This diploma thesis deals with copper(II) ions diffusion in the humic hydrogels. The hydrogels were prepared from several samples of humic acids using different method and their isolation conditions from the original matrix. A selective blocking of functional groups (COOH, OH) was performed in the selected samples of humic acids. These reactive groups were selectively blocked using methylation agent trimethylsilyl-diazomethane. The success of performed methylation and functional groups blocking was verified using a FT-IR spectroscopy. There was carried out the set of diffusion experiments. The experimental arrangement was selected to enable an instantaneous planar source met-hod for data processing. The basis of this method was to determine the copper(II) ions con-centration distribution in the hydrogels. The method consists of slicing of the hydrogels after the diffusion experiments, extraction of the copper ions in the solution and determina-tion of concentration in the extracts from individual slices using UV-VIS spectroscopy. Based on the experimental data the effective diffusion coefficients were determined. The resulting values include both the effect of hydrogels structure and the effect of the reaction between Cu(II) ions and humic acids. There were prepared gels with defined portion of blocked functional groups for selected samples, which allowed to investigate the effect of reactivity on the copper ions diffusion without the significant changes in the gel structure (porosity). The blocking of functional groups reflected in a lower values of diffusion coefficients in comparison to the gels prepared from unmodified humic acids as follows. There was also confirmed the effect of humic acids isolation procedure and their properties on the diffusivity.

Previous studies involving copper (II) complexed with a dissymmetric Schiff base and imidazole derivatives had identified catalase activity of these complexes towards H2O2. Reactions such as this are of great interest due to the important role of copper-based complexes in biological systems. Our research has been conducted to add to the base of knowledge regarding the efforts of other researchers to investigate copper complexes that exhibit similar reactivity as copper-based proteins towards dioxygen. The copper complex chosen for this study contained a tri-dentate Schiff base adduct which, when complexed with an imidazole derivative, limited the manner in which peroxo adducts could bind while providing distinct spectral peaks which were used to conduct kinetic studies. Our results indicate a reaction mechanism by which the role of the complexed copper (II) ion is to activate the peroxo adduct for decomposition through reactions with other peroxide molecules, dioxygen, and water.

The quenching of the [Ru(bipy)3]2+ by Cu2L2+ was studied and the data were plotted with the Stern-Volmer equation. The plot showed a break and was divided into 2 regions, <0.5 and >0.5 Cu2L2+: [Ru(bipy)3]2+ molar ratio. Quenching above the 0.5 Cu2L2+: [Ru(bipy)3]2+ molar ratio was slower (330 x 10-6 M-1s-1) than the quenching rate reaction below 0.5 ratio (387 x 10-6 M-1s-1). With Cu2L2+ being a dimeric complex the break and differences in the quenching reaction rates can be explained in terms of the stoichiometry. When the Cu2L2+: [Ru(bipy)3]2+ ratio is < 0.5, then each [Ru(bipy)3]2+ can interact with 1 Cu2L2+ dimer. At 0.5 then there is exactly a 1:1 ratio RuII : CuII. Above the 0.5 ratio the [Ru(bipy)3]2+ can interact with maybe only one of the Cu2L2+'s in the dimer, or with a [Ru(bipy)3]2+: Cu2L2+ unit, so the quenching is less efficient.

Many new instrumentation and different instrumental techniques have been developed to deal with increasing complexity of samples encountered. Many researchers also have coupled these instrumental techniques with chemometric algorithms to assist in the quantitative analysis of multi-component samples in the hope of alleviating the need of tedious separation and cleanup procedures. These newer chemometric procedures tend to be complex and difficult to understand and implement and are successful under different circumstances and conditions. In this study, we start from the very simple beginning and examine the factors that can present difficulties with obtaining the correct results and observe how the system behaves so as to find a better and simpler chemometric procedure to perform mixture quantitative analysis. We have used simulated and actual experimental data obtained from a UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurement of metal complexes to conduct the study. Well understood and defined systems tend to give good results. The main obstacle has been, and still is, interferences in spectral information one gets from the measurement.

No description available.

Photo sensitizers showing visible light induced DNA cleavage activity are of current importance for medicinal applications related to photodynamic therapy (PTD) considering greater skin penetration of light near 700 nm. While organic molecules and complexes of 4d-5d metal ions are extensively studied for their DNA photo-damage properties in UV and visible light, the chemistry of 3D metal complexes showing visible light-induced DNA cleavage activity is relatively unexplored efforts have been made in this thesis work to design new ternary copper (II) complexes having a-amino acids Such copper (II) complexes with tunable coordination geometry could find potential applications in PDT. Ternary Copper (II) complexes containing L-methionine, S-methy1-L-cysteine and phenanthroline bases are prepared and characterized. They display DNA binding and visible light induced DNA cleavage activity. An enhancement of the DNA cleavage activity is observed for analogous ternary copper (II) complexes contained L-lysine with a pendant cationic amine moiety as a photo-induced DNA Cleavage activity using binary and ternary copper (II) complexes of L-arginine and phenanthroline bases. We have observed AT selective DNA binding and visible light –induced DNA cleavage activity. The crescent-shaped bis-arginine Copper (II) complex mimics the natural antiviral antibiotic netropsin. T o investigate the role of the pendant groups of the amino acids, we have explored the DNA binding and DNA cleavage activity of analogues L-glutamine and L-asparagine complexes. We have prepared ternary copper (II) complexes containing two photosensitizers, viz., L-tryptophan (L-trp) and dipyridoquininoxaline/dipyridophenazine to achieve double strand breaks forming linear DNA. Complex [Cu(L-trp)(dppz)(H2O)+ shows a stacking arrangement of the indole and dppz rings giving a separation that fits with the base pair separation of ds-DNA. Photosensitizes in these complexes approach two different complementary stands of the ds-DNA, leading to double strand breaks and formation of linear DNA. Mechanistic studies on the DNA photocleavage reactions reveal the formation of singlet oxygen(1O2)species by a type-II pathway in preference to the hydroxyl radical generation. A process leading to an efficient DNA cleavage activity on visible light irradiation. The observation of sequence selectivity and double strand DNA cleavage on red light exposure by national design of the complexes is significant considering importance of the results in the chemistry of photodynamic therapy of cancer. The results of this dissertation open up new avenues for designing and developing 3d metal-based photosensitizers with potential utility in nulcleic acid chemistry.

Diferentes complexos de cobre(II) contendo um ligante tridentado do tipo imínico e um grupo imidazol foram preparados, na forma de sais perclorato, e caracterizados através de diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas (UV/Vis, IR, Raman e EPR). Em solução aquosa, estes compostos estão em equilíbrio com as correspondentes espécies dinucleares, onde os centros de cobre estão ligados através de uma ponte imidazolato. Em meio alcalino, estes compostos dinucleares e uma espécie tetranuclear foram também isolados e caracterizados. Medidas espectroscópicas e por eletroforese capilar, a diferentes pHs, permitiram estimar o valor da constante de equilíbrio num dos casos. A atividade catalítica desses complexos frente ao peróxido de hidrogênio e ao oxigênio molecular foi então comparada. A maioria dos compostos dinucleares e o tetranuclear mostraram ser eficientes catalisadores para a oxidação aeróbica de substratos fenólicos, com formação da correspondente difenoquinona, monitorada espectrofotometricamente, exibindo uma dependência de primeira ordem da velocidade de reação com a concentração do fenol e do complexo. Por outro lado, o estudo cinético da decomposição catalítica do peróxido de hidrogênio, monitorada manometricamente através do oxigênio liberado, indicou uma apreciável atividade dos compostos mononucleares, dependendo do pH. Neste caso, espécies reativas de oxigênio foram detectadas por EPR, utilizando o método do captador de spin. Parâmetros espectroscópicos e características estruturais destes complexos mostraram ser determinantes para sua reatividade frente a ambos os oxidantes biológicos estudados. / Different copper(II) complexes containing an imidazole ligand, in addition to a discrete tridentate imine, were prepared as perchlorate salts, and characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, IR, Raman and EPR). In aqueous solution, these compounds are in equilibrium with the corresponding binuclear species, where the copper centres are bridged by an imidazolate ligand. In alkaline solutions, these binuclear species and a tetranuclear were also isolated, and characterised. Evidence of these equilibria in aqueous solution was obtained by spectroscopic measurements and capillary electrophoresis, at different pH. An equilibrium constant involving the mono- and binuclear species was estimated for one of the ligands. The catalytic activity of the obtained complexes toward the usual biological oxidants, hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, were then compared. Most of the binuclear and tetranuclear compounds showed to be efficient catalysts of the aerobic oxidation of phenolic substrates to the corresponding quinones or diphenoquinones, followed spectrophotometrically. Kinetic results indicated a first-order dependence of the reaction rate on both the complex and the phenol concentrations. On the other hand, an appreciable activity of the mononuclear compounds was verified on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This reaction was monitored manometrically by the oxygen released, and was shown to be very dependent on the pH. Additionally, in this case, very reactive oxygen radicals were detected at the first stages of the reaction, by spin trapping EPR. Spectroscopic parameters and structural features in these complexes seem to be determinant of their reactivity toward the studied biological oxidants.

Diferentes complexos de cobre(II) contendo um ligante tridentado do tipo imínico e um grupo imidazol foram preparados, na forma de sais perclorato, e caracterizados através de diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas (UV/Vis, IR, Raman e EPR). Em solução aquosa, estes compostos estão em equilíbrio com as correspondentes espécies dinucleares, onde os centros de cobre estão ligados através de uma ponte imidazolato. Em meio alcalino, estes compostos dinucleares e uma espécie tetranuclear foram também isolados e caracterizados. Medidas espectroscópicas e por eletroforese capilar, a diferentes pHs, permitiram estimar o valor da constante de equilíbrio num dos casos. A atividade catalítica desses complexos frente ao peróxido de hidrogênio e ao oxigênio molecular foi então comparada. A maioria dos compostos dinucleares e o tetranuclear mostraram ser eficientes catalisadores para a oxidação aeróbica de substratos fenólicos, com formação da correspondente difenoquinona, monitorada espectrofotometricamente, exibindo uma dependência de primeira ordem da velocidade de reação com a concentração do fenol e do complexo. Por outro lado, o estudo cinético da decomposição catalítica do peróxido de hidrogênio, monitorada manometricamente através do oxigênio liberado, indicou uma apreciável atividade dos compostos mononucleares, dependendo do pH. Neste caso, espécies reativas de oxigênio foram detectadas por EPR, utilizando o método do captador de spin. Parâmetros espectroscópicos e características estruturais destes complexos mostraram ser determinantes para sua reatividade frente a ambos os oxidantes biológicos estudados. / Different copper(II) complexes containing an imidazole ligand, in addition to a discrete tridentate imine, were prepared as perchlorate salts, and characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, IR, Raman and EPR). In aqueous solution, these compounds are in equilibrium with the corresponding binuclear species, where the copper centres are bridged by an imidazolate ligand. In alkaline solutions, these binuclear species and a tetranuclear were also isolated, and characterised. Evidence of these equilibria in aqueous solution was obtained by spectroscopic measurements and capillary electrophoresis, at different pH. An equilibrium constant involving the mono- and binuclear species was estimated for one of the ligands. The catalytic activity of the obtained complexes toward the usual biological oxidants, hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, were then compared. Most of the binuclear and tetranuclear compounds showed to be efficient catalysts of the aerobic oxidation of phenolic substrates to the corresponding quinones or diphenoquinones, followed spectrophotometrically. Kinetic results indicated a first-order dependence of the reaction rate on both the complex and the phenol concentrations. On the other hand, an appreciable activity of the mononuclear compounds was verified on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This reaction was monitored manometrically by the oxygen released, and was shown to be very dependent on the pH. Additionally, in this case, very reactive oxygen radicals were detected at the first stages of the reaction, by spin trapping EPR. Spectroscopic parameters and structural features in these complexes seem to be determinant of their reactivity toward the studied biological oxidants.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-08-11T14:46:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao River Souza Magalhaes.pdf: 1856967 bytes, checksum: 6da8a950fc3e088ddd4b5b2558c23691 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-11T14:46:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao River Souza Magalhaes.pdf: 1856967 bytes, checksum: 6da8a950fc3e088ddd4b5b2558c23691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / This work presents the synthesis of N-[-(4-methylphenyl)]-thiourea, the ligand N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyll)-(4-methylphenyl)]-guanidine and the copper II complex. The compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy,1H NMR and X-ray diffraction. The results of X-ray shows the mode of ligand coordination to the metal ion, in addition to square planar structure, a connection is observed for the trans chromophore CuN2O2. Conformational studies of the molecule the ligand N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-(4-methylphenyl)]-guanidine and were performed to compare experimental data with calculated data. the computation of ligand molecule N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-(4-methylphenyl)]-guanidine shows the small energy difference between the threes tautomers, it is not possible to state firmly the most stable. The 1H NMR data show that the solution is more abundant in the tautomer II and III. Calculations of energy transition states for the reaction path. In addition to the calculations of imaginary for the characterization of transition states. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese da N-[N'-(2-hidroxietil)-(4-metilfenil)]-tioureia, do ligante N-[N'-(2-hidroxietil)-(4-metilfenil)]-guanidina e do complexo de cobre II [Cu(oib)2]. Os compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, RMN de 1H e difração de raios-X. O resultado de DRX mostra o modo de coordenação do ligante ao íon metálico, além da estrutura quadrado planar, é observado uma ligação trans para o cromóforo CuN2O2. Estudos conformacionais da molécula do ligante N-[N'-(2-hidroxietil)-(4-metilfenil)]-guanidina que foram realizados para confrontar dados experimentais com dados calculados. Os cálculos computacionais da molécula do ligante N-[N'-(2-hidroxietil)-(4-metilfenil)]-guanidina mostra uma pequena diferença de energia entre os três tautômeros, não sendo possível afirmar com firmeza o mais estável. Os dados de RMN 1H mostram que o mais abundante em solução é o tautômero II e o III. Cálculos de energia dos estados de transição para o caminho reacional. Além do cálculo das frequências imaginárias para caracterização dos estados de transição.

Diese Dissertation unter dem Titel Experimentelle Bestimmung der elektronischen Eigenschaften anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflächen organischer Halbleiter mittels Photoelektronenspektroskopie wurde am Leibniz Institut für Festkürper- und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) Dresden am Institut für Festkörperforschung (IFF) unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. B. Büchner angefertigt. Zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung kamen hierbei zwei Typen anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflächen. Zum einem wurde der Einfluss einer Elektrodenpräparation unter Normalbedingungen mittels ex-situ Reinigungsverfahren im Vergleich zu insitu präparierten Kontakten auf das elektronische Verhalten des organischen Halbleiters Sexithiophen an Grenzflächen zu metallischen Substraten studiert. Als Substratmaterialien kamen hierbei die Metalle Silber, Palladium, Gold und Platin zum Einsatz. In einer zweiten Studie wurden die Grenzflächen der organischen Halbleiter Sexithiophen und Kupfer(II)- Phthalocyanin in Kontakt zu dünnen Filmen des Übergangsmetalloxides La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 untersucht. Auch hier wurde eine vergleichende Untersuchung für ex-situ und in-situ gereinigte La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-Kontakte durchgeführt. Die hierzu verwendeten Filme wurden im IFW Dresden am Institut für Metallische Werkstoffe (IMW) hergestellt. Auch im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen stand der Einfluss von Sauerstoff auf das elektronische und chemische Verhalten an den Grenzflächen im Vordergrund.