近年來越來越多人投入華語教學這個領域，然而華語教師的培訓尚未有一統一的規範。過往有許多關於教師發展歷程的研究，顯示教師的初任階段是奠定未來教育生涯的關鍵期。因此本論文以兩位初任的華語教師為個案研究對象，採取質性研究的半結構式訪談，深入了解研究參與者在教學過程中所遇到來自不同方面的困擾以及他們的因應策略，最後提出結論以及相關建議。 研究結果發現初任教師主要的困擾和成因在專業技巧方面是由於經驗的不足所以不熟悉學生的程度，以及無法預測學生於課堂的反應；而社會情緒方面則是由於缺乏自信心，對於自己的表現還不夠肯定；環境組織方面則是由於大環境政策的不友善，使得教師有後顧之憂。 最後根據個案的研究結果歸納出對於華語教師培訓機構、語言中心以及後續研究的建議。 / More and more people are engaging in Teaching Chinese as Second Language these years. There are many studies on teacher’s development which reveal that the beginning phase is the key phase in a teacher’s career. This study aims to understand the problems beginning teachers might encounter and what are their coping strategies by interviewing two cases. The major findings reveal that their problems originate from three aspects: (1) profession technique: lack understanding of students’ level and their reactions in class; classroom climate (2) self-emotion: lack of confidence; skeptical of self (3) working conditions: unstable income and the lack of welfare And their coping strategies are: asking their colleagues, observing other seniors, talking directly with students. At the end of the thesis, suggestions are given to the TCSL teacher training foundations and language center, to help TCSL teachers get through this unstable phase of teaching career.

The developemnt of fisheries in Lake Victoria is faced with a myriad challenges including overfishing, environmental destruction, disappearance of certain indigenous species and pollution. All these problems can be located within the social, economic and political systems that exists today and in the past. This thesis, ‘Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria : Colonial Policy and the Development of Fish Production in Kenya, 1880-1978’, argues that the Luo fishers had their own indigenous techniques of fishing, modes of preservation and systems of management that ensured sustainable utilisation of fisheries. The thesis examines the role of the Luo fishers in the sustainable usage of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The British colonial settlers came up with new policies of plantation and commercial farming, taxation and forced labour, all of which encouraged the Luo fishers to partially break with their pre-colonial systems and create new ways of responding to the demands of the colonial state. The study argues that the coming of colonialism and its attendant capitalism introduced new fishing gear as well as new species, such as mbuta, that were inimical to the sustainable utilisation of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The colonial regime also introduced new practices of fisheries management such as scouts, licensing, closed seasons and the numbering of boats, practices geared towards ensuring the commercial production and development of the fisheries. This commercialisation led to cut-throat competition between Asian, European and African fish traders. The coming of independence in 1963 brought some changes, such as the provision of credit facilities, new technology, and attempts by the new African government to more effectively control and manage the fisheries. However, not much changed in terms of policy objectives, and most of the colonial policies remained unchanged. New industries were established around the fisheries, but most remained in the hands of Asians and a few African middlemen. The small-scale fishers continued to struggle against the commercialisation of fishery production, remaining voiceless and marginalised. The study recommends an all inclusive participatory approach to solve the problems currently affecting the Lake Victoria fisheries. / History / DLITT (History)

本研究旨在探討正向心理介入方案對大學生正向心理的影響，以及正向心理介入方案、正向因應策略與主觀幸福感的關係。受試者為國立政治大學的大學生，有效樣本為130人。本研究採問卷調查法，施以情緒溫度計量表、主觀幸福感量表、臺灣憂鬱情緒量表、臺灣正向比量表、臺灣巔峰幸福感量表、靈性幸福感量表、正向因應策略量表及心理資本量表，並蒐集前測與後測資料。資料分析方法包含：成對樣本t檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、內容分析法及結構方程式模型。本研究主要發現如下： 一、在前、後測方面 （一）大學生在「主觀幸福感」、「主觀幸福感」分量表之「社會幸福感」及「情緒幸福感」、「情緒刻度」、「快樂時間」、「持平時間」、「正向因應策略」、「巔峰幸福感」、「巔峰幸福感」分量表之「正向機能」及「正向情緒」、「靈性幸福感」、「靈性幸福感」分量表之「團體靈性幸福感」、「環境靈性幸福感」及「超然靈性幸福感」、「正向比」、「心理資本」、「心理資本」分量表之「復原力」、「希望」及「樂觀」上有顯著差異。 二、在背景變項方面 （一）不同性別大學生在「正向心理介入方案」上有顯著差異。 （二）不同性別大學生在「負向情緒」上有顯著差異。 （三）不同年級大學生在各背景變項上皆無顯著差異。 三、在結構模式方面 （一）正向心理介入方案對正向因應策略有直接正向效果。 （二）正向心理介入方案對主觀幸福感有直接正向效果。 （三）正向因應策略對主觀幸福感有直接正向效果。 　　最後，研究者根據研究結果與討論，針對高等教育及未來研究提出若干建議。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the positive psychology intervention effects on college students, and also the relationships among positive psychology interventions, positive coping strategies and subjective well-being. The participants included 130 college students sampled from National Chengchi University. The pretest and posttest data were both collected by questionnaires, including the Emotional Thermometer Scale, the Subjective Well-Being Scale, the Taiwan Depression Scale, the Taiwan Positivity Scale, the Taiwan Flourishing Scale, the Spirituality Well-Being Scale, the Positive Coping Scale, and the Psychological Capital Scale. Moreover, the data analysis was based on paired-samples t-test, independent-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, content analysis method, and SEM. The main results were summarized as follows: About the pretest and posttest: 1.Students were significantly different in the scores of subjective well-being, social well-being, emotional well-being, emotional degree, happy time, balanced time, positive coping strategy, flourishing well-being, positive function, positive emotion, spirituality well-being, group-spirituality well-being, environment-spirituality well-being, super spirituality well-being, positivity, psychological capital, resilience, hope, and optimism. About the background variables: 1. Students with different gender were significantly different in the scores of positive psychology interventions. 2. Students with different gender were significantly different in the scores of negative emotion. 3. Students with different grade were not significantly different in the scores of background variables. About the structural model: 1. Positive psychology interventions had positive influence on positive coping strategy directly. 2. Positive psychology interventions had positive influence on subjective well-being. 3. Positive coping had positive influence on subjective well-being. Based on the results and discussion of this study, directions of higher education and future research were suggested.

The thesis is dedicated to the psychosocial aspects of women with breast cancer, such as stressful events, coping strategies, social support and personal and emotional factors and their possible specificity for this group of women. Aim of the theoretical part is a summary of the findings of type C personality, personality disposed to cancer and the overview of researches and particular results. The empirical part of the thesis is based on retrospective quantitative research with a focus on the number of stressful events, coping strategies, social support and features of alexithymia in women diagnosed with breast cancer (N = 70). These results were compared with a control group of women whose cancer have not been diagnosed (N = 81). The results show a significant difference in the amount of stressful events. Namely women with breast cancer have demonstrated significantly more stressful events prior to diagnosis than women without cancer. In addition, a significant difference has been found in the use of negative coping strategies which women without cancer experience using negative coping strategies more frequently than women with breast cancer. A significant difference has been found in the use of strategy "self-aggrandizement by comparison with others" which women with breast cancer use more than...

TITLE: Perception and coping with the specific learning disabilities impacts on everyday life of children with this diagnosis. ABSTRACT This text is focused on recognition of impacts of the specific learning disabilities on everyday life as the children with this diagnosis themselves see it and the strategies used by these children in order to cope with these disabilities. The theoretical part summarizes the necessary knowledge of the early school age developmental stage, the interaction of a child with the family, and briefly the stress and the coping. The results of last year's mothers of specific learning disabilities diagnosed children research are also presented. The empirical part is based on semi-structured interviews with six children diagnosed with the specific learning disabilities attending fourth or fifth grade of primary school. Based on it's qualitative analysis, the thesis attempts to clarify how the specific learning disabilities diagnosed children perceive and experience the impacts of this disabilities on them and how do they cope with it. KEYWORDS specific learning disabilities (SLD), child, family, school, failures, coping strategy

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Rose Pacheco da Silva.pdf: 676026 bytes, checksum: d7b1bb1ce5fea713ba5e6d5cfe03d7de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / The fundamental goal of this paper is to find resources of spiritual matter that, especially, strengthen and encourage women with either breast or colon cancer, transforming them into a coping strategy. This qualitative research approach, with a communicative nature was composed by a group of seven participants of the female gender. All of them were in the remissive phase of the treatment and belonged to the Grupo de Apoio Esperança (supporting group hope), which offers psychological support to CEOC (Centro de Oncologia de Caruaru - PE- Caruaru´s Cancer Treatment Center) patients who suffer from cancer. The data was collected by the interview technique, in 2008 November. Was used for analysys the method of data condensation based on the Kvale (1996) applications. It was observed that for patients that carry either breast or colon cancer the most commonly used coping strategy is the search for spirituality / Este estudo teve como objetivo fundamental conhecer os recursos de caráter espiritual que, fortalecem e encorajam mulheres com câncer de mama e cólon, transformando-se em estratégia de enfrentamento. Esta pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, de natureza participativa, utilizou-se de um grupo composto por sete participantes do sexo feminino. Todas se encontravam na fase de remissão do tratamento e pertenciam ao Grupo de Apoio Esperança, que oferece suporte psicológico a pacientes oncológicos do CEOC (Centro de Oncologia de Caruaru - PE). Os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica de entrevista, no mês de novembro de 2008. Para análise, empregou-se o método de condensação de dados baseado nos pressupostos de Kvale (1996). Observou-se que, para a paciente portadora de câncer de mama e cólon, a estratégia de enfrentamento mais utilizada é a busca da espiritualidade

Abstract Many women who survived sex trafficking continue to suffer from severe and persistent psychological distress even after the traditional treatment and rehabilitation program. The lingering psychological symptoms that these survivors suffer make reintegration into their families and communities difficult. This phenomenological study identified the restorative factors that helped some women who were earlier engaged in sex trafficking to recover, readjust, and reintegrate into their families and communities. Six female survivors of human trafficking and six program directors/counselors at different rehabilitation centers were individually interviewed in in-depth with semi-structured questionnaires and audio recorded. I kept diary of my readings and observation of the participants during the interviews to maintain the rigor and established trustworthiness of the study. With NVivo 11 plus Software, the information were coded to identify the different patterns. The Manen's hermeneutic descriptive phenomenological interpretative approach was employed to sort out the emerging themes. The findings were grouped under the perspectives of survivors and program directors/counselors. Both survivors and program directors/counselors agreed that factors such as supports from family/friends, medical treatments, counseling, and individual characteristics promoted recovery. The theories of social support, self-efficacy, and resilience guided the understanding of the recovery process of the survivors. For positive social change, this study provides information that families, communities, and society can become more aware of the ways to improve survivors' support systems and build a sustainable community that cares and supports survivors for a successful integration into families and communities.

Work-related activation policies are currently developing in most western welfare states. Sweden is no exception and activation policies were introduced in the 1990s in many municipal social services organizations in Sweden. The Swedish form of activation policies requires social assistance recipients to participate in mandatory activation program in return for financial support. This dissertation investigates the street-level implementation practices of activation policies within the context of the Swedish welfare state. The purpose of the study is to examine how street-level workers in the municipal social service systemtranslate activation policy into practice in their interactions with the clients and what factors that structure their implementation practices. The research project is a multiple-case study that examines the street-level practices in two municipal social service settings in Sweden, Skärholmen city-district in Stockholm municipality and Osby municipality and their local activation programs. The data collection consists of observations of the staffs’ daily operations, interviews with local politicians and other key personnel, and the analysis of formal policy and program documents. Theoretically this dissertation builds on the street-level bureaucracy perspective (Lipsky, 1980), which suggests that organizational working conditions shape street-level workers implementation practices through their development of informal coping strategies. But this study extends the street-level buraucracy approach by including political-institutional factors and normative assumptions about public support and social assistance recipients into the analysis. Findings from the study suggest that street-level implementation practices entail a number of informal coping strategies that removes activation policy from formal policy goals. Implementation practices entail, for example, mass referrals instead of individual assessments and tailor-made solutions. Clients were sorted and categorized on the basis of moral perceptions about behavioral deficits instead of employment needs. These informal practice strategies were the results of both coping strategies and normative assumptions that interacted with the organizational context in which these practices took place.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of coping behaviour on the stress and psychological well-being as experienced by South African teachers. A review of relevant literature revealed that the teaching profession is an extremely stressful occupation globally. Factors contributing to the stress that teachers experience include the downsizing of the number of teachers in schools and insufficient training being provided for teachers. Exposure to these chronically stressful conditions has psychological and physical consequences for some teachers. Numerous studies, however, have also pointed out that some teachers, in the same teaching environment, experienced less stress and had better physical health than others. In an effort to gain clarity on these contradictory findings, many studies regarding the effect of various coping behaviours have been undertaken. No literature could, however, be found regarding the different coping behaviours used by African teachers and which strategies proved a success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect that coping behaviour had on the level of stress, as well as psychosocial well-being, experienced by black South African teachers. The current study was conducted as part of the SABP A (Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans) project conducted at the North-West University. Data for this sub study was collected through a cross-sectional design and the statistical consulting services of the university were involved in the analysis of the raw data. The Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) (Boyle, Borg, Falzon, & Baglioni, 1995), the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) (Amirkhan, 1990), and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) (Keyes, 2006) were administered to 200 urban African teachers residing in the Kenneth Kahunda district in the North West Province. The TSI was administered as a self report measure of occupational stress in teachers. The CSI was administered to all the participants in an attempt to establish what coping strategies were employed by them. It consists of three subscales (problem solving, avoidance, and seeking social support) which are independent of one another and, according to the authors, free from demographic influences. The MHC-SF was administered to all the participants as a measure of well-being. The MHC-SF places individuals on a continuum which ranges between complete mental health (flourishing) to incomplete mental health (languishing). Those who are neither flourishing nor languishing are said to be moderately mentally healthy. All the measures that were administered proved to be reliable and thus interpretable, except for the subscales of the TSI. Therefore, only the TSI total scale score was used for interpretation. Results indicated that this group of teachers were experiencing high levels of stress and were making above average use of all three coping behaviours to deal with their stressors. 70% of the teachers were reportedly moderately mentally healthy, while 2% of them were languishing, and only 28% of them were flourishing. Of these teachers, those who reported smoking and alcohol use as a coping behaviour were experiencing less stress than those who abstained. These results were, however, only of small to medium practical significance. Intercorrelational results indicated that, although stress levels were high, stress had no direct and significant relation to either coping or well-being. The use of certain coping strategies, however, correlated positively with some aspects of mental health. In order to elucidate the nature of the relationships that seemed to exist between these constructs, path analysis was conducted. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) results revealed a strong negative path between the use of avoidance as a coping strategy and the emotional well-being of participants. A direct significant path was reported between seeking social support and the social well-being of this group of teachers. Another significant finding was the existence of a direct path between problem solving and the social and psychological well-being reported by participants. The implications of these results, as well as the possible shortcomings of the current study and its limitations, were discussed. In conclusion, the results indicated that coping behaviour had little effect on the amount of stress that the teachers experienced, although it seems that coping behaviour does have a significant effect on some aspects of mental health. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of coping behaviour on the stress and psychological well-being as experienced by South African teachers. A review of relevant literature revealed that the teaching profession is an extremely stressful occupation globally. Factors contributing to the stress that teachers experience include the downsizing of the number of teachers in schools and insufficient training being provided for teachers. Exposure to these chronically stressful conditions has psychological and physical consequences for some teachers. Numerous studies, however, have also pointed out that some teachers, in the same teaching environment, experienced less stress and had better physical health than others. In an effort to gain clarity on these contradictory findings, many studies regarding the effect of various coping behaviours have been undertaken. No literature could, however, be found regarding the different coping behaviours used by African teachers and which strategies proved a success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect that coping behaviour had on the level of stress, as well as psychosocial well-being, experienced by black South African teachers. The current study was conducted as part of the SABP A (Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans) project conducted at the North-West University. Data for this sub study was collected through a cross-sectional design and the statistical consulting services of the university were involved in the analysis of the raw data. The Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) (Boyle, Borg, Falzon, & Baglioni, 1995), the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) (Amirkhan, 1990), and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) (Keyes, 2006) were administered to 200 urban African teachers residing in the Kenneth Kahunda district in the North West Province. The TSI was administered as a self report measure of occupational stress in teachers. The CSI was administered to all the participants in an attempt to establish what coping strategies were employed by them. It consists of three subscales (problem solving, avoidance, and seeking social support) which are independent of one another and, according to the authors, free from demographic influences. The MHC-SF was administered to all the participants as a measure of well-being. The MHC-SF places individuals on a continuum which ranges between complete mental health (flourishing) to incomplete mental health (languishing). Those who are neither flourishing nor languishing are said to be moderately mentally healthy. All the measures that were administered proved to be reliable and thus interpretable, except for the subscales of the TSI. Therefore, only the TSI total scale score was used for interpretation. Results indicated that this group of teachers were experiencing high levels of stress and were making above average use of all three coping behaviours to deal with their stressors. 70% of the teachers were reportedly moderately mentally healthy, while 2% of them were languishing, and only 28% of them were flourishing. Of these teachers, those who reported smoking and alcohol use as a coping behaviour were experiencing less stress than those who abstained. These results were, however, only of small to medium practical significance. Intercorrelational results indicated that, although stress levels were high, stress had no direct and significant relation to either coping or well-being. The use of certain coping strategies, however, correlated positively with some aspects of mental health. In order to elucidate the nature of the relationships that seemed to exist between these constructs, path analysis was conducted. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) results revealed a strong negative path between the use of avoidance as a coping strategy and the emotional well-being of participants. A direct significant path was reported between seeking social support and the social well-being of this group of teachers. Another significant finding was the existence of a direct path between problem solving and the social and psychological well-being reported by participants. The implications of these results, as well as the possible shortcomings of the current study and its limitations, were discussed. In conclusion, the results indicated that coping behaviour had little effect on the amount of stress that the teachers experienced, although it seems that coping behaviour does have a significant effect on some aspects of mental health. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.