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A number of privileged starting materials based on aryl halide frameworks have emerged that allow access to a variety of different heterocyclic scaffolds through judicious choice of reaction conditions. This work describes efforts to develop and extend the utility of two of these general heterocycle precursors - ortho-(haloalkenyl)aryl halides A and α-(ortho-haloaryl) ketones B - in conjunction with cascade reactions involving the construction of key carbon-heteroatom bonds via palladium or copper catalysis. Chapter 1 entails an overview of the development of palladium- and copper-catalysed carbon-heteroatom bond forming processes. The application of these processes in heterocycle synthesis using ortho-(haloalkenyl)aryl halide and ortho-haloacetanilides/ α-(ortho-haloaryl) ketone precursors is also described. Chapter 2 focuses on the development of a two-step synthesis of cinnolines using ortho-(haloalkenyl)aryl halides via intermediate protected dihydrocinnoline derivatives C. Chapter 3 demonstrates how the inherent reactivity of protected dihydrocinnoline derivatives C can be harnessed to provide access to functionalised products. A brief target synthesis of a pharmaceutically-relevent cinnoline is also described. Chapter 4 details attempts to develop a novel synthesis of benzothiophenes D from both ortho-(haloalkenyl)aryl halide and α-(ortho-haloaryl) ketone precursors.

The development of new methods for carbon-carbon bond formation is a challenging topic at the heart of organic chemistry. Over the past ten years a number of methods for the catalytic asymmetric 1,4-addition of organometallic reagents such as Grignard, organozinc and organoaluminium reagents have been reported. However these reagents suffer from many limitations, including the need for cryogenic temperatures, which prevent their widespread use. Here we have developed a new asymmetric method: the copper-catalysed enantioselective 1,4-addition of alkylzirconium compounds, generated in situM/em>, from alkenes. A general introduction into the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and catalytic asymmetric 1,4-addition reactions is first given. We then focus our attention on hydrometallation reactions and their current use in the addition of alkenyl and alkyl groups in asymmetric 1,4-addition reactions. In Chapter two, we introduce the development of our methodology. We found that by using copper complex <b>(S,S,S)-A</b>, high enantioselectivities can be achieved (up to 96% ee), in the presence of a broad range of functional groups which are often not compatible with comparable methods using pre-made organometallic reagents. The method gives good enantioselectivity at room temperature, in a wide range of solvents, using readily available alkenes. Chapter three discusses the expansion of our method to the 1,4- and 1,6-addition to complex steroids. Modified conditions were then found to enable the addition to &beta;-substituted enones, to form quaternary centres. This is followed by the successful addition to &alpha;,&beta;-unsaturated lactones, another difficult substrate class. All these results gave excellent selectivity. In summary, we have developed a new reaction which offers an alternative to current methods reported in the literature. This robust reaction can tolerate a variety of functional groups and we hope that this will aid in the synthesis of important molecules.

The work described herein focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of copper(I) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, their use in catalysis as well as organometallic synthesis and related reaction mechanisms. Two classes of complexes were considered: neutral NHC-Cu(I) species and their cationic analogues. Concerning the former, initial efforts were focused on the development of a general and straightforward synthetic methodology towards complexes of the type [Cu(X)(NHC)] (X = Cl, Br, I). More than 10 NHC-Cu(I) species were synthesised in high yields under mild conditions, in air and using technical grade solvents. These complexes exhibited interesting activity in the catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid/amine adducts proving in three times more efficiency than the copper salts previously employed in such a reaction. Hydroxide- and tert-butoxide analogues showed to be efficient catalysts in the N-methylation of amines with CO₂ as carbon source, and in the dehydrogenative coupling of silanes and carboxylic acids. Experimental and computational work were carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism of these transformations. Regarding the use of these species in organometallic synthesis, homo- and heteroleptic bis-NHC-Cu(I) complexes were employed as carbene transfer reagents to other transition metals. Aside from well-known cationic gold(I) species, two novel palladium(II) analogues were isolated and fully characterised.

Avec les réactions de macrocyclisation, il est possible d’ajouter de nouveaux groupements chimiques dans le macrocycle afin d’influencer ses propriétés biologiques. Les thioalcynes sont des groupements fonctionnels peu présents dans les macrocycles qui pourraient offrir de nouvelles possibilités de composés utilisables en chimie médicinale et qui ouvrent également la voie à plusieurs possibilités de diversification grâce à leur réactivité prévisible. Par conséquent, la mise au point d’une méthode de synthèse permettant formation de macrocycles peptidiques contenant des thioalcynes est intéressante. Ce mémoire présente ainsi le développement d’une stratégie de synthèse pour la formation de macrocycles tripeptidiques via la formation d’un connecteur thioalcyne par couplage croisé catalysé par un système [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6/dtbbpy/2,6-lutidine. Cette méthode a permis la synthèse de 4 macrocycles tripeptidiques possédant un thioalcyne avec des rendements compris entre 30% et 58%. Nous montrons aussi des possibilités de diversifications des macrocycles par l’utilisation du thioalcyne des macrocycles comme réactif. / Macrocyclization gives the opportunity to incorporate new functional groups in macrocycles to influence their biological properties. Rarely seen in macrocycles, alkynyl sulfides are functional groups that could be introduced into interesting compounds for applications in medicinal chemistry due to their ability to open new opportunities for diversification of the macrocyclic framework with its predictable reactivity. Consequently, the development of a synthetic strategy for the synthesis of macrocycles containing alkynyl sulfide in their structure is of interest. This thesis presents the development of a synthetic strategy for the formation of macrocyclic tripeptides using an alkynyl sulfide linker which is formed by cross coupling employing a [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6/dtbbpy/2,6-lutidine catalytic system. This method was used to generate 4 macrocyclic alkynyl sulfide tripeptides with yields ranging between 30% and 58%. This thesis also shows different possibilities for the diversification the macrocycle framework by using the alkynyl sulfide linker as a building block.

La recherche de nouvelles réactions est un des enjeux fondamentaux de la chimie organique. En dehors de l’approche classique basée sur la conception d’une réaction en s’appuyant sur les propriétés chimiques des substrats, une nouvelle approche utilisant le criblage systématique de combinaisons aléatoires de fonctions réactives a été récemment adoptée par plusieurs groupes. Cette stratégie nécessite un outil analytique permettant de cribler un très grand nombre de réactions par jour et d’identifier les meilleures combinaisons conduisant à la formation de produits intéressants. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce mémoire s’inscrivent dans le contexte de l’utilisation des techniques de dosages immuno-enzymatiques (ELISA) comme outil de criblage pour la recherche de nouvelles réactions de couplage. Dans un premier temps le criblage de 2688 combinaisons de fonctions réactives et de catalyseurs choisies au hasard a été effectué. Ce criblage a permit de mettre en évidence deux nouveaux couplages en présence de sels de cuivre : une réaction entre les thiourées et les phénols conduisant à la formation des isourées et une réaction entre les N-hydroxythiourées et les alcynes conduisant à la formation des thiazole-2-imines. Dans un second temps le criblage de 2816 combinaisons de fonctions sélectionnées, cette fois-ci, de façon rationnelle a été effectué. Ce criblage a visé la découverte de nouvelles cycloadditions [3+2] répondant aux critères de la chimie « click ». Ainsi l’utilisation de dosage immuno-enzymatique a été étendue à l’optimisation des nouvelles réactions découvertes ainsi qu’à l’évaluation de leurs cinétique, chimiosélectivité et biocompatibilité. Près de 3000 tests complémentaires effectuées sur les « hits » issus du criblage primaire ont ainsi permit de mettre en évidence 4 nouvelles réactions de couplage dont une nouvelle réaction « click » : la cycloaddition sydnone-alcyne catalysée au cuivre (CuSAC). Dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit les études plus détaillées sur la réaction CuSAC ont été effectuées, notamment l’identification de la structure du produit de couplage et l’étendue du champ d’application de cette réaction. Enfin, l’aspect « click » de la réaction CuSAC a été illustré par l’application de cette réaction au marquage d’une protéine. / Discovery of new reactions is one of the fundamental goals in organic chemistry. In addition to the traditional approach to reaction discovery, consisting in designing a reaction on the basis of known chemical properties of reagents, new approaches based on the screening of random combinations of reactive functions and catalysts have been recently developed. The main prerequisite of this strategy is an analytical tool allowing screening of a big number of reactions per day and identifying combinations leading to the formation of unanticipated products. In the work presented herein a high-throughput immunoassay screening has been used for the discovery of new coupling reactions. In the first part of this work a screening of 2688 combinations of randomly chosen reactive functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening led to the discovery of two copper-promoted coupling reactions: a reaction between thioureas and phenols leading to the formation of isoureas through desulfurization; and a reaction between N-hydroxythioureas and alkynes leading to the formation of thiazole-2-imines. In the second part of the work a screening of 2816 combinations of rationally designed chemical functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening was focused on the discovery of catalytic [3+2] cycloadditions that comply with the standards of “click” chemistry. In this study, the use of immunoassay screening was extended to optimize new reactions and to evaluate their kinetics, chemoselectivity and biocompatibility. Therefore, around 3000 complementary tests were carried out on the hits, identified in the primary screening. This allowed the discovery of 3 new coupling reactions and one new “click” reaction: a copper-catalyzed sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition (CuSAC). The last part of the work was focused on detailed studies of the CuSAC reaction. Identification of the structure of the coupling product and substrate scope of this reaction was carried out. Finally, the applicability of the CuSAC reaction for bioconjugation was demonstrated by an example of protein labeling.

De nos jours, les composés fluorés sont de plus en plus présents dans notre quotidien et gagnent tous les domaines d’application des sciences de la vie (industries pharmaceutique et agrochimique) mais également dans les matériaux. Cet engouement croissant s’explique de part les caractéristiques uniques que confèrent les motifs fluorés lorsqu’ils sont introduits sur une molécule. En outre, l’association du fluor avec des hétéroatomes, et notamment les chalcogènes, a permis d’apporter de nouvelles propriétés d’intérêt (lipophilie, conformation, stabilité métabolique). Ces deux dernières décennies ont vu la croissance exponentielle des développements autour des motifs OCF3, SCF3 et de leurs dérivés. Bien moins étudié que ses analogues, le groupement SeCF3 n’a pas connu le même essor en dépit des propriétés prometteuses. En effet, communément craint à cause de sa plus grande toxicité, peu de méthodes d’introduction de ce motif ont été décrites. Le sélénium est pourtant un oligoélément essentiel chez l’Homme et est particulièrement étudié en médecine pour ses propriétés anti-oxydantes. Ce manuscrit est dédié à l’introduction directe du groupement fluoroalkylsélénium SeRF sur divers substrats organiques à travers deux générations de réactifs et de leurs dérivés : les chlorures de fluoroalkylsélénium ClSeRF et les fluoroalkyltoluènesélénosulfonates TsSeRF. Si le premier a été impliqué dans dans diverses réactions électrophiles, l’émergence du second a permis de franchir les obstacles synthétiques rencontrés. De plus, en fonction des conditions opératoires, les réactifs TsSeRF peuvent introduire le motif fluoroalkylsélénié de manière électrophile, radicalaire ou nucléophilie. Cette versatilité s’avère être un outil synthétique de choix pour cette chimie. L’apport de ce réactif a contribué aux récents développements autour du motif SeCF3. Cependant, des efforts restent à fournir notamment afin d’apporter des données quant à la toxicité de ce motif lorsqu’il est introduit sur un composé organique. Celles ci ouvriraient alors le champ vers de potentielles applications / Nowadays, organofluorine compounds are widely used, with applications in all fields of life sciences (pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) as well as materials. This growing interest is due to the unique properties induced by fluorinated motifs. In this context, the association of fluorine with heteroatoms such as chalcogens allows its properties of interest (lipophilicity, conformation, metabolic stability) to be modulated. The development of OCF3, SCF3 and their derivatives has significantly expanded during the past two decades. Despite its promising properties, the selenylated analog SeCF3 has been less studied. Indeed, selenium is well known to be more toxic. Thus, only few methodologies were reported in the literature. However, selenium is an essential trace element for humans and it is well studied in medicinal chemistry for its anti-oxidant properties. This manuscript is devoted to the direct introduction of the fluoroalkylselenylated moiety SeRF onto organic substrates through two generations of reagents: fluoroalkylselenyl chlorides, ClSeRF and fluoroalkyltolueneselenosulfonates, TsSeRF. On the one hand, the former was involved in various electrophilic reactions. On the other hand, the design and the synthesis of the latter allowed challenging transformations to be achieved. Moreover, depending on the conditions, TsSeRF derivatives appeared to be highly versatile since the fluorinated motif can be introduced as electrophile, radical or nucleophile. This unique behavior can be a useful synthetic tool in organofluorine chemistry. TsSeRF reagents are already well established in modern strategies for the introduction of fluoroalkylselenylated moieties. Nevertheless, efforts are still needed to shed some light on the toxicity of the SeRF-containing molecules. Such improvements will pave the way for future applications of this chemistry.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5035.pdf: 2696735 bytes, checksum: 1e1df725e495abb44c7ceab896e17284 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Particle size effect and Ce addition on the catalytic properties of Cu/Al2O3catalysts were investigated for the water gas shift reaction (WGS). The catalysts were prepared by dry impregnation of an aqueous solution of nitrates of the respective metals on alumina, synthesized by sol-gel method. Samples were prepared with 5, 10 and 15% w/w of metallic copper and 12% w/w of CeO2. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) spectroscopy, X-ray absorption (XAS). The WGS reaction was performed with reagents ratio of H2O:CO = 1:3 with temperature range from 200 to 350° C. The crystallites CuO were not detected by XRD. As the Cu content increased, the crystallite size of CeO2 decreased with a fluorite type structure from 7.4 to 3.4 nm. The results of TPR showed that the interaction Cu-O-Al was crucial to reduce temperature and ceria addition on the catalysts did not affect the temperature reduction of the CuO. The XANES in situ results along the WGS reaction showed that metallic Cu predominated and ceria was partially reduced. EXAFS results showed that the Cu particle size increased from 0.65 to 0.91 nm with an increased load of copper from 5 to 15%, respectively. After the reduction, step prior to reaction, the catalysts were not completely reduced. The degree of reduction increased with the Cu particle size and it was also dependent on the temperature and the oxidation potential of mixing of the reactants. The addition of ceria did not change the degree of reduction of samples Cu/Al2O3. The results suggest that the Cu particles have a reduced Cu core covered with an oxide layer. The catalytic activity increased as the Cu particle size decreased, which can be associated with the presence of the redox couple Cu+/Cu0. This provides a possibility of CO oxidation and its reoxidation due to water activation. The ceria addition also increased catalytic activity and it is probably attributed to activation of the water on the surface of ceria, followed by transfer of oxygen from its structure to the oxidation of CO in an interface Cu-CeO2. / O efeito do tamanho da partícula de Cu e a adição de céria nas propriedades catalíticas dos catalisadores de Cu/Al2O3 foram investigados para a reação de deslocamento gás água (WGS). Os catalisadores foram preparados por impregnação da solução alcoólica dos respectivos nitratos dos metais em alumina, sintetizada pelo método sol-gel. As amostras foram preparadas com teores de Cu de 5, 10 e 15% m/m e 12% m/m de CeO2. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), redução a temperatura programada (TPR) e espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS). A reação de WGS foi realizada com a razão de reagentes H2O:CO = 3:1 em temperaturas entre 200 e 350ºC . Os cristalitos de CuO não foram detectados por DRX. Com o aumento do teor de Cu de 5 para 15% m/m verificou-se um decréscimo no tamanho de cristalitos de CeO2 com uma estrutura do tipo fluorita de 7,4 para 3,4 nm. A interação Cu-O-Al foi determinante na temperatura de redução dos catalisadores e a adição da céria não afetou a temperatura da redução do CuO. Os resultados de XANES in situ mostraram que ao longo da reação de WGS o Cu na forma metálica foi predominante e a céria encontrava-se parcialmente reduzida. Os resultados de EXAFS mostraram que o tamanho das partículas de Cu aumentou de 0,65 para 0,91nm com o aumento do teor do cobre de 5 para 15%, respectivamente. Após a etapa de redução que antecede a reação, os catalisadores não se encontraram completamente reduzidos. O grau de redução aumentou com o tamanho da partícula de Cu e mostrou-se dependente também da temperatura e do potencial de oxidação da mistura dos reagentes. A adição da céria não modificou o grau de redução das amostras de Cu/Al2O3. Tais resultados sugerem que as partículas de cobre apresentam um núcleo reduzido com óxido de cobre na superfície. A atividade catalítica aumentou com a diminuição do tamanho de partícula de Cu, o que pode estar associado à maior presença do par redox Cu+/Cu0 nas menores partículas. Este possivelmente proporciona a oxidação do CO, reduzindo o Cu+ ao Cu0 e a reoxidação ocorre devido à ativação da água. A adição da céria também aumentou a atividade catalítica, a qual foi atribuída provavelmente à ativação da água nas vacâncias de oxigênio da céria, seguida da transferência de oxigênio de sua estrutura para a oxidação do CO em uma interface Cu-CeO2.

The study of normal N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which probably represent one of the most important families of ligands in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, has indubitably led to the usage of other related ligands beyond di-amino carbenes. So far, such species are only marginally used as ligands due to their relative novelty and stability. The following chapters describe the exciting journey into the development of new synthetic accesses of various abnormal, remote N-heterocyclic, mesoionic and carbocyclic carbene transition metal complexes. The uses of a number of these ruthenium- and copper-based complexes as catalysts in several applications are also disclosed. Halfway between the study of the electronic effect of mixed NHC/phosphite ruthenium in olefin metathesis reactions (Chapter 1) and NHC copper-catalysed transformations (Chapters 5 and 6), resides the core of this dissertation that links the book end chapters. Indeed, the NHC-Cuᴵ transfer or “transmetalation” reaction is disclosed as a powerful and reliable tool to access new transition metal catalysts in a relatively general manner. The syntheses of a series of various non-conventional NHC-Cu complexes as precursors for the transmetalation reaction are also described in Chapter 2. The dissertation finally closes with some preliminary results on what represents the first experimental and theoretical evidence for the mechanism of the NHC transfer by transmetalation. The exploration of the reaction by exchange from copper to platinum has begun to reveal what was so far unknown through the isolation of reactive intermediate species formed during the process.

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