matings did occur. Promiscuous and repeated mountings were observed, which may reduce male–male aggression and infanticide, but may also promote sperm competition, genetic diversity, and / or genetic compatibility. Just under a third of adult males and females were assigned parentage each year and I quantify, for the first time, reproductive skew within badger groups. Correlations between relatedness, group productivity, and reproductive skew were not consistent with the predictions of incomplete-control models; rather, resource availability may play a role. Older and younger badgers displayed reduced annual breeding success, with male success increasing initially with experience. The Restraint, Constraint, and Selection Hypotheses did not explain the age-related breeding pattern in females. Variance in lifetime breeding success (LBS) was greater for males. Males that only bred within or only outside of their groups had half the LBS of males that did both. Females that were assigned maternity probably bred cooperatively and allonursed non-offspring, which has not been demonstrated previously. No benefit was established, however, in terms of litter size, probability of offspring breeding, or offspring lifetime breeding success, with more mothers in a group. In conclusion, badger social groups are fostered through kinship ties. Polygynandry and repeated mounting may have evolved originally to reduce male–male aggression and infanticide by males, through paternity masking. Although plural breeding occurs, group living appears to be costly. Motivation to disperse may be reduced through high-levels of extra-group paternities, which may also reduce inbreeding. Cooperative breeding among mothers may represent a low-cost behaviour with indirect benefits due to high levels of relatedness between female group-members. Badger sociality therefore represents an early stage in the evolution of social behaviour.

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