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Recherches sur l’opposition entre ser et estar en espagnol : historique de la question, et application à l’étude des variations dans leurs emplois en espagnol spontané contemporain au Mexique / Research on the opposition between "ser" and "estar" in spanish : a review of its treatment and an empirical study of the variation in their use in spontaneous contemporary spanish in MexicoGarcia Markina, Yekaterina 04 December 2013 (has links)
Cette étude empirique synchronique se focalise sur les emplois effectifs des copules espagnoles ser et estar dans les constructions attributives adjectivales dans la variété mexicaine de l’espagnol. Les constructions qui nous intéressent sont celles qui admettent les deux copules, classiquement distinguées en termes de type de prédicat, selon la distinction de Carlson (1977) : Individual-level Predicates et Stage-Level Predicates. Nous avons pourtant observé des occurrences dans la variété mexicaine où cette distinction n’explique pas la présence de la copule estar, qui semble être en cours d’extension, ce qui a déjà été observé par divers auteurs qui ont étudié certaines variétés américaines. Étant donné que la bibliographie sur le sujet est nombreuse et que les approches et perspectives sont diverses, il nous a semblé important, pour la compréhension du sujet, d’établir d’abord un historique critique de la question, qui a été divisé par type d’approche et par auteur. Ensuite, dans une démarche de découverte, fondée en grande partie sur notre intuition de locutrice native, nous avons entrepris une première application analytique avec une tâche contextualisée de préférence comparative entre locuteurs espagnols et locuteurs mexicains, ce qui a montré une considérable variation interne parmi les locuteurs mexicains. Enfin, nous proposons une analyse multifactorielle de nos données « naturelles », i.e. spontanées, tant écrites qu’orales, de diverses sources, ce qui nous a permis de comparer différents critères permettant d’identifier ceux qui favorisent la sélection de estar, et les différentes valeurs sémantiques potentielles que le choix d’une copule plutôt que de l’autre entraîne. / This empirical and synchronic study focuses on the actual uses of Spanish copulas ser and estar in predicative constructions in Mexican Spanish. The constructions studied here are those which admit both copulas. These constructions have been traditionally distinguished following Carlson’s (1977) Individual-level Predicates and Stage-level Predicates. Nevertheless, we have noticed that some of the occurrences of estar in Mexican Spanish cannot be explained by the Carlsonian distinction. This copula seems to be undergoing an extension process in some of the varieties of Latin American Spanish. Authors have studied Spanish copulas from different approaches and perspectives. To better understand the complexity of the matter, we have established a critical history of this issue. Then, following a discovery process based mostly on our native speaker’s intuition, we analyze the question applying a comparative experimental task between Mexican Spanish and European Spanish speakers, which shows important internal variations among Mexican native speakers. Finally, we propose a multifactorial analysis of our “natural”, i.e. spontaneous, written and oral corpora from different sources, which allows us to compare different patterns, and to identify which ones are significant for choosing estar. To conclude, the various potential semantic values entailed by copula choice are analyzed.
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Métodos matemáticos para o problema de acústica linear estocástica / Mathematical methods to the problem of stochastic linear acousticCampos, Fabio Antonio Araujo de, 1984- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Cristina de Castro Cunha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Campos_FabioAntonioAraujode_D.pdf: 1374668 bytes, checksum: 6318414d486cf4810705b84e0d722e77 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos o sistema de equações diferenciais estocásticas obtido na linearização do modelo de propagação de ondas acústicas. Mais especificamente, analisamos métodos para solução do sistema de equações diferenciais usado na acústica linear, onde a matriz com dados aleatórios e um vetor de funções aleatórias que define as condições iniciais. Além do tradicional Método de Monte Carlo aplicamos o Método de Transformações de Variáveis Aleatórias e o Método de Galerkin Estocástico. Apresentamos resultados obtidos usando diferentes distribuições de probabilidades dos dados do problema. Também comparamos os métodos através da distribuição de probabilidade e momentos estatísticos da solução / Abstract: On the present work we study the system of stochastic differential equations obtained from the linearization of the propagation model of acoustic waves. More specifically we analyze methods for the solution of the system of differential equations used in the linear acoustics, where the matrix with random data and a vector of random functions defining initial conditions. In addition to the traditional Monte Carlo Method we apply the Variable Transformations of Random Method and the Galerkin Stochastic Method. We present results obtained using different probability distributions of problem data. We also compared the methods through the distribution of probabilities and statistical moments of the solution / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada
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Analýza incidence konkurujících si rizik a využití modelů kopulí / Analysis of incidence of competting risks and application of copula modelsHujer, Peter January 2015 (has links)
This thesis first introduces the basic notions of univariate survival analysis. Then the survival analysis setting is extended to competing risk models, i.e. the cases considering several events of interest or several causes of one event. In the competing risk model, we discuss the problem of identification, which means that it is not possible to identify marginal distributions from observed competing risk data. Next, we present copula models, which are a suitable mathematical tool for modelling dependence structure between random variables. We explain their basic characteristics, present some useful copula families and the relationship of copula parameters with certain dependence (correlation) measures. Further, we show the utilization of copulas within competing risks models and how they can be helpful in the solution of identifiability problem. Finally, we apply the listed theoretical knowledge in a simulated example. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Estimation bayésienne d'une fonction de Pickands par des splines cubiquesGueye, Mohamed 07 1900 (has links)
Le sujet de notre mémoire est l'intersection entre deux domaines : La théorie des valeurs extrêmes (TVE) et les copules. L'objet de la TVE est de trouver la loi limite du maximum d'un échantillon. Grâce aux résultats de la TVE, on peut modéliser les phénomènes extrêmes. Par aillleurs, il existe une variante bivariée de la TVE. La variante bivariée de la TVE utilise une famille de copules appelées copules de valeurs extrêmes pour tenir compte de la liaison entre les deux phénomènes extrêmes.
En dimension 2, toute copule de valeurs extrêmes dépend d'une fonction de Pickands. L'objet de notre mémoire est d'estimer la fonction de Pickands à partir de données. Nous avons trouvé un moyen de construire une fonction de Pickands grâce à des splines cubiques. À partir de cette construction, on obtient une famille élargie de fonctions de Pickands dans laquelle nous effectuons notre inférence statistique. Nous avons choisit l'approche bayésienne pour construire l'estimateur et les méthodes de MCMC pour les évaluations numériques. La méthode a été appliquée sur des données simulées et réelles. / The subject of our thesis is intersection between two fields: The Extreme Value Theory
(EVT) and copulas. The object of EVT is to find the limit law of the maximum of a
sample. Due to the results of EVT, we can model extreme phenomena. In addition, there
is a bivariate variant of EVT. The bivariate variant of EVT uses a family of copulas called
extreme value copulas to account for the connection between the two extreme events.
Any copula with extreme values depends on a Pickands function. The object of our thesis
is to estimate the Pickands function from data. We have found a way to build a Pickands
function using cubic splines. From this construction, we obtain an extended family of
Pickands functions in which we perform our statistical inference. We chose the Bayesian
approach to build the estimator and the MCMC methods for the estimates. The method
was applied on simulated and real data.
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Génération de données : de l’anonymisation à la construction de populations synthétiquesJutras-Dubé, Pascal 11 1900 (has links)
Les coûts élevés de collecte de données ne rendent souvent possible que l’échantillonnage d’un sous-ensemble de la population d’intérêt. Il arrive également que les données collectées renferment des renseignements personnels et sensibles au sujet des individus qui y figurent de sorte qu’elles sont protégées par des lois ou des pratiques strictes de sécurité et gouvernance de données. Dans les deux cas, l’accès aux données est restreint. Nos travaux considèrent deux angles de recheche sous lesquels on peut se servir de la génération de données fictives pour concevoir des modèles d’analyse où les données véritables sont inaccessibles.
Sous le premier angle, la génératon de données fictives se substitue aux données du recensement. Elle prend la forme d’une synthèse de population constituée d’individus décrits par leurs attributs aux niveaux individuel et du ménage. Nous proposons les copules comme nouvelle approche pour modéliser une population d’intérêt dont seules les distributions marginales sont connues lorsque nous possédons un échantillon d’une autre population qui partage des caractéristiques de dépendances interdimensionnelles similaires. Nous comparons les copules à l’ajustement proportionnel itératif, technologie répandue dans le domaine de la synthèse de population, mais aussi aux approches d’apprentissage automatique modernes comme les réseaux bayésiens, les auto-encodeurs variationnels et les réseaux antagonistes génératifs lorsque la tâche consiste à générer des populations du Maryland dont les données sont issues du recensement américain. Nos expériences montrent que les copules surpassent l’ajustement proportionnel itératif à modéliser les relations interdimensionnelles et que les distributions marginales des données qu’elles génèrent correspondent mieux à celles de la population d’intèrêt que celles des données générées par les méthodes d’apprentissage automatique.
Le second angle considère la génération de données qui préservent la confidentialité. Comme la désensibilisation des données est en relation inverse avec son utilité, nous étudions en quelles mesures le k-anonymat et la modélisation générative fournissent des données utiles relativement aux données sensibles qu’elles remplacent. Nous constatons qu’il est effectivement possible d’employer ces définitions de confidentialité pour publier des données utiles, mais la question de comparer leurs garanties de confidentialité demeure ouverte. / The high costs of data collection can restrict sampling so that only a subset of the data is available. The data collected may also contain personal and sensitive information such that it is protected by laws or strict data security and governance practices. In both cases, access to the data is restricted. Our work considers two research angles under which one can use the generation of synthetic data to design analysis models where the real data is inaccessible.
In the first project, a synthetically generated population made up of individuals described by their attributes at the individual and household levels replaces census data. We propose copulas as a new approach to model a population of interest whose only marginal distributions are known when we have a sample from another population that shares similar interdimensional dependencies. We compare copulas to iterative proportional fitting, a technology developed in the field of population synthesis, but also to modern machine learning approaches such as Bayesian networks, variational autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks when the task is to generate populations of Maryland. Our experiments demonstrated that the copulas outperform iterative proportional fitting in modeling interdimensional relationships and that the marginal distributions of the data they generated match those of the population of interest better than those of the data generated by the machine learning methods.
The second project consists of generating data that preserves privacy. As data privacy is inversely related to its usefulness, we study to what extent k-anonymity and generative modeling provide useful data relative to the sensitive data they replace. We find that it is indeed possible to use these privacy definitions to publish useful data, but the question of comparing their privacy guarantees remains open.
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Optimal mass transport: a viable alternative to copulas in financial risk modeling? / Optimal masstransport som ett alternativ till copulas i finansiell riskmodelleringOrrenius, Johan January 2018 (has links)
Copulas as a description of joint probability distributions is today common when modeling financial risk. The optimal mass transport problem also describes dependence structures, although it is not well explored. This thesis explores the dependence structures of the entropy regularized optimal mass transport problem. The basic copula properties are replicated for the optimal mass transport problem. The estimation of the parameters of the optimal mass transport problem is attempted using a maximum likelihood analogy, but only successful when observing the general tendencies on a grid of the parameters. / Copulas som en beskrivning av simultanfördelning är idag en vanlig modell för finansiell risk. Optimala masstransport problemet beskriver också simultant beroende mellan fördelningar, även om det är mindre undersökt. Denna uppsats undersöker beroendestrukturer av det entropiregulariserade optimala masstransport problemet. De basala egenskaperna hos copulas är replikerade för det optimala masstransport problemet. Ett försök att skatta parametrarna i det optimala masstransport problemet görs med en maximum-likelihood liknande metod, men är endast framgångsrik i att uppsakata de generella tendenserna på en grid av parametrarna.
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Dependency Measures and Copulas for Multivariate Infinitely Divisible DistributionsMaddox, Wesley J. 02 June 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Parameter Dependencies in an Accumulation-to-Threshold Model of Simple Perceptual DecisionsNikitin, Vyacheslav Y. January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Imputation of Missing Data with Application to Commodity Futures / Imputation av saknad data med tillämpning på råvaruterminerÖstlund, Simon January 2016 (has links)
In recent years additional requirements have been imposed on financial institutions, including Central Counterparty clearing houses (CCPs), as an attempt to assess quantitative measures of their exposure to different types of risk. One of these requirements results in a need to perform stress tests to check the resilience in case of a stressed market/crisis. However, financial markets develop over time and this leads to a situation where some instruments traded today are not present at the chosen date because they were introduced after the considered historical event. Based on current routines, the main goal of this thesis is to provide a more sophisticated method to impute (fill in) historical missing data as a preparatory work in the context of stress testing. The models considered in this paper include two methods currently regarded as state-of-the-art techniques, based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and multiple imputation (MI), together with a third alternative approach involving copulas. The different methods are applied on historical return data of commodity futures contracts from the Nordic energy market. By using conventional error metrics, and out-of-sample log-likelihood, the conclusion is that it is very hard (in general) to distinguish the performance of each method, or draw any conclusion about how good the models are in comparison to each other. Even if the Student’s t-distribution seems (in general) to be a more adequate assumption regarding the data compared to the normal distribution, all the models are showing quite poor performance. However, by analysing the conditional distributions more thoroughly, and evaluating how well each model performs by extracting certain quantile values, the performance of each method is increased significantly. By comparing the different models (when imputing more extreme quantile values) it can be concluded that all methods produce satisfying results, even if the g-copula and t-copula models seems to be more robust than the respective linear models. / På senare år har ytterligare krav införts för finansiella institut (t.ex. Clearinghus) i ett försök att fastställa kvantitativa mått på deras exponering mot olika typer av risker. Ett av dessa krav innebär att utföra stresstester för att uppskatta motståndskraften under stressade marknader/kriser. Dock förändras finansiella marknader över tiden vilket leder till att vissa instrument som handlas idag inte fanns under den dåvarande perioden, eftersom de introducerades vid ett senare tillfälle. Baserat på nuvarande rutiner så är målet med detta arbete att tillhandahålla en mer sofistikerad metod för imputation (ifyllnad) av historisk data som ett förberedande arbete i utförandet av stresstester. I denna rapport implementeras två modeller som betraktas som de bäst presterande metoderna idag, baserade på maximum likelihood estimering (MLE) och multiple imputation (MI), samt en tredje alternativ metod som involverar copulas. Modellerna tillämpas på historisk data förterminskontrakt från den nordiska energimarkanden. Genom att använda väl etablerade mätmetoder för att skatta noggrannheten förrespektive modell, är det väldigt svårt (generellt) att särskilja prestandan för varje metod, eller att dra några slutsatser om hur bra varje modell är i jämförelse med varandra. även om Students t-fördelningen verkar (generellt) vara ett mer adekvat antagande rörande datan i jämförelse med normalfördelningen, så visar alla modeller ganska svag prestanda vid en första anblick. Däremot, genom att undersöka de betingade fördelningarna mer noggrant, för att se hur väl varje modell presterar genom att extrahera specifika kvantilvärden, kan varje metod förbättras markant. Genom att jämföra de olika modellerna (vid imputering av mer extrema kvantilvärden) kan slutsatsen dras att alla metoder producerar tillfredställande resultat, även om g-copula och t-copula modellerna verkar vara mer robusta än de motsvarande linjära modellerna.
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Pricing multi-asset options with levy copulasDushimimana, Jean Claude 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Imported from http://etd.sun.ac.za / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, we propose to use Levy processes to model the dynamics of asset prices. In
the first part, we deal with single asset options and model the log stock prices with a Levy
process. We employ pure jump Levy processes of infinite activity, in particular variance
gamma and CGMY processes. We fit the log-returns of six stocks to variance gamma and
CGMY distributions and check the goodness of fit using statistical tests. It is observed
that the variance gamma and the CGMY distributions fit the financial market data much
better than the normal distribution. Calibration shows that at given maturity time the
two models fit into the option prices very well.
In the second part, we investigate the effect of dependence structure to multivariate option
pricing. We use the new concept of Levy copula introduced in the literature by Tankov
[40]. Levy copulas allow us to separate the dependence structure from the behavior of
the marginal components. We consider bivariate variance gamma and bivariate CGMY
models. To model the dependence structure between underlying assets we use the Clayton
Levy copula. The empirical results on six stocks indicate a strong dependence between
two different stock prices. Subsequently, we compute bivariate option prices taking into
account the dependence structure. It is observed that option prices are highly sensitive to
the dependence structure between underlying assets, and neglecting tail dependence will
lead to errors in option pricing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word Levy prosesse voorgestel om die bewegings van batepryse te
modelleer. Levy prosesse besit die vermoe om die risiko van spronge in ag te neem, asook
om die implisiete volatiliteite, wat in finansiele opsie pryse voorkom, te reproduseer. Ons
gebruik suiwer–sprong Levy prosesse met oneindige aktiwiteit, in besonder die gamma–
variansie (Eng. variance gamma) en CGMY–prosesse. Ons pas die log–opbrengste van ses
aandele op die gamma–variansie en CGMY distribusies, en kontroleer die resultate met
behulp van statistiese pasgehaltetoetse. Die resultate bevestig dat die gamma–variansie en
CGMY modelle die finansiele data beter pas as die normaalverdeling. Kalibrasie toon ook
aan dat vir ’n gegewe verstryktyd die twee modelle ook die opsiepryse goed pas.
Ons ondersoek daarna die gebruik van Levy prosesse vir opsies op meervoudige bates.
Ons gebruik die nuwe konsep van Levy copulas, wat deur Tankov[40] ingelei is. Levy
copulas laat toe om die onderlinge afhanklikheid tussen bateprysspronge te skei van die
randkomponente. Ons bespreek daarna die simulasie van meerveranderlike Levy prosesse
met behulp van Levy copulas. Daarna bepaal ons die pryse van opsies op meervoudige bates
in multi–dimensionele exponensiele Levy modelle met behulp van Monte Carlo–metodes.
Ons beskou die tweeveranderlike gamma-variansie en – CGMY modelle en modelleer die
afhanklikheidsstruktuur tussen onderleggende bates met ’n Levy Clayton copula. Daarna
bereken ons tweeveranderlike opsiepryse. Kalibrasie toon aan dat hierdie opsiepryse baie
sensitief is vir die afhanlikheidsstruktuur, en dat prysbepaling foutief is as die afhanklikheid
tussen die sterte van die onderleggende verdelings verontagsaam word.
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