Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death in Europe and North America and early detection of atherosclerosis is a clinical priority. Diagnosis of CAD remains conventional angiography, although recent technology has introduced non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries using computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA), which enables the detection and quantification of coronary artery calcification (CAC). CAC forms within the arterial wall and is usually found in or adjacent to atherosclerotic plaques and is consequently known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis.  The conventional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors used to quantify the estimated 10-year coronary event risk comprise dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and family history of CAD. Nevertheless, their relationship with significant (>50%) stenosis, their interaction with the CAC score and their predictive ability for CAC presence and extent has not been fully determined in symptomatic patients.   Methods   For Papers 1-4 we took patients from the Euro-CCAD cohort, an international study established in 2009 in Umeå, Sweden. The study data gave us the CAC score and the CV risk factor profile in 6309 patients, together with angiography results for a reduced cohort of 5515 patients. In Papers 1 and 2 we assessed the risk factors for significant stenosis, including CAC as a risk factor. Paper 2 carried out this analysis by geographical region: Europe vs USA and northern vs southern Europe. Paper 3 investigated the CV risk factors for CAC presence, stratified by age and gender, while Paper 4 assessed the CV risk factors for CAC extent, stratified by gender.  In paper 5 we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies of the risk factor predictors of CAC presence, extent and progression in symptomatic patients. From a total of 884 studies, we identified 10 which fitted our inclusion criteria, providing us with a total of 15,769 symptomatic patients. All 10 were entered in the systematic review and 7 were also eligible for the meta-analysis.   Results Paper 1:           Among risk factors alone, the most powerful predictors of significant coronary stenosis were male gender followed by diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, family history of CAD and age; only obesity was not predictive. When including the log transformed CAC score as a risk factor, this proved the most powerful predictor of >50% stenosis, but hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension lost their predictive ability. The conventional risk factors alone were 70% accurate in predicting significant stenosis, the log transformed CAC score alone was 82% accurate but the combination was 84% accurate and improved both sensitivity and specificity.  Paper 2:           Despite some striking differences in profiles between Europe and the USA, the most important risk factors for >50% stenosis in both groups were male gender followed by diabetes. When the log CAC score was included as a risk factor, it became by far the most important predictor of >50% stenosis in both continents, followed by male gender. In the northern vs southern Europe comparison the result was similar, with the log CAC score being the most important predictor of >50% stenosis in both regions, followed by male gender.  Paper 3:           Independent predictors of CAC presence in males and females were age, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, with the addition of family history of CAD in males; obesity was not predictive in either gender. The most important predictors of CAC presence in males were dyslipidaemia and diabetes, while among females the most important predictors of CAC presence were diabetes followed by smoking. When analysed by age groups, in both males and females aged <70 years, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia were predictive, with diabetes being the strongest; in females aged <70 years, smoking was also predictive. Among those aged ≥70 years, the results are completely different, with only dyslipidaemia being predictive in males but smoking and diabetes were predictive in females.  Paper 4:           In the total cohort, age, male gender, diabetes, obesity, family history of CAD and number of risk factors predicted an increasing CAC score, with the most important being male gender and diabetes. In males, hypertension and dyslipidaemia were also predictive, although diabetes was the most important predictor. Diabetes was similarly the most important risk factor in females, followed by age and number of risk factors. Among patients with CAC, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes predicted CAC extent in both males and females, with diabetes being the strongest predictor in males followed by dyslipidaemia, while diabetes was also the strongest predictor in females, followed by hypertension. Quantile regression confirmed the consistent predictive ability of diabetes.  Paper 5:           In the systematic review, age was strongly predictive of both CAC presence and extent but not of CAC progression. The results for CAC presence were overwhelmed by data from one study of almost 10,000 patients, which found that white ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension and obesity were predictive of CAC presence but not male gender, dyslipidaemia, family history or smoking. With respect to CAC extent, only male gender and hypertension were clearly predictive, while in the one study of CAC progression, only diabetes and hypertension were predictive. In the meta-analysis, hypertension followed by male gender, diabetes and age were predictive of CAC presence, while for CAC extent mild-moderate CAC was predicted by hypertension alone, whereas severe CAC was predicted by hypertension followed by diabetes.   Conclusion Our investigation of the Euro-CCAD cohort showed that the CAC score is far more predictive of significant stenosis than risk factors alone, followed by male gender and diabetes, and there was little benefit to risk factor assessment over and above the CAC score for >50% stenosis prediction. Regional variations made little difference to this result. Independent predictors of CAC presence were dyslipidaemia and diabetes in males and diabetes followed by smoking in females. The risk factor predictors alter at age 70. The most important risk factor predictors of CAC extent were male gender and diabetes; when analysed by gender, diabetes was the most important in both males and females. Our studies have consistently shown the strong predictive ability of male gender in the total cohort and diabetes in males and females and this is reflected in the meta-analysis, which also found hypertension to be independently predictive. Interestingly, dyslipidaemia does not appear to be a strong risk factor.

Background: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and is demonstrable in fifty percent of incident dialysis patients. Therefore, the process of CAC initiation likely occurs in the pre-dialysis period. Pre-dialysis CKD patients have been shown to have a substantially higher burden of CAC than age and sex matched controls from the general population. Consequently, the hypothesis that CKD itself is a risk factor for CAC occurrence is biologically plausible. Objective: 1) To quantify the relationship between CKD and CAC in stage three to five CKD patients without known cardiovascular disease. 2) To estimate the strengths of associations between traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, non- traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors and CAC in this patient population. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated one hundred and nineteen CKD patients (excluding dialysis) receiving care at a single hospital in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. For the primary objective, correlational analyses were performed to evaluate associations between a priori selected variables of kidney function and CAC scores, as well as other a priori chosen variables of interest. Results: Mean and median CAC scores were 566.5 SD: 1108 and 111 (inter-quartile range 2 to 631.5) respectively. CAC correlated with age (r = 0.44, p<0.001), body mass index (r = 0.28, p = 0.002), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.23, p = 0.01), diabetes mellitus (r = 0.23, p = 0.01), and the cardiovascular risk score (r = 0.35; p < 0.001). By multivariable linear regression controlling for eGFR and diabetes, age (ß = 0.05, 95% CI 0.03-0.06; p<0.001), body mass index (ß = 0.04, 0.02 - 0.07; p=0.001), and serum calcium (ß = 0.9, 0.15 - 1.6; p=0.02), were risk factors for CAC. Results from multivariable logistic regression modeling demonstrated consistent findings. Limitations: Inadequate sample size and uncontrolled confounding are possible limitations, but are unlikely to have changed the main study findings. Conclusions: In this study, traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors and serum calcium were associated with coronary artery calcification. No association was demonstrated between CKD and CAC. Studies exploring potential protective mechanisms against coronary artery calcification are needed.

archives@tulane.edu / Background Ankle brachial index (ABI) is a noninvasive measure of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis of the lower extremities. Low and high levels of ABI are associated with cardiovascular mortality and vascular calcification in dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the association of the spectrum of vascular calcification with low and high ABI is not well studied in pre-dialysis CKD patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of both low and high ABI with the risk of vascular calcification in CKD patients. Methods We recruited 243 patients with pre-dialysis CKD from the great New Orleans area between 2010 and 2012. Our study used a cross-sectional design with ABI and CAC measured at the same visit. Continuous ABI measurements were taken and further classified into four categories : <=0.9 (low ABI) >0.9-<1.0 (borderline), 1.0-<1.4 (normal), >=1.4 (high). Level of vascular calcification were considered as the outcome and calculated by agatston score. Three categories of CAC is defined as: CAC agaston score=0, 0-100, >100. Three cumulative logit models were applied to the data. The first is an unadjusted univariate model, the second adjusts for baseline demographics, and the third adjusts for baseline demographics and covariates that are associated with CAC. Logistic regression methods were used to calculate the odds ratio of having a higher CAC score for CKD patients. Results We found a significant association between ABI and vascular calcification. All three models returned consistently significant result (p=0.0005, 0.0005, 0.0037, respectively) for the association between ABI and CAC. In addition, low ABI (ABI≤0.9) is also associated with an increased risk of CAC and severe CAC (OR=6.183, 95%CI(1.085, 35.228)). High ABI (>1.4) is also associated with an increase in CAC and severe CAC (OR=5.064, 95%CI (1.696, 15.122)). Borderline ABI (0.9<ABI<1.0) is not associated with an increase in CAC or severe CAC (OR=2.704, 95% CI (0.702, 10.418). Conclusion Compared to normal ABI level, low and high ABIs are both significantly associated with an increased risk of coronary artery calcification and severe coronary artery calcification in CKD patients. / 1 / Shuo Bai

Detection of coronary calcification from computed tomography scans is a noninvasive examination and has great potential for heart disease diagnosis. This study proposes new features to characterize calcium lesions. Different from the traditional calcium score features, these features are generated from the texture, shape, and gray level statistics of the calcium lesions. We study the correlation between these features and acute myocardial infarction and then compare the results with traditional calcium score features. According to the location of the lesions, patients are first divided into two groups. In one group, the myocardial infarction is located in segment of culprit lesion. For the second group, myocardial infarction is located in segment of non-culprit lesion. In comparing their means, the corresponding p-value of gray level statistics feature ¡§histogram relative smoothness¡¨ could reach 4.47E-07, which has fairly high significance. Furthermore, in studying the differences among patients, experiment on Hypercholesterolemia provide a good result. By comparing the means of patients which are classified into Hypercholesterolemia and non-Hypercholesterolemia groups, the corresponding p-value of texture feature ¡§inverse difference moment¡¨ could reach 3.74E-04. Initially, acute myocardial infarction do not have statistically significant result However, after adding the location weighting factor for the lesions, the corresponding p-value of texture feature ¡§average of information measures of correlation¡¨ could be reduced to 8.8921E-03, and p-value of gray level statistics feature ¡§Histogram relative Smoothness¡¨ could be improved to 2.4019E-02.

No description available.

Η ασβέστωση των στεφανιαίων αρτηριών αποτελεί αξιόπιστο δείκτη της στεφανιαίας αθηρωμάτωσης. Η ψηφιακή ακτινοσκόπηση/ακτινογράφηση είναι μία ακριβής μη αιματηρή μέθοδος ανάδειξης της στεφανιαίας ασβέστωσης, εύκολα διαθέσιμη, χαμηλού κόστους, γρήγορη και με χαμηλή δόση ακτινοβολίας. Μέχρι τώρα δεν έχει ερευνηθεί πολύπλευρα η αξία της για την ανίχνευση της ασβέστωσης των στεφανιαίων αρτηριών. / Coronary artery calcification is a reliable indicator of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Digital subtraction cinefluoroscopy is an accurate, noninvasive, rapid, widely available method for coronary calcium detection, with low average skin penetration dose. Until now, digital cinefluoroscopy value for coronary calcium detection has not been fully elucidated.

The objectives of this thesis are: a) To examine racial/ethnic differences in coronary artery calcification (CAC) and CAD, between symptomatic South Asians and Caucasians, matched for age, gender and conventional cardiovascular risk factors, b) To assess, using a meta-analysis model, the natural history of and stability of measurements of coronary artery calcium scoring (CACs) based on data collected from two large published trials: St Francis and EBEAT, c) To investigate the prevalence of coronary artery calcification in individuals with CT evidence for AVC, mitral valve calcification (MAC) or of both of them (AVC+MAC), d) To assess any potential association between premature CAD (&lt;55 years in first-degree male relatives and &lt;65 years in first-degree female relatives) and CAC in a large cohort of asymptomatic individuals. We found that coronary artery calcification is more extensive and diffuse in symptomatic patients of South Asian ethnic origin as compared to Caucasians, despite similar conventional risk factors for CAD. This is more evident in those &gt;50 years of age, suggesting potential genetic or other risk factors yet to be determined. The natural history of coronary artery calcification was overtime progression in the majority of subjects, irrespective of gender. The higher variability in RCA measurements could be related to the low baseline CACs or exaggerated movement of the right side atrioventricular ring, whereas those for LCA brances are influenced by the branch allocation of the CACs. Valve calcification is not isolated but involve also and the coronary arteries. The presence of calcification in the aortic valve or combined aortic and mitral valves predicted coronary artery calcification. Additionally patients in whom both valves have become calcified tend to have severe coronary artery calcification. And finally, there is no relationship between the prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcification and the presence of family history of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic individuals with none of the conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Objetivo: Avaliar a relevância de fatores de risco tradicionais para doença cardiovascular (FRC), fatores relacionados ao lúpus e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) na calcificação prematura de artérias coronárias (CAC) em mulheres jovens com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Métodos: Noventa e quatro pacientes lúpicas do sexo feminino com duração de doença 5 anos e idade menor que 45 anos foram selecionadas consecutivamente para este estudo. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular analisados foram: diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipoproteinemia, fumo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), insuficiência ovariana e renal. Fatores de risco relacionados ao LES estudados foram: duração de doença, critérios ACR, SLICC/ACR modificado (excluindo escores relacionados à aterosclerose), SLEDAI, tratamento com glicocorticóide e ciclofosfamida. A densidade mineral óssea de corpo inteiro, coluna lombar e colo do fêmur foram realizadas por densitometria de dupla emissão de fontes de raios-X (DXA). Calcificação de artérias coronárias foi determinada usando tomografia computadorizada com 16 multidetectores. Resultados: Calcificação prematura de artérias coronárias foi identificada em 12 (12,7%) dos pacientes, havendo associação com maior freqüência de pacientes com FRC (p=0,008), maior número de FCR (p=0,003), idade (p=0,025), duração de doença (p=0,011) e SLICC (p=0,011). A análise individual dos FRC demonstrou que a presença de menopausa (p=0,036), dislipidemia (p=0,003) e hipertensão (p=0,006) foram significativamente associados com calcificação coronariana. Análise de regressão logística múltipla usando FRC, idade, duração de doença, SLICC e DMO de corpo inteiro revelou que apenas duração de doença (p=0,042) e DMO de corpo inteiro (p=0,023) permaneceram fatores significantes para calcificação coronariana. Conclusão: Identificamos que duração de doença e DMO reduzida são preditores independentes para calcificação coronariana prematura em mulheres jovens com LES, sugerindo um mecanismo subjacente comum / Objective: To evaluate the relevance of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVR), disease-related risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) for premature coronary artery calcification (CAC) in young female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Ninety-four female SLE patients 5 years disease duration and age <45 years were consecutively selected for this study. Cardiovascular risks (CVR) analyzed were: diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, smoking, body mass index (BMI), ovarian and renal insufficiency. SLE-related risk factors evaluated were: disease duration, ACR criteria, modified SLICC/ACR (excluding atherosclerosis-related scores), SLEDAI, glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide treatment. Bone mineral density (BMD) in whole body, lumbar spine and femoral neck was assessed by dual X ray absorptiometry (DXA). Coronary artery calcification was determined using the 16-slice multidetector computed tomography. Results: Premature coronary artery calcification was identified in 12 (12.7%) patients and was associated with a higher frequency of patients with CVR (p=0.008), a higher mean number of CVR (p=0.003), mean age (p= 0.025), mean disease duration (p=0.011) and mean SLICC (p=0.011). Individual analysis of CVR demonstrated that the presence of menopause (p= 0.036), dyslipidemia (p= 0.003) and hypertension (p=0.006) were significantly associated with coronary calcification. Additionally, premature calcification was associated with a lower whole body BMD (p=0.013). Multiple logistic regression analysis using CVR, age, disease duration, SLICC and whole body BMD revealed that only disease duration (p=0.042) and whole body BMD (p=0.023) remained significant factors for coronary calcification. Conclusion: We have identified that disease duration and decreased BMD are independent predictors for premature coronary calcification in young women with SLE, suggesting a common underlying mechanism

O HDL-c é um fator de risco cardiovascular negativo e sua concentração plasmática apresenta relação inversa com a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares. Entretanto, as evidências relativas ao grupo de indivíduos com níveis de HDL-c acima do percentil 95 da população geral ainda são escassas e o impacto da hiperalfalipoproteinemia (HALP) sobre o risco cardiovascular continua representando motivo de controvérsia na literatura médica. Alguns estudos em populações específicas associam a HALP a aumento do risco cardiovascular. Ao mesmo tempo, outros estudos identificaram populações de indivíduos hipoalfalipoproteinêmicos com marcada longevidade. Assim, demonstrou-se aparente dissociação entre níveis de HDL-c e risco cardiovascular em determinadas populações, reconduzível a aspectos disfuncionais da HDL. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o papel da HALP na determinação do risco cardiovascular; comparar a prevalência de doença cardiovascular subclínica, avaliada por meio da quantificação ultrassonográfica da Espessura Íntimo-Medial Carotídea (EIMC), entre portadores de HDL-c >= 90mg/dL (grupo HALP) e portadores de concentrações de HDL-c atualmente consideradas normais (entre 40 e 50mg/dL para os homens e entre 50 e 60mg/dL para as mulheres); e avaliar características e função da HDL em portadores de HALP por meio do estudo de sua composição, de sua capacidade de efluxo de colesterol, e de sua atividade anti-inflamatória e antioxidante, correlacionando estas características com a presença de doença cardiovascular subclínica avaliada por meio da determinação da EIMC, da Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) e da presença de Calcificação Arterial Coronariana (CAC) avaliada pela TCMD. Para responder estas perguntas, o presente estudo foi articulado em dois braços: Braço 1: Análise da coorte do estudo ELSA com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de HALP em uma população geral; definir o perfil demográfico, antropométrico e metabólico dos portadores de HALP; e comparar a prevalência de doença vascular subclínica deste grupo com controles da mesma coorte com níveis normais de HDL-colesterol. Braço 2: Recrutamento de 80 voluntários hígidos e portadores de HALP para avaliação da correlação entre presença de doença vascular subclínica, e aspectos estruturais e funcionais da HDL. Em seus dois braços, o estudo levou a quatro conclusões principais: 1) Níveis marcadamente elevados de HDL-c estão associados a menor espessura íntimo-medial carotídea quando comparados a níveis de HDL-c considerados normais pelas diretrizes vigentes. Embora portadores do fenótipo HALP apresentem, como grupo, um perfil metabólico mais favorável que o encontrado em indivíduos com HDL-c normal, a associação entre EIMC e HALP foi independente dos fatores de risco tradicionais, indicando que a menor prevalência destes últimos em portadores de HDL-c marcadamente elevado justifica apenas parcialmente a menor prevalência de doença vascular subclínica neste grupo; 2) Embora a HALP se apresente como um fenótipo ateroprotetor, há indivíduos com níveis marcadamente elevados de HDL-c que evoluem com doença cardiovascular, clínica ou subclínica. Neste contexto, nossos resultados indicam correlação entre os três métodos avaliados para estudar doença vascular subclínica em portadores de HALP: EIMC, VOP e CAC; 3) Os fatores de risco tradicionais continuam exercendo seu peso na determinação do risco cardiovascular em portadores de HALP. Idade, tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, hipertrigliceridemia e altos níveis de LDL-c apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com a presença de doença vascular subclínica no grupo estudado; 4) A avaliação da composição e da função da HDL em portadores de HALP pode permitir identificar indivíduos especificamente mais suscetíveis à aterosclerose. Nossos resultados indicam que, em particular, a atividade anti-inflamatória da HDL, avaliada pela capacidade de inibição da produção de IL-6; o efluxo de colesterol e a capacidade de transferência de triglicérides apresentaram associação independente com menor espessura íntimo-medial carotídea em portadores de HALP, enquanto níveis mais altos de Apo A-IV se associaram a maior grau de doença cardiovascular subclínica / HDL-c is a negative cardiovascular risk factor and its plasma concentration is inversely related to the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, evidence of benefit among subjects with HDL-c levels above the 95th percentile of the general population is still scarce and the impact of hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) on cardiovascular risk continues to represent matter of debate in the medical literature. Some studies with specific populations indicated an increased cardiovascular risk associated with HALP. In addition, other reports identified groups of patients with marked hypoalphalipoproteinemia and longevity. Hence, there could be a dissociation between HDL-c levels and cardiovascular risk in certain populations, possibly due to dysfunctional HDL particles. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HALP phenotype in determining cardiovascular risk; to compare the prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease, assessed by ultrasound measurement of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) among patients with HDL-c >= 90mg/dL (HALP group) and patients with HDL-c currently considered normal (40-50mg/dL for men and 50-60mg/dL for women); and to evaluate HDL functionality in patients with HALP through the study of its composition, its cholesterol efflux capacity, and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity; correlating those characteristics with the presence of subclinical cardiovascular disease assessed by CIMT, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC). To answer these questions, the present study was articulated into two arms: Arm 1: ELSA-Brasil study cohort analysis in order to assess HALP prevalence in a general population, defining demographic, anthropometric and metabolic profile of HALP individuals; and comparing the prevalence of subclinical vascular disease among HALP subjects with controls with normal HDL-c. Arm 2: Recruitment of 80 healthy volunteers with HALP to study the correlation between subclinical vascular disease and HDL functionality in this group. Our study led to four main conclusions: 1) markedly elevated HDL-c is associated with lower CIMT compared to the control group with normal HDL-c levels. Although individuals with HALP display a more favorable metabolic profile than subjects with normal HDL-c, the association between CIMT and HALP was independent of traditional risk factors, indicating that the lower prevalence of subclinical vascular disease in this group is only partially justified by the lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors; 2) Although HALP can be regarded as an atheroprotective phenotype, there are individuals with markedly elevated levels of HDL-c who develop cardiovascular disease. Our results indicate good correlation of the three methods here adopted to study subclinical vascular disease among HALP patients: CIMT, VOP and CAC; 3) Traditional risk factors continue to exert their weight in determining cardiovascular risk in patients with HALP. Age, smoking, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and high levels of LDL-c were significantly associated with the presence of subclinical vascular disease among HALP individuals; 4) the assessment of the HDL composition and functionality in patients with HALP may allow to identify individuals specifically more susceptible to atherosclerosis. Our results indicate that, in particular, cholesterol efflux capacity, the anti-inflammatory activity of HDL, and triglyceride transfer capacity were independently associated with lower CIMT in HALP individuals, while higher levels of Apo A-IV were associated with a greater burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease

Objetivo: Avaliar a relevância de fatores de risco tradicionais para doença cardiovascular (FRC), fatores relacionados ao lúpus e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) na calcificação prematura de artérias coronárias (CAC) em mulheres jovens com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Métodos: Noventa e quatro pacientes lúpicas do sexo feminino com duração de doença 5 anos e idade menor que 45 anos foram selecionadas consecutivamente para este estudo. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular analisados foram: diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipoproteinemia, fumo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), insuficiência ovariana e renal. Fatores de risco relacionados ao LES estudados foram: duração de doença, critérios ACR, SLICC/ACR modificado (excluindo escores relacionados à aterosclerose), SLEDAI, tratamento com glicocorticóide e ciclofosfamida. A densidade mineral óssea de corpo inteiro, coluna lombar e colo do fêmur foram realizadas por densitometria de dupla emissão de fontes de raios-X (DXA). Calcificação de artérias coronárias foi determinada usando tomografia computadorizada com 16 multidetectores. Resultados: Calcificação prematura de artérias coronárias foi identificada em 12 (12,7%) dos pacientes, havendo associação com maior freqüência de pacientes com FRC (p=0,008), maior número de FCR (p=0,003), idade (p=0,025), duração de doença (p=0,011) e SLICC (p=0,011). A análise individual dos FRC demonstrou que a presença de menopausa (p=0,036), dislipidemia (p=0,003) e hipertensão (p=0,006) foram significativamente associados com calcificação coronariana. Análise de regressão logística múltipla usando FRC, idade, duração de doença, SLICC e DMO de corpo inteiro revelou que apenas duração de doença (p=0,042) e DMO de corpo inteiro (p=0,023) permaneceram fatores significantes para calcificação coronariana. Conclusão: Identificamos que duração de doença e DMO reduzida são preditores independentes para calcificação coronariana prematura em mulheres jovens com LES, sugerindo um mecanismo subjacente comum / Objective: To evaluate the relevance of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVR), disease-related risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) for premature coronary artery calcification (CAC) in young female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Ninety-four female SLE patients 5 years disease duration and age <45 years were consecutively selected for this study. Cardiovascular risks (CVR) analyzed were: diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, smoking, body mass index (BMI), ovarian and renal insufficiency. SLE-related risk factors evaluated were: disease duration, ACR criteria, modified SLICC/ACR (excluding atherosclerosis-related scores), SLEDAI, glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide treatment. Bone mineral density (BMD) in whole body, lumbar spine and femoral neck was assessed by dual X ray absorptiometry (DXA). Coronary artery calcification was determined using the 16-slice multidetector computed tomography. Results: Premature coronary artery calcification was identified in 12 (12.7%) patients and was associated with a higher frequency of patients with CVR (p=0.008), a higher mean number of CVR (p=0.003), mean age (p= 0.025), mean disease duration (p=0.011) and mean SLICC (p=0.011). Individual analysis of CVR demonstrated that the presence of menopause (p= 0.036), dyslipidemia (p= 0.003) and hypertension (p=0.006) were significantly associated with coronary calcification. Additionally, premature calcification was associated with a lower whole body BMD (p=0.013). Multiple logistic regression analysis using CVR, age, disease duration, SLICC and whole body BMD revealed that only disease duration (p=0.042) and whole body BMD (p=0.023) remained significant factors for coronary calcification. Conclusion: We have identified that disease duration and decreased BMD are independent predictors for premature coronary calcification in young women with SLE, suggesting a common underlying mechanism