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Our personality and the way we cope with stress are two factors that are important in the development of psychological distress. The current study explored the relationship between personality, coping styles and psychological distress in 201 students from the University of Canterbury. Participants completed the Temperament Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R; Cloninger et al., 1994), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS; S.H. Lovibond & P.F. Lovibond, 1995) and the Coping Orientation of Problem Experience (COPE; Carver, Scheier, Weintraub, 1989). The study showed that participants with high harm avoidance and low self-directedness reported increased stress, anxiety and depression, while low harm avoidance and high self-directedness appeared to be a protective factor against the development of distress. Avoidant coping was shown to be the most maladaptive coping style as it was associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, while problem-focused coping appeared to reduce depressive symptoms. Strong associations were also found between personality and coping styles, as individuals with high reward dependence were more inclined to engage in emotion-focused coping, while high self-directed individuals engaged in more problem-focused coping. High harm avoidance was associated with avoidant coping, resulting in greater distress than either predictor alone. The current study suggests that our personality and the coping styles we employ may influence whether we experience stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the association between personality and coping styles suggests that individuals with maladaptive personalities (e.g. high harm avoidance) are at a greater risk for experiencing psychological distress as they are more likely to use a maladaptive coping style such as avoidant coping.

Sammanfattning   Ambulanssjuksköterskan arbetar idag i stressiga, krävande miljöer och ska då fatta snabba, korrekta beslut som kan vara livsavgörande för en svårt sjuk patient. Om en individ upplever att dennes yrkessituation inte kan kontrolleras eller hanteras kan personen till slut reagera med uppgivenhet, detta är en definition av långvarig stress.   Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur litteraturen identifierar och beskriver upplevelser av stress hos ambulanssjuksköterskor och vilka preventiva interventioner som finns idag för att hantera ambulanssjuksköterskans stress i samband med traumatiska möten av svårt sjuka patienter. Metoden för studien var en deskriptiv litteraturstudie där artiklar hämtades via Google Scholar, Medline via PubMed och Cinahl.   Resultatet av denna studie visade att det i de flesta fall saknas en strategi för att möta den yrkesrelaterade stress som ambulanssjuksköterskor utsätts för. För att kunna upptäcka och undvika symtom på stress behövs mer preventiva interventioner och uppföljningar före eller i direkt anslutning till en kritisk händelse. Det behövs mer forskning i ämnet och fåtalet artiklar uppvisar förslag angående djupgående hjälpmedel för stresshantering och stressrelaterade sjukdomar.   Slutsats Att ambulanssjuksköterskan i sitt arbete upplever stress och är tvungen att hantera den är ett faktum. För att komma åt detta problem behövs både engagemang och preventiva strategier av arbetsgivare för att stötta ambulanssjuksköterskan i hanteringen av stressupplevda situationer. / Abstract   The paramedic nurse today works in stressful, demanding conditions, and is constantly forced to make quick, correct decisions vital for a critically ill patient. Should an individual experience a work environment, which cannot be handled or controlled, the ultimate reaction is one of complete resignation. This is a symptom of prolonged stress. The purpose of this study is to examine how scholarly literature identifies and describes stress experiences among paramedic nurses. It also aims to evaluate the means of preventive interventions currently available to manage stress symptoms arising from traumatic encounters with severely ill patients. Method: This study is a literature review based on scientific articles collected from Google Scholar, Medline via Pubmed, and Cinahl.   The outcome of this study showed that, in most cases, there is a lack of means to meet the work-related stress that paramedic nurses are exposed to. In order to detect and avoid stress symptoms, more preventive interventions and monitoring are needed – both before and directly following critical situations. In the academic literature examined, the need for further research within this field is obvious, but there are few suggestions of any long-term preventive conclusions against stress and stress-related diseases.   Conclusion: Paramedics experience stress in their work and are forced to successfully cope with it. Employers have to take action to actively engage in these issues, and provide strategies to support the paramedic nurse in managing stressful situations.

Our personality and the way we cope with stress are two factors that are important in the development of psychological distress. The current study explored the relationship between personality, coping styles and psychological distress in 201 students from the University of Canterbury. Participants completed the Temperament Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R; Cloninger et al., 1994), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS; S.H. Lovibond & P.F. Lovibond, 1995) and the Coping Orientation of Problem Experience (COPE; Carver, Scheier, Weintraub, 1989). The study showed that participants with high harm avoidance and low self-directedness reported increased stress, anxiety and depression, while low harm avoidance and high self-directedness appeared to be a protective factor against the development of distress. Avoidant coping was shown to be the most maladaptive coping style as it was associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, while problem-focused coping appeared to reduce depressive symptoms. Strong associations were also found between personality and coping styles, as individuals with high reward dependence were more inclined to engage in emotion-focused coping, while high self-directed individuals engaged in more problem-focused coping. High harm avoidance was associated with avoidant coping, resulting in greater distress than either predictor alone. The current study suggests that our personality and the coping styles we employ may influence whether we experience stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the association between personality and coping styles suggests that individuals with maladaptive personalities (e.g. high harm avoidance) are at a greater risk for experiencing psychological distress as they are more likely to use a maladaptive coping style such as avoidant coping.

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) continues to be an enigma for many: those women who report PMS, for professionals who attempt to treat premenstrual symptoms, and for researchers attempting to identify PMS and to compare treatments. The present study investigated the responses from 86 subjects between the ages 30-45 for their perceptions of daily stress and coping styles by PMS level. Three levels of PMS were formulated by subject responses to the questionnaire (a) PMS for scores within the criteria, (b) Non-PMS for scores lower than the criteria, and (c) Psy-Non-PMS for certain scores higher than the criteria with a psychological, or neurotic, profile. Hassle intensity (daily stress) and coping style, whether problem-focused (P) or emotion-focused (E), were assessed by questionnaire. In addition, help seeking behavior, i.e., whether a woman sought help from a doctor in the past twelve months, was examined but did not significantly relate to level of PMS, hassle intensity, or coping style. Psy-Non-PMS women reported perceiving significantly more hassles and significantly greater use of four of the E coping styles, Detachment, Focusing on the Positive, Self-blame, and Keep to Self, than the Non-PMS women. PMS women endorsed perception of significantly more hassles and significantly greater use of two of the E coping styles, Detachment and Keep to Self, than the Non-PMS women. These E coping styles are consonant with detached, avoidant, escapist, and self-deriding coping mechanisms, typical of depressed and anxious persons. There was some difficulty in differentiating the PMS group from the Psy-Non-PMS group. Only one coping style, Focusing on the Positive, was endorsed by the Psy-Non-PMS group significantly more than the PMS group. Further statistical analysis of the data could determine psychological/behavioral PMS subtypes as distinct from physiological PMS subtypes, providing more clearly defined PMS groups. Future research involving a carefully controlled study for determining PMS levels and utilizing psychotherapy as well as specified medications for treatment of PMS is indicated.

This study examined risky sexual behaviors in college students with and without a history of familial incarceration. Researchers have studied some possible negative effects of parental incarceration such as aggression, but have not addressed consequences that may occur later in a child’s life. In addition, until the current study, no one had examined coping styles as a possible mediator between parental incarceration and later outcomes. In this study, 771 college students completed an internet-based survey assessing history of familial incarceration, sexual behaviors, and coping skills. Students with a history of familial incarceration engaged in more risky sexual behaviors than other students. However, coping styles did not mediate the relationship between risky sexual behavior and history of parental or familial incarceration.

Psykisk ohälsa ökar och enligt socialstyrelsen lider cirka 20 % av arbetsför ålder av psykisk ohälsa. En enkätundersökning genomfördes för att undersöka, hur stor betydelse kön, ålder, coping och känsla av sammanhang har på psykisk ohälsa? Totalt insamlades 108 enkäter var av 101 användes för analys. Data analyserades med hjälp av en hierarkisk multipel regressionsanalys och Pearson korrelationer. 39 % av variationen i psykisk ohälsa förklarades av KASAM, copingstil, ålder och kön. Starkast relaterad till ohälsa i regressionsanalysen var KASAM. Högre KASAM hos en individ innebär bättre psykisk hälsa. Diskussion förs kring bland annat fördelar och nackdelar med valda instrument, sned könsfördelning, samhällsnytta och enkätkonstruktion. Att se vilka faktorer som starkt påverkar psykisk ohälsa är av betydelse för vidare forskning för att sätta fingret på vad som påverkar psykisk ohälsa och till vilken grad.

Adjustment difficulties can be a common problem for people with acquired physical disability. Depression can often be a sign that a person is having difficulties adjusting to and accepting change. One group of people with acquired disability are those who have had a limb amputated due to trauma, cancer, vascular disease or a congenital condition. People who have had an amputation are more likely develop depression than the general population. This study is an investigation into some of the factors (coping strategies, mood, and personality variables) associated with adjustment to amputation. Forty individuals with amputations were asked to complete a set of questionnaires and participate in a short taped interview. Coping strategies were measured using the COPE and personality variables were measured using the Structural Profile Inventory (SPI). Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). Life satisfaction was measured using the Life Satisfaction Index (A) (LSI). The HAD and LSI were used as indicators of possible adjustment difficulties. Short interviews were also conducted to find out about people's perception of the care that they had received and if these were related to coping strategies. Statistical analysis showed that two coping strategies, positive reinterpretation and growth, and humour, were both associated with higher levels of life satisfaction. Mental disengagement was associated with lower levels of life satisfaction. Personality variables were associated with coping strategies. Two personality variables (Behaviour and Affect) were related to life satisfaction and anxiety. Qualitative analysis of interviews showed that people valued the support of other amputees and wanted services to provide more access to information about the range of artificial limbs available to them. The findings supported the hypothesis that personality is related to the use of particular coping strategies. This could help inform clinical practice, psychological intervention, and physical rehabilitation programmes.

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El objetivo es conocer la relación entre los estilos de afrontamiento y la socialización en adolescentes de una Institución educativa en el Callao. Participaron 138 adolescentes, entre 12 y 18 años. Se usó: la escala de afrontamiento para adolescentes, COPE-28 (Morán, Landero & Gonzáles, 2010) y la batería de socialización BAS 3 (Arévalo, 2002). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe relación entre el estilo de afrontamiento activo y pasivo con la variable socialización. Sin embargo, no se halló relación entre la variable socialización y el estilo de afrontamiento evitativo. En cuanto a la relación de los diferentes estilos de afrontamiento y las dimensiones de socialización se encontró que: el afrontamiento evitativo presenta una relación negativa y significativa con el autocontrol en relaciones sociales, pero una relación positiva y significativa con ansiedad social. El afrontamiento activo tiene relación positiva y significativa con la variable consideración con los demás y también con la variable liderazgo. Finalmente, el afrontamiento pasivo tiene una relación positiva y significativa con las variables consideración con los demás, ansiedad social y liderazgo. / The objective is to know the relationship between coping styles and socialization in adolescents of an educational institution in Callao. 138 adolescents participated, between 12 and 18 years. It was used: the coping scale for adolescents, COPE-28 (Morán, Landero & Gonzales, 2010) and the BAS 3 socialization battery (Arévalo, 2002). The results obtained show that there is a relationship between the active and passive coping style with the socialization variable. However, no relationship was found between the socialization variable and the maladaptive coping style. Regarding the relationship between different coping styles and socialization dimensions, it was found that: maladaptive coping has a negative and significant relationship with self-control in social relationships, but a positive and significant relationship with social anxiety. Active coping has a positive and significant relationship with the consideration variable with others and also with the leadership variable. Finally, passive coping has a positive and significant relationship with the variables consideration with others, social anxiety and leadership. / Tesis