[pt] Foram estudados alguns sistemas binários de Cu(II) e Zn(II) formados com as poliaminas (PA= En, Tn, Put, Spd e Spm) e os complexos ternários (MLPA), onde L foi a PCr ou o ATP e PA uma das cinco poliaminas. O estudo foi realizado em solução aquosa por potenciometria, espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível, Raman, RMN e RPE e cálculos de menor energia de estabilização e modelagem molecular. As constantes de estabilidade foram determinadas pela potenciometria. Os valores das constantes dos complexos com as poliaminas apresentam um comportamento bastante diferenciado entre os sistemas formados com o Cu(II) e Zn(II). A ordem dos valores das constantes de estabilidade dos sistemas com o Cu(II) é:CuPut<CuTn<CuEn<CuSpd<CuSpm, e dos sistemas com Zn(II) é: ZnPut<ZnEn<ZnTn<ZnSpm<ZnSpd. Esse comportamento diferenciado se deve a estrutura formada nos complexos. Enquanto o anel de 5 membros formado pelo complexo CuEn é mais estável do que o anel de 6 e 7 membros formados pelos complexos CuTn e CuPut, respectivamente, nos sistemas com o Zn(II) o complexo que forma anel de 6 membros (ZnTn) é mais estável do que o complexo que forma anel de 5 membros (ZnEn). Já o complexo ZnPut é o menos estável pela coordenação monodentada da poliamina ao Zn(II). Os complexos formados com Cu(II) e Zn(II) com a Spd e Spm também apresentam comportamento diferenciado. Com o Cu(II) as poliaminas Spd e Spm formam complexos se coordenando com três e quatro grupamentos amino, respectivamente. Com o Zn(II) a coordenação deve ser por três grupamentos amino nos dois complexos formados. Interações entre as poliaminas protonadas e os dois ligantes são observadas de um modo geral exceto no sistema Zn:ATP:Spd, e isso se deve a conformação que a molécula formada sofre que desfavorece a interação entre os ligantes. Interações entre as triamina (Spd) e tetramina (Spm) e a PCr, são observadas nos complexos ternários, para ambos os íons, mesmo quando estas não estão protonadas. Esta interação deve ser pelo átomo de nitrogênio não coordenado da poliamina e o átomo de oxigênio não coordenado da PCr. Neste trabalho foi possível esclarecer o modo de coordenação do Cu(II) com a PCr em solução, que é pelos grupamentos guanidino e fosfato do ligante, tanto no complexo binário como nos complexos ternários. Também para o Zn(II) a PCr se complexa do mesmo modo. O modo de coordenação do ATP ao Zn(II) tanto nos complexos binários como ternários, deve ser através dos grupamentos fosfatos PB e Py . / [en] Some binary systems of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with polyamines (PA=En, Tn, Put, Spd and Spm), and ternary complexes (MLPA) of Cu(II) and Zn(II), where L is PCr or ATP, and PA is one of the five polyamines, were studied. The study was performed in aqueous solution using potentiometry, ultraviolet-visible, Raman, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, and, calculations of the lowest stabilization energy for formed complexes and molecular modeling. The stability constants were determined by potentiometry. The order of the values of stability constants of the systems with Cu(II) is: CuPut<CuTn<CuEn<CuSpd<CuSpm. For systems with Zn(II) it is: ZnPut<ZnEn< ZnTn<ZnSpm<ZnSpd. This different behavior is due to the structures formed by the complexes. While the 5-membered ring formed by CuEn complex is more stable than the 6- and 7-membered ring complexes formed by CuTn and CuPut, respectively, in systems with Zn(II) the complex that forms the 6-membered ring (ZnTn) is more stable than 5-membered ring (ZnEn). The complex ZnPut is less stable than systems formed with other diamines, suggesting a monodentate coordination of this polyamine with Zn(II). The complexes formed by Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Spd and Spm also have a peculiar behavior. With Cu(II) the polyamines Spd and Spm form complexes by coordinating with three and four amino groups, respectively. With Zn(II) coordination should be through three amino groups in both complexes. Interactions between protonated polyamines and the two ligands are generally observed, except in the system Zn:ATP:Spd. This can be because of the conformation suffered by the molecule, hindering the interaction between the ligands. Interactions between the tridentate (Spd) and tetradentate (Spm) polyamines and PCr are observed in the ternary complexes for both ions, even when the PA´s are not protonated. This interaction should be between the non-coordinated nitrogen atom from the PA and the non-coordinated oxygen atom from PCr. It was possible to clarify the coordination mode of Cu(II) with PCr in solution, which occurs through the guanidine and phosphate groups of PCr, both in the binary and ternary complexes. The ion Zn(II) also coordinates in the same way. The coordination mode of ATP with Zn(II) in the binary and ternary complexes probably takes place through the PB and PY phosphates groups.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho é descrita a obtenção de hidrazonas derivadas de isoniazida e de seus complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III) candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antituberculose e antitumoral. Para investigar o efeito da modificação química sobre as bioatividades do fármaco isoniazida, foram preparados cinco derivados hidrazônicos: 2-piridinocarboxaldeído isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HBPIH, 3), 2-piridinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPAmIH, 4) e 2-pirazinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPzAmIH, 5), sendo o composto HPAmIH (4) inédito. Análises de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), análise elementar e termogravimetria confirmaram a obtenção e pureza das hidrazonas. Foi determinada ainda a estrutura de HPCIH (1) por difração de raios X de monocristal. Essas moléculas foram efetivas em inibir o crescimento de cepas de micobactérias Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) nas concentrações testadas, com exceção de HPzAmIH (5). As hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram os compostos orgânicos mais ativos (concentração inibitória mínima, CIM = 0,625 &#61549;g/mL), apresentando atividade antimicobacteriana apenas duas vezes inferior à do fármaco isoniazida.Quanto à ação contra células tumorais, as hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram as mais potentes contra as linhagens OVCAR-8 (tumor de ovário - humano), HCT-116 (tumor de cólon - humano) e SF-295 (glioblastoma humano), com inibições de 34,98 a 98,63% do crescimento celular, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL, enquanto que a isoniazida não foi efetiva contra as linhagens estudadas. Para avaliar o efeito da coordenação a metais sobre a atividade farmacológica das hidrazonas, foram sintetizados os complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III), sendo todos inéditos: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O(13) e [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14). Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de IV, análise elementar, condutivimetria, RMN e espectroscopia eletrônica. Em geral, os complexos também demonstraram ação contra M. tuberculosis, sendo que apenas para 6, 9, 10 e 14 foi verificada melhor atividade em relação às hidrazonas livres. Os complexos metálicos foram tanto quanto ou mais ativos contra as células tumorais OVCAR-8, HCT-116 e SF-295 do que as hidrazonas livres. Merecem destaque os complexos 7&#61485;9 e 12, que apresentaram inibição de crescimento celular de 72,2&#61485;100%, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL. Os resultados demonstram portanto que em geral os compostos 1&#61485;14 são menos ativos do que a isoniazida contra M. tuberculosis, enquanto que a modificação química do fármaco, formando-se hidrazonas com posterior complexação cobre(II) e gálio(III) constituíram uma estratégia interessante na obtenção de compostos mais potentes contra células tumorais / In this work we describe the synthesis of isoniazide-derived hydrazones and their copper(II) and gallium(III) complexes candidates for drug prototypes to treat antituberculosis and cancer. Five hidrazone derivatives have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the bioactivities of the drug isoniazid: 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HBPIH, 3), 2-pyridineformamide isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPAmIH, 4) and pyrazineformamide 2-isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPzAmIH, 5), being HPAmIH (4) unpublished. Melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis has confirmed the formation of hydrazones as well as its purity. All compounds have been effective in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) mycobacteria strains in the tested concentrations, except HPzAmIH (5). The hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most active compounds (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.625 &#61549;g/mL), which have presented the antimycobacterial activity only two times lower than isoniazid drug. In relation to the action against tumor cells, the hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most potent compounds against the cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarian tumor - human), HCT-116 (colon tumor - human) and SF-295 (glioblastoma - human), with inhibitions from 34.98 to 98.63% of cellular growth at a concentration of 5 &#61549;g/mL. Isoniazid, in turn, hasnt been effective against all cell lines studied. To evaluate the effect of coordinating the metal on the pharmacological activity of hydrazones, complexes of copper (II) and gallium (III) have been synthesized, being all novel compounds: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (13) and [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14).The complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis, conductivimetry and electron spectroscopy. In general, these complexes have also shown action against M. tuberculosis, whereas only 6, 9, 10 and 14 have demonstrated better activity than the free hydrazones. The metal complexes have been equally or more active against human the cancer cell lines OVCAR-8, HCT-116 and SF-295 than the free hydrazones. The complexes 7&#61485;9 and 12 deserve to be highlighted, which have shown 72.2&#61485;100% inhibition of cell growth in the 5 &#61549;g/mL concentration. The results therefore demonstrate that in general compounds 1&#61485;14 are less active than isoniazid against M. tuberculosis, while chemical modification of the drug, forming hydrazones and subsequent complexation with the copper (II) and gallium(III) metal ions have been an interesting strategy to obtain compounds more potent against tumor cells

De nos jours, un des objectifs importants de la recherche bioinorganique moderne est le développement d'enzymes artificielles. L'étude séquentielle des acides aminés présents dans le centre actif des métalloenzymes peut présenter une voie possible de la stratégie de modélisation enzymatique. Cependant, les peptides linéaires ont leurs limites lors de la reconstitution des centres actifs des métalloenzymes : ils ne possèdent pas la structure tridimensionnelle bien définie, par conséquent leur structure est vulnérable vis-à-vis de la coordination ou de l’hydrolyse des azotes amidiques. La capacité de coordination des métaux par des peptides linéaires peut être améliorée, par exemple, en les attachant à une plateforme tripodale. Les composés tripodaux peuvent assurer une organisation structurale rigide ou moins flexible pour des chaînes latérales des acides aminés, créant ainsi des sites de coordination pré-organisés pour les métaux. Dans cette thèse, la synthèse et la caractérisation des ligands peptidiques tripodaux contenant de l'histidine et la formation des complexes en présence de cuivre(II) et de zinc(II) sont présentées. Les propriétés acido-basiques ont été étudiées par potentiométrie et différentes techniques spectroscopiques ont été utilisées pour la caractérisation structurale (UV-Vis, CD, ESR, RMN et MS). Outre que la caractérisation thermodynamique et structurale, des propriétés catalytiques des complexes en réaction enzymatiques (oxydation du catéchol, dismutation du superoxyde) ont également été étudiées. Nos résultats ont démontré que les ligands peptidiques tripodaux sont capables d'améliorer la stabilité des complexes métalliques et qu'ils peuvent fournir des structures adéquates pour mimer efficacement les fonctions catalytiques des enzymes. Grâce aux études approfondies et systématiques des propriétés acido-basiques et spectroscopiques, nous avons mis en évidence les forces motrices de la coordination des métaux et établi l'impact de la structure tripodale sur la stabilité, la structure et les propriétés catalytiques des complexes formés. Nos résultats confirment l'effet bénéfique des plateformes tripodales durant la complexation des métaux, et soulignent les possibilités qui s’offrent aux peptides tripodaux dans le domaine de la biomimétisme / One of the most important directions of modern bioinorganic research is the development of artificial enzymes. One pathway of enzyme modeling strategy is the study of amino acid sequences present in the active centers of metalloenzymes. Linear peptides, however, have their limitations in reconstituting the active centers of metalloenzymes, since they do not possess the well-defined three dimensional structure, therefore their structure is vulnerable towards amide nitrogen coordination/hydrolysis. Improvement of metal binding capabilities of linear peptides can be obtained by e.g. their functionalization with tripodal ligands. Tripodal compounds may provide a rigid, less flexible platform for the coordinating amino acid side chains, creating pre-organized metal binding sites. In my thesis, I present synthesis and characterization of histidine containing tripodal peptide ligands and their complex formation in presence of copper(II) and zinc(II). Solution equilibrium was studied with pH potentiometric measurements, and several spectroscopic methods were used for structural characterization (UV-Vis, CD, ESR, NMR and MS methods). Beside thermodynamic and structural characterization, enzyme mimicking catalytical properties of the complexes have also been investigated (catechol oxidation, superoxide dismutation). Our results demonstrated that tripodal peptide ligands are capable of enhancing the stability of metal-peptide complexes, and they may provide convenient structures to efficiently mimic the catalytic functions of enzymes. With thorough and systematical solution equilibrium and spectroscopic studies, we uncovered the driving forces of metal coordination, and established the impact of the tripodal structure in stability, structure and catalytic properties of the forming complexes. Our findings confirm the beneficial effect of tripodal scaffolds in peptide-type ligand-metal complexes, and emphasize the possibilities lying within tripodal peptides in the field of enzyme mimicking

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho é descrita a obtenção de hidrazonas derivadas de isoniazida e de seus complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III) candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antituberculose e antitumoral. Para investigar o efeito da modificação química sobre as bioatividades do fármaco isoniazida, foram preparados cinco derivados hidrazônicos: 2-piridinocarboxaldeído isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoilpiridina isonicotinoil hidrazona (HBPIH, 3), 2-piridinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPAmIH, 4) e 2-pirazinoformamida isonicotinoil hidrazona (HPzAmIH, 5), sendo o composto HPAmIH (4) inédito. Análises de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), análise elementar e termogravimetria confirmaram a obtenção e pureza das hidrazonas. Foi determinada ainda a estrutura de HPCIH (1) por difração de raios X de monocristal. Essas moléculas foram efetivas em inibir o crescimento de cepas de micobactérias Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) nas concentrações testadas, com exceção de HPzAmIH (5). As hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram os compostos orgânicos mais ativos (concentração inibitória mínima, CIM = 0,625 &#61549;g/mL), apresentando atividade antimicobacteriana apenas duas vezes inferior à do fármaco isoniazida.Quanto à ação contra células tumorais, as hidrazonas HAPIH (2) e HBPIH (3) foram as mais potentes contra as linhagens OVCAR-8 (tumor de ovário - humano), HCT-116 (tumor de cólon - humano) e SF-295 (glioblastoma humano), com inibições de 34,98 a 98,63% do crescimento celular, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL, enquanto que a isoniazida não foi efetiva contra as linhagens estudadas. Para avaliar o efeito da coordenação a metais sobre a atividade farmacológica das hidrazonas, foram sintetizados os complexos de cobre(II) e gálio(III), sendo todos inéditos: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O(13) e [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14). Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de IV, análise elementar, condutivimetria, RMN e espectroscopia eletrônica. Em geral, os complexos também demonstraram ação contra M. tuberculosis, sendo que apenas para 6, 9, 10 e 14 foi verificada melhor atividade em relação às hidrazonas livres. Os complexos metálicos foram tanto quanto ou mais ativos contra as células tumorais OVCAR-8, HCT-116 e SF-295 do que as hidrazonas livres. Merecem destaque os complexos 7&#61485;9 e 12, que apresentaram inibição de crescimento celular de 72,2&#61485;100%, na concentração de 5 &#61549;g/mL. Os resultados demonstram portanto que em geral os compostos 1&#61485;14 são menos ativos do que a isoniazida contra M. tuberculosis, enquanto que a modificação química do fármaco, formando-se hidrazonas com posterior complexação cobre(II) e gálio(III) constituíram uma estratégia interessante na obtenção de compostos mais potentes contra células tumorais / In this work we describe the synthesis of isoniazide-derived hydrazones and their copper(II) and gallium(III) complexes candidates for drug prototypes to treat antituberculosis and cancer. Five hidrazone derivatives have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the bioactivities of the drug isoniazid: 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPCIH, 1), 2-acetylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HAPIH, 2), 2-benzoylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HBPIH, 3), 2-pyridineformamide isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPAmIH, 4) and pyrazineformamide 2-isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPzAmIH, 5), being HPAmIH (4) unpublished. Melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis has confirmed the formation of hydrazones as well as its purity. All compounds have been effective in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) mycobacteria strains in the tested concentrations, except HPzAmIH (5). The hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most active compounds (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.625 &#61549;g/mL), which have presented the antimycobacterial activity only two times lower than isoniazid drug. In relation to the action against tumor cells, the hydrazones HAPIH (2) and HBPIH (3) have been the most potent compounds against the cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarian tumor - human), HCT-116 (colon tumor - human) and SF-295 (glioblastoma - human), with inhibitions from 34.98 to 98.63% of cellular growth at a concentration of 5 &#61549;g/mL. Isoniazid, in turn, hasnt been effective against all cell lines studied. To evaluate the effect of coordinating the metal on the pharmacological activity of hydrazones, complexes of copper (II) and gallium (III) have been synthesized, being all novel compounds: [Cu(HPCIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (6), [Cu(HAPIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (7), [Cu2(HBPIH)2Cl2]Cl2&#8729;4H2O(8), [Cu(HPAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (9), [Cu(HPzAmIH)Cl2]&#8729;H2O (10), [Ga(HPCIH)2](NO3)3&#61655;2H2O (11), [Ga(HAPIH)(APIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (12), [Ga(HPAmIH)(PAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;2H2O (13) and [Ga(HPzAmIH)(PzAmIH)](NO3)2&#61655;H2O (14).The complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis, conductivimetry and electron spectroscopy. In general, these complexes have also shown action against M. tuberculosis, whereas only 6, 9, 10 and 14 have demonstrated better activity than the free hydrazones. The metal complexes have been equally or more active against human the cancer cell lines OVCAR-8, HCT-116 and SF-295 than the free hydrazones. The complexes 7&#61485;9 and 12 deserve to be highlighted, which have shown 72.2&#61485;100% inhibition of cell growth in the 5 &#61549;g/mL concentration. The results therefore demonstrate that in general compounds 1&#61485;14 are less active than isoniazid against M. tuberculosis, while chemical modification of the drug, forming hydrazones and subsequent complexation with the copper (II) and gallium(III) metal ions have been an interesting strategy to obtain compounds more potent against tumor cells

[pt] Este trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização de compostos de Cu(II), Co(II) e Cd(II). As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foram análise elementar, termogravimetria, UV-vis, espectroscopia de infravermelho, RMN (para complexos de Cd(II)), EPR (para complexos de cobre (II)) e difração de raio X, quando obtidos cristais. A primeira parte do trabalho foi a síntese de um novo complexo: [Cu(PCr)(H2O)], e os resultados sugerem que a PCr age como um ligante tridentado (o átomo de nitrogênio do grupo guanidino e os átomos de oxigênio dos grupos fosfato e carboxilato como sendo os átomos doadores). A quarta posição na esfera de coordenação é ocupada por uma molécula de água. Estes resultados foram confirmados através de cálculos computacionais (DFT/B3LYP:6- 311G procedimento teórico) e mostram que o cobre(II) está tetracoordenado com uma geometria quadrática plana. A segunda parte deste trabalho foi a síntese de quatro novos complexos do tipo [Cu(ATP)(poliamina)], contendo como ligante as poliaminas (PA): etilenodiamina, 1,3- diaminopropano, espermidina, espermina e o ATP. Os valores dos parâmetros paralelos de EPR para os complexos mostram que o íon cobre(II) está complexado através dos oxigênios dos fosfatos do ATP. Os dados da TG indicam que nos omplexos estão presentes moléculas de água de hidratação. A parte final deste trabalho foi o estudo das interações dos sistemas entre as poliaminas e os tetraclorometalatos. Quatorze novos compostos de Cu(II), Co(II) e Cd(II) de estequiometria [MCl4(poliamina)] contendo, além das poliaminas já citadas, a poliamina putrescina foram preparados. Um complexo de Co(II) com a estequiometria [CoCl2(H2O)4]Put.2HCl, foi preparado e formou cristais. / [en] This work describes the synthesis and characterization of Cu (II), Co(II) e Cd(II) compounds. The characterization was performed by means of elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, UV-vis, IR, RMN (for Cd(II) compounds), EPR (for Cu(II) compounds) and X-ray diffractometry (for crystals). The first part of this work was the synthesis of one new complex : [Cu(PCr)(H2O)] and the results suggest that PCr is acting as a tridentate ligand (the nitrogen atom of the guanidine group and the oxygen atom of the phosphate group and the carboxylate group being the donor atoms). The fourth position is occupied by a water molecule. These results were confirmed through computational calculations (DFT/B3LYP:6-311G theoretical procedure) and show that Cu(II) is tetracoordinated and arranged in a tetrahedric geometry. The second part of the study was the synthesis and characterization of four new complexes of the type [Cu(ATP)(polyamine)] containing as ligands the polyamines (PA): ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminepropane, spermidine or spermine and ATP. The EPR parallel parameters values for the complexes show that Cu(II) is complexed through the oxygen atoms from the phosphates groups of ATP. TG data indicate that each complex has the presence of one water molecule of hydration. The final part of this work was the study of the interactions occurring in systems between tetrachlorometalates and the polyamines. Fourteen new compounds of Cu(II), Co(II) and Cd(II) of stoichiometry [MCl4(polyamine)] were prepared, containing all the polyamines cited before plus putrescine were prepared. One complex of Co(II) with the stoichiometry [CoCl2(H2O)4] Put.2HCl, has formed single crystals.

Metal-nucleic acid interaction studies have been gaining attention due to their biological and chemical importance. Nucleic acids are negatively charged bio-polymers and neutralization of their negative charge is essential for the stability and function. In the cells, organic positive ions (positively charged amino acids and polyamines) and some of the metal ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Mg2+...etc) neutralize the charge of nucleic acids. Whereas, interactions of some metal ions (e.g. Cd2+, Hg2+…etc) with nucleic acids destabilize the structure. The stability and conformation of nucleic acids alter due to metal interactions. Further, metal interactions with nucleic acids can bring changes in conformation of ribose, H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. To understand the metal interactions with nucleic acids, various spectroscopic techniques are being used. However, X-ray crystallographic technique is advantageous over all other spectroscopic techniques since it gives thorough detail of coordination mode and structure. However, crystallization of large molecules like nucleic acids with metals is associated with great difficulty. In order to simplify the problem, nucleic acid constituents and derivatives have been used as model systems for metal-nucleic acid interactions. Nucleic acid constituents and derivatives are multidentate ligands. Moreover, binding mode of metal with nucleic acid constituents and derivatives depends on various factors include pH, temperature, type of metal…etc. Further, understanding of metal nucleic acid interactions can aid to develop new anticancer drugs targeting nucleic acids. For example, cisplatin is a platinum based anticancer drug, which coordinates to N(7) of guanine in DNA brings cell death. There have been several reports in literature on the complexes of metal nucleic acid constituents. However, much more research is warranted for thorough understanding of metal-nucleic acid interactions. On the other hand, nucleic acid constituents and derivatives are used extensively in anticancer drug development. Some of nucleic acid constituent derivatives, 5-Fluro uracil and 6-Mercaptopurine, are currently in use for the treatment of colorectal cancer and leukemia, respectively. Moreover, cisplatin is a platinum based anticancer drug used in the treatment of various types of cancers. However, use of these drugs for long time poses severe side effects and drug resistance. Most of the side effects are due to non bio-compatibility of drugs. To overcome problems associated with present anticancer drugs, bio-compatible metal based anticancer drug development could be an attractive and alternative strategy. To address this, in this study, we report synthesis of a number of new metal complexes of nucleic acid constituents and their derivatives and characterization by various spectroscopic techniques. Also, the interactions of Ni, Cu and Zn ions with various nucleic acid constituents and their derivatives have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Interestingly, Ni, Cu and Zn ions showed various coordination modes to nucleic acid constituents and their derivatives. Further, anticancer studies were carried out for all these complexes in various cancer cell lines. Several complexes showed better cytotoxicity than the well-known drug cisplatin. My thesis work is divided into five parts based on the nature of molecules. I. Synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and anticancer studies on metal (Zn/Ni) complexes of guanine (G) based nucleic acid constituents In order to understand (Zn/Ni) interactions with guanine based nucleic acid constituents and their anticancer activity, several (Zn/Ni) complexes of 5′-GMP, 5′-IMP and hypoxanthine complexes were prepared. The synthesized complexes are (1) [Zn (5′-GMP)]n.11H2O, (2) [Ni (5′-GMP)2 Na2 (μ-OH2)3 (H2O)8].2H2O, (3) [Ni (5′-IMP)2Na2 (H2O)12]n.5H2O and (4) [Ni (hx)2 (H2O)4] Cl2 [Here 5′-GMP = 5′-Guanosine Mono Phosphate, 5′-IMP = 5′-Inosine Mono Phosphate and hx = Hypoxanthine). These complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic and X-ray crystallography techniques. Complex 1: The X-ray structure revealed that zinc is coordinated to 5′-GMP through N(7) position of purine and phosphate moieties, the uncoordinated water molecules are making interesting complicated network of hydrogen bonds in the unit cell. The geometry of zinc coordination centre is distorted tetrahedral. Fascinatingly, zinc exhibited two different coordination environments. In one case, all phosphate oxygens participated in coordination with zinc. In second case, N(7) position of purine and phosphate oxygens participated in coordination with zinc. Moreover, zinc formed a coordination polymer with 5′-GMP. The conformation of ribose changed upon zinc interaction with 5′-GMP from C(3′)-endo to C(2′)-endo, these results suggest that zinc interaction with nucleic acids may change their conformation. Complex 1 is stabilized in solid state by H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Complex 2: In complex 2, 5′-GMP is coordinated to nickel through N(7) position of purine but phosphate moiety did not take place in coordination. Two molecules of 5′-GMP and four water molecules coordinated to nickel and formed distorted octahedral geometry. The charge of complex 2 is balanced by sodium coordination to sugar hydroxyl groups and nickel coordinated water molecules. The geometry of sodium coordination centre is distorted octahedral. The conformation of 5′-GMP is altered due to nickel interaction. Moreover, complex 2 is stabilized in solid state by H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Complex 3: Nucleotide 5′-IMP also showed similar coordination modes like 5′-GMP towards nickel, where N(7) position of purine participated in coordination with nickel and phosphate moieties did not coordinate to nickel. Two molecules of 5′-IMP and four water molecules participated in coordination with nickel and formed distorted octahedral geometry. Interestingly, the charge of complex 3 is balanced by sodium coordination to sugar hydroxyl moieties. The geometry of sodium coordination centre is distorted octahedral. Moreover, nickel is forming coordination polymer with 5′-IMP. Further, nickel interactions with 5′-IMP brought changes in the conformation of ribose moiety. These results suggest that nickel interactions with nucleic acids may bring changes in their conformation. Interestingly, right hand helical structure formation is observed for complex 3 in crystal structure. Further, the chirality of complex 3 was confirmed by circular dichroism studies. Complex 3 is stabilized by both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions in solid state. Complex 4: Surprisingly, nickel is coordinated to hypoxanthine through N(9) position of purine in acidic conditions and not through N(7) or N(3). The coordination mode of nickel with hypoxanthine is different from complexes 2 and 3. Two hypoxanthine moieties are coordinated to nickel in axial manner. The geometry of nickel coordination centre is distorted octahedral. Further, complex 4 is stabilized by H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions in solid state. Cytotoxicity studies of complexes 1-4 on various cancer cell lines revealed that complex 1 is better cytotoxic than complexes 2-4. Moreover, complex 1 exhibited comparable cytotoxicity with cisplatin on various cells lines and induced apoptotic cell death. II. Synthesis, structure elucidation and anticancer activity of copper-adeninyl complexes In order to understand copper-adenine interactions and anticancer activity, several copper complexes of adenine derivatives were prepared. Here, most of adenine derivatives used in complex preparation is known as cycline dependent kinase inhibitors. Prepared copper complexes are 1) [Cu (N6-benzyl adenineH)2Cl3 ].Cl.2H2O, 2) [Cu (2-amino-N6-benzyladenineH)2Cl3].(2-amino-N6-benzyl adenineH)2.3Cl.5H2O, 3) [Cu (α-(Purin-6-ylamino)-p-toluenesulfonamide H)2Cl4], 4) [Cu (kinetinH)2 Cl3].Cl.2H2O, 5) [Cu (N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH) (H2O) Cl3].H2O, 6) [(Cu (N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH)2Cl3).(Cu(N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH)Cl)2(μ-Cl)2].Cl.4H2O. All these complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography and various spectroscopic techniques. Complex 1: Synthesis and X-ray structures of complex 1 were reported in literature. However, anticancer activity of complex 1 is not known. Therefore, it was prepared based on the reported lines to assess the anticancer activity. The anticancer activity of complex 1 was studied on various cell lines. Interestingly, complex 1 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Complex 2: Ligand 2-amino-N6-benzyl adenine is coordinated to copper through N(9) of purine. In addition, two uncoordinated 2-amino-N6-benzyl adenine, three chloride and five water molecules are making it as a co-complex with uncoordinated ligands. The copper coordination centre adopted distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry [3+2] with τ = 0.671 (α-β/60, where α, β are two greatest valence angles of coordination centre). Further, complex 2 is stabilized in solid state by both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. H-bonding is observed between N-H···Cl. Uncoordinated water molecules formed six-member rings with H-bonding network. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between phenyl and purine moieties. Complex 2 exhibited better cytotoxicity than 2-amino-N6-benzyl adenine and copper salt. Complex 3: Ligand α-(2-Amino purin-6-ylamino)-p-toluene sulfonamide is coordinated to copper through N(9) position and protonation is observed at N(3) position. Two molecules of α-(2-Amino purin-6-ylamino)-p-toluene sulfonamide and four chloride ions are forming a distorted octahedral geometry with copper. Complex 3 is stabilized by N-H···Cl and N-H···O H-bonding. Further, complex 3 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in U251 cells. Complex 4: Kinetin is coordinated to copper through N(9) position of purine. Protonation is observed on N(3) position and balanced the charge of complex 4. Two molecules of kinetin and three chloride moieties are coordinated to copper and forming distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry [3+2] with τ = 0.431. Moreover, complex 4 is stabilized by both H-bonding interactions and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding of complex 4 is observed between N-H···Cl and C-H···Cl. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between furanyl aromatic ring and imidazole ring of purine. Complex 4 exhibited better cytotoxicity than kinetin and copper salt. Complex 5: The N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanine is coordinated to copper through N(9) position of purine. Complex 5 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z=4. One molecule of N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanine, two chloride ions and one water molecule coordinated to copper. The geometry of copper coordination centre is distorted trigonal bipyramidal [3+2] with Cu(1) τ1 = 0.613 and Cu(2) τ2= 0.671. Protonation is observed on N(3) position. Complex 5 is stabilized by both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding of complex 5 is observed between N-H···Cl and C-H···Cl. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between imidazole moieties. Moreover, complex 5 exhibited better cytotoxicity than N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanine and copper salt. Complex 6: Complex 6 is a co-complex, where two different complexes are co-crystallized. The crystal structure of complex 6 indicate that geometry of Cu(1) and Cu(2) coordination centre are distorted trigonal bipyramidal [3+2] with τ1 = 0.3261 and τ2 = 0.8, respectively. Two molecules of N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH are coordinated to Cu(2) through N(9) position of purine. The N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH ligands are arranged in geometry in trans manner with respect to axis passing through the N(9) atom and copper. Whereas, in second co-complex two N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanineH are coordinated to Cu(1) through N(9) and N(3) position of purine. Both Cl(1) and Cl(3) coordinated to copper are forming a bridge between copper. In addition, one uncoordinated chloride and two water molecules are present in the unit cell. Complex 6 is stabilized in crystalline state by both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Complex 6 exhibited better cytotoxicity than complex 5, N-1H-purine-6-yl-alanine and copper salt on various cell lines. III. Synthesis, structure and anticancer activity of zinc complexes of adenine derivatives In order to understand zinc interaction with adenine and their anticancer activity, several zinc complexes of adenine derivatives were prepared. The prepared complexes are (1) [Zn (N6-benzyladenineH).Cl3].2H2O, (2) [Zn2 (μ -N6-benzyladenine)2( μ-H2O)2(H2O)4].(OTf)4.H2O, (3) (N6-benzyl adenineH2) [ZnCl4].2H2O, (4) [Zn (2-Amino-N6-Benzylpurine)Cl3).2-Amino-N6-BenzylpurineH).EtOH, (5) (2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl)purineH2)[ZnCl4].H2O, (6)(2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl)purineH2)[ZnCl4].HCl, (7) (2-Chloro-N6-(3-picoyl) purineH2) [ZnCl4].H2O, (8) ((α-Purine-6-ylamino)-p-toluene sulfonamide H)2[ZnCl4].2HCl.2H2O. Complex 1: The N6-benzyl adenine is coordinated to zinc through nitrogen atom N(7) of purine. One molecule of N6-benzyl adenine and three chloride ions are coordinated to zinc and forming distorted tetrahedral geometry. Interestingly, the nitrogen atom N(1) of purine is protonated. Complex 1 exhibited strong H-bonding interactions between N-H···O, N-H···Cl and N-H···N. The complex 1 showed better cytotoxicity than N6-benzyl adenine and ZnCl2. Complex 2: The N6-benzyl adenine formed a dimeric complex with zinc at neutral pH. Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1with Z=1. Two Zn metal centres are bridged by two molecules of N6-benzyl adenine through nitrogen atoms N(3) and N(9) of purine forming a di-nuclear complex, further two zinc centres is bridged by two water molecules and other two water molecules on the other side completing the octahedral coordination for the Zn. Complex 2 is stabilized in crystalline state by H-bonding interactions. The H-bonding of complex 2 is observed between O-H···O and N-H···O. Complex 2 exhibited better cytotoxicity than N6-benzyl adenine and ZnCl2 on various cell lines. Complex 3: The N6-benzyladenine is not coordinated to the Zn metal at acidic pH and forms an ion-pair complex. Ion-pair complex 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc with Z=4. The protonation is observed at N(1) and N(9) atoms of N6-benzyl adenine. The positive charges on N6-benzyl adenine is neutralized by the presence of two chloride ions in [ZnCl4]2-. Alternative arrangement of cation and anion arrangement is observed in complex 3. Water channel formation is observed between cation and anion arrangement. Moreover, complex 3 is stabilized by H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. H-bonding is observed in complex 3 between N-H···Cl, O-H···Cl and N-H···O. The π-π stacking interactions in complex 3 are observed between benzyl six-membered aromatic ring and purine six-membered rings. Complex 3 exhibited better cytotoxicity than N6-benzyl adenine and ZnCl2 in various cell lines. Complex 4: Ligand 2-amino-N6-benzyl adenine resulted in a different structure from N6-benzyl adenine with zinc. One molecule of 2-amino-N6-benzyl purine is coordinated to zinc through nitrogen atom N(7) of purine. Surprisingly, one uncoordinated positively charged 2-amino-N6-benzyl purineH is present in the asymmetric unit, which is balancing the charge of zinc complex 4. Protonation is observed on N(3A) atom. Interestingly, tautomeric proton is located on coordinated purine of N(9) atom and uncoordinated purine of N(7A) atom. Geometry of ‘Zn coordination centre’ is distorted tetrahedral. Complex 4 is stabilized by H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding interaction in complex 4 is observed between N-H···O and N-H···Cl. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between five-member aromatic rings and six-membered aromatic rings. Complex 4 exhibited better cytotoxicity than 2-amino-N6-benzyl purine and ZnCl2 in various cell lines. Complex 5: 2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl) purine forms an ion-paired complex with zinc at acidic pH. The protonation in 2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl) purine is observed at N(3) of the purine and picolyl N(14). The positive charge of 2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl) purine is neutralized by the presence of two chloride ions in [ZnCl4]2-. Moreover, complex 5 exhibited both H-bonding interactions and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding interactions are observed between N-H···Cl, N-H···N, O-H···Cl, N-H···O and C-H···N. One uncoordinated water molecule is present in unit cell, which is involved in H-bonding with both ions. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between purine five-membered rings and purine six-membered ring. Complex 5 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in HeLa and MDA-MD-231 cells. Complex 6: 2-Amino-N6-(3-picoyl) purine formed similar structure of complex 5 in strong acidic conditions. Complex 6 exhibited both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding in complex 6 is observed between N-H···Cl and N-H···N. In complex 6, the π-π stacking interactions are observed between pyridyl six-membered rings and purine six-membered rings. Purine-Purine stacking interactions are observed between purine six-membered ring and five-membered rings. Complex 6 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa-Dox cells. Interestingly, complex 6 arrested (G2/M phase) cell cycle in HeLa and MCF-7 at higher concentration and induced apoptosis. Complex 7: 2-chloro-N6-(3-picoyl) purine formed ion-pair complex with zinc. The protonation in 2-chloro-N6-(3-picoyl) purine is observed on N(9) of purine and N(14) of picolyl atoms. The positive charge of 2-chloro-N6-(3-picoyl) purine is neutralized by the presence of two chloride ions in [ZnCl4]2-. Complex 7 is stabilized by both H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. The H-bonding is observed between N-H···Cl, O-H···Cl and N-H···O in complex 7. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between pyridyl six-membered ring and six-membered ring of purine. Complex 7 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in HeLa, MCF-7, U251 and HeLa-Dox cells. Complex 8: (α-Purine-6-ylamino)-p-toluene sulphonamide formed ion-pair complex with zinc. Ion-pair complex 8, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with Z=4. The protonation on (α-Purine-6-ylamino)-p-toluene sulfonamide is observed at N(9) and N(1) atoms of purine. The positive charge of the ligand is neutralized by two chloride ions present in [ZnCl4]2 -. The H-bonding is observed between N-H···Cl, O-H···N, N-H···O and O-H···Cl. The π-π stacking interactions are observed between benzyl rings of benzene sulfonamide moieties. Complex 8 exhibited better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in HeLa, MCF-7 and HeLa-Dox cells. Moreover, these complexes induced apoptotic cell death as revealed by Annexin V/PI assay, FACS and microscopy analysis. IV. Synthesis, structure and cytotoxicity studies of zinc complexes of uracil-1-acetic acid and N6-adeninebutyric acid To understand the zinc interactions with nucleic acid constituent derivatives and their anticancer activity, zinc complexes of uracil-1-acetic acid and N6-adeninebutyric acids were prepared. (1) [Zn (uracil-1-acetato)2 (H2O)4] and complex (2) [Zn (N6-adeninebutyric acid)2 (H2O)2]) were characterized by X-ray crystallography and various spectroscopic techniques. The X-ray structures showed acetate moiety coordination to zinc rather than purine and pyrinidine moities. The geometry of zinc coordination centre is distorted octahedral. Complexes 1 and 2 are stabilized by non-covalent interactions. Anticancer studies of these complexes showed better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in MDA-MB-231cells. V. Copper (II) complexes of 6-mercaptopurine, hypoxanthine and uracil-1-acetic acid: Synthesis, structures, antioxidant and potent anticancer activity To delineate copper interactions with purine and pyrimidine derivatives and anticancer activity, several copper complexes of 6-mercaptopurine, hypoxanthine and uracil-1-acetic acid were prepared. The prepared complexes are (1) [Cu (6-MP) (bpy) Cl2], (2) [Cu (hx) (phen) Cl2].H2O and (3) [Cu (bpy)2 (uracil-1-acetato)].6H2O)] (bpy = 2, 2′-bipyridine, phen = 1, 10-phenanthroline, 6-MP = 6-Mercapto Purine and hx = hypoxanthine). All these complexes were chracterized by various spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction techniques. Complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic space groups Cc and C2/c, respectively with eight molecules in the unit cell. All the complexes 1-3 adopt distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Surprisingly, most potent coordination sites of sulfur in 6-MP and acetato in uracil-1-acetato did not participate in coordination with copper. In complexes 1 and 2, the N(7) position of purine and the N(3) position of pyrimidine in complex 3 are coordinated with copper. All these complexes 1-3 are stabilized by non-covalent interactions in solidstate. Anticancer studies showed better cytotoxicity for copper complexes than cisplatin, 6-meracptopurine and temozolomide in various cell lines. Interestingly, copper complexes of 6-MP and hypoxanthine showed antioxidant activity and reduced ROS level in cells. In contrast, copper complex of uracil-1-acetic acid produced ROS in cells. In contrast, copper hypoxanthine showed better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in HeLa-Dox cells. All these complexes induced apoptotic cell death. In summary, we studied the interaction of metal-nucleic acid constituents and derivatives by X-ray crystallography. We found new coordination modes for Ni, Cu and Zn towards various nucleic acid constituents and derivatives. Some of these complexes showed better cytotoxicity than well known anticncer drugs cisplatin, 6-meracptopurine and temozolomide. Complex [Cu (hx) (phen) Cl2].H2O showed better cytotoxicity than cisplatin in doxorubicin resistant (HeLa-Dox) cells. These complexes induced apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells. All in all, the results of present studies/findings could form a potential lead for the development of newer anticancer therapeutics.

[pt] Câncer é o nome dado a um conjunto de mais de 100 doenças e entre as possibilidades de tratamento está a quimioterapia. Após a descoberta das propriedades antitumorais do complexo de coordenação comumente chamado cisplatina, um dos compostos mais utilizados em neoplasias malignas, o estudo dos complexos metálicos teve um grande impulso e alguns compostos promissores de cobre(II) já foram desenvolvidos. Por outro lado, bases de Schiff derivadas de aminas e aldeídos aromáticos têm apresentado uma ampla aplicação em muitas áreas de pesquisa, sendo que algumas são farmacologicamente utilizadas na terapia anti-hipertensiva, hipnótica e antineoplásica. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho, foi sintetizado e caracterizado um ligante imínico binucleante sulfonado derivado da taurina, já conhecido na literatura: (LIT) e, a partir deste, seus complexos inéditos de Zn(II), Cu(II) e Ni(II), que foram caracterizados pelas seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia vibracional e eletrônica, análise elementar de CHNS, análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) e modelagem molecular computacional. Os novos compostos obtidos neste trabalho são, a saber: composto (1), composto (2) e composto (3), em que LIT representa uma forma parcialmente hidrolisada de LIT. Os complexos 1 e 2 são os primeiros compostos binucleares do ligante LIT descritos. Neles, os centros metálicos são tetracoordenados e apresentam uma ponte exógena acetato coordenada nas formas bidentada, para o composto 1, e monodentada, para 2. Esta diferença na coordenação da ponte se dá, provavelmente, devido aos distintos arranjos geométricos em torno dos metais: enquanto o zinco apresenta um arranjo tetraédrico, o cobre mostra um do tipo quadrático. O complexo 3 é binuclear, composto por um dímero altamente simétrico envolvendo, como dito acima, uma forma parcialmente hidrolisada de LIT. Os centros metálicos são hexacoordenados, ligados por pontes endógenas fenólicas. Tanto 2 quanto 3 são silenciosos ao EPR. Foi realizado também um ensaio de toxicidade aguda em Artemia salina para as espécies hidrossolúveis LIT e complexo 1. Este ensaio mostra boa correlação com a atividade citotóxica para alguns tumores sólidos humanos. / [en] Cancer is a name given to a set of more than 100 diseases and among the possibilities of treatment is chemotherapy. After the discovery of the antitumor properties of the coordination complex commonly called cisplatin, it is one of the compounds most used in malignancies. The study of metal complexes had a big boost and some promising copper(II) compounds have been developed. Furthermore, the Schiff bases derived from aromatic aldehydes and amines present a wide range of applications in many areas of research, some of which are pharmacologically used in antihypertensive, hypnotic, and antineoplastic therapy. In this context, in the present study, we synthesized and characterized a binucleating imine ligand, derivative of taurine, already known in the literature: (LIT). New dinuclear Zn(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of this ligand were synthesized, and were characterized by the following techniques: vibrational and electronic spectroscopies, CHNS elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and computational molecular modeling. The new compounds obtained in this work are: composite (1), composite (2) composite (3), where LIT represents a LIT partially hydrolyzed form. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first dinuclear compounds of the LIT ligand described. In these, metal centers are tetracoordinated, with the presence of an exogenous acetate bridge, which shows a bidentate coordination mode for compound 1 and a monodentate coordination pattern for 2. This difference occurs probably due to different geometrical arrangements around the metal centers: while zinc has a tetrahedral coordination geometry, copper shows one of the square planar type. On the other hand, compound 3 a dinuclear complex, which is composed of a highly symmetric dimer involving, as mentioned above, a partially hydrolyzed form of LIT. The hexacoordinated metal centers are connected by two endogenous phenolic bridges. Both 2 and 3 are EPR silent. An acute toxicity test on Artemia salina shrimp was also carried out for the hydro-soluble species LIT and 1. This assay shows good correlation with cytotoxic activity for some human solid tumors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22775号 / 工博第4774号 / 新制||工||1747(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 邑瀬 邦明, 教授 杉村 博之, 教授 宇田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Diese Dissertation unter dem Titel Experimentelle Bestimmung der elektronischen Eigenschaften anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflächen organischer Halbleiter mittels Photoelektronenspektroskopie wurde am Leibniz Institut für Festkürper- und Werkstoffforschung (IFW) Dresden am Institut für Festkörperforschung (IFF) unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. B. Büchner angefertigt. Zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung kamen hierbei zwei Typen anwendungsrelevanter Grenzflächen. Zum einem wurde der Einfluss einer Elektrodenpräparation unter Normalbedingungen mittels ex-situ Reinigungsverfahren im Vergleich zu insitu präparierten Kontakten auf das elektronische Verhalten des organischen Halbleiters Sexithiophen an Grenzflächen zu metallischen Substraten studiert. Als Substratmaterialien kamen hierbei die Metalle Silber, Palladium, Gold und Platin zum Einsatz. In einer zweiten Studie wurden die Grenzflächen der organischen Halbleiter Sexithiophen und Kupfer(II)- Phthalocyanin in Kontakt zu dünnen Filmen des Übergangsmetalloxides La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 untersucht. Auch hier wurde eine vergleichende Untersuchung für ex-situ und in-situ gereinigte La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-Kontakte durchgeführt. Die hierzu verwendeten Filme wurden im IFW Dresden am Institut für Metallische Werkstoffe (IMW) hergestellt. Auch im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen stand der Einfluss von Sauerstoff auf das elektronische und chemische Verhalten an den Grenzflächen im Vordergrund.

[pt] Um grande número de complexos de cobre(II) tendo como ligantes compostos biológicos têm sido utilizados como modelos para o entendimento das diversas reações que ocorrem in vivo. Diversas desordens neurodegenerativas são caracterizadas pela presença anormal de proteínas no sistema nervoso central que possuem uma alta afinidade pelo íon cobre(II). Essa coordenação do metal à proteínas favorece o processo de deposição e associado ocorre a produção em excesso de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS - reactive oxygen species). A metionina é um antioxidante presente no meio biológico que pode se ligar ao cobre e prevenir os danos oxidativos. No presente trabalho, estudamos em solução aquosa, os complexos binários Cu(II):L1 e Cu(II):L2 e o complexo ternário Cu(II):L1:L2 (L1 = GlyGly e L2 = Met) a 25 °C e μ = 0,1 mol L-1. As constantes de formação dos complexos foram calculadas utilizando o programa BEST7. Os modos de coordenação dos ligantes nos complexos de Cu(II) foram investigados por cálculos DFT utilizando o programa TURBOMOLE 6.1. Foi utilizado o funcional PBE empregando a aproximação da resolução da identidade (RI-J) e com o conjunto de bases def2-SVP. Os efeitos do solvente foram incluídos através do modelo de solvatação COSMO. Os resultados DFT mostraram comportamento bidentado da glicilglicina na espécie Cu(H-1GlyGly), sem a participação do oxigênio do grupo carboxílico na esfera de coordenação do metal. O modelo de cluster-contínuo foi utilizado para obter, para os complexos mais estáveis, as energias livres em fase gasosa e em solução aquosa através dos métodos DFT: B3LYP/def2/TZVP e PBE0/def2-TZVP. Para os complexos mais estáveis foi incluída a segunda camada de solvatação (36 moléculas de água) para verificar a interferência de moléculas explícitas do solvente nos cálculos. Os resultados mostraram comportamento monodentado do ligante glicilglicina no complexo [Cu(GlyGly)(H2O)36]+, sem a participação do oxigênio peptídico na esfera de coordenação do centro metálico. Observou-se que os clusters assumem diferentes geometrias: octaédrica ([Cu(Met)(H2O)36]+), pirâmide de base quadrada ([Cu(GlyGly)(H2O)36]+, [Cu(H-1GlyGly)(H2O)36], [Cu(Met)(OH)(H2O)36], [Cu(Met)(OH)2(H2O)36]-, [Cu(HGlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36], [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36]- e [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(OH)(H2O)35]2-) e quadrado distorcido ([Cu(GlyGly)(OH)(H2O)35]-). Todos os clusters apresentaram uma configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental t6 2g d22 d1 x2-y2 o que concorda com a distorção Jahn-Teller. Nas doenças neurodegenerativas o pH fisiológico é levemente acidificado. Na espécie ternária [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36]-, que é formada em pH 7, o enxofre não faz parte da esfera de coordenação do cobre, indicando que ele pode exercer uma ação antioxidante em sistemas biológicos sob condições de estresse oxidativo. / [en] A great number of copper(II) complexes that have as ligands biological compounds have been used as models for the understanding of several reactions that occur in vivo. Several neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal presence of proteins in the central nervous system that have a high affinity for the copper(II) ion. This coordination of metal to proteins favor the deposition process and associated the production in excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs. The methionine is an antioxidant present in the biological medium that could bind to copper and prevent the oxidative damages. In the present work we studied in aqueous solution the binary complexes Cu(II):L1 and Cu(II):L2 and the ternary complex Cu(II):L1:L2 (L1 = GlyGly and L2 = Met) at 25C and μ = 0.1 mol L-1. The binding constants of the complexes were determined using the BEST7 program. The coordination modes of the ligands in the Cu(II) complexes were investigated by DFT calculation using the TURBOMOLE 6.1 program. The PBE functional was used employing the resolution of identity approximation (RI-J) and with the def2-SVP basis set. The solvent effects were included through the COSMO solvation model. The DFT results showed bidentate behavior of the glycylglycine in the Cu(H-1GlyGly) species without the participation of the oxygen from the carboxylic group in the metal coordination sphere. The cluster-continuum model was used to obtain for the more stable complexes the free energies in gas phase and in the aqueous solution through DFT methods: B3LYP/def2/TZVP and PBE0/def2-TZVP. The second solvation shell (36 water molecules) was included in the more stable complexes to verify the interference of solvent explicit molecules in the calculation. The results showed monodentate behavior of the glycylglycine ligand in the complex [Cu(GlyGly)(H2O)36]+, without the participation of the peptidic oxygen in coordination sphere of metallic centre. It was observed that the clusters assume different geometries: octahedral ([Cu(Met)(H2O)36]+), square pyramid ([Cu(GlyGly)(H2O)36]+, [Cu(H-1GlyGly)(H2O)36], [Cu(Met)(OH)(H2O)36], [Cu(Met)(OH)2(H2O)36]-, [Cu(HGlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36], [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36]- and [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(OH)(H2O)35]2-) and distorted square ([Cu(GlyGly)(OH)(H2O)35]-). All the clusters presented an electronic configuration of ground state t6 2g d22 d1 x2-y2 that agree with the Jahn-Teller distortion. In the neurodegenerative diseases the physiologic pH is slightly acidified. In the ternary species [Cu(GlyGly)(Met)(H2O)36]-, that is formed in pH 7, the sulfur is not part of the coordination sphere of copper, indicating that it could exert an antioxidant action in biological systems under oxidative stress conditions.