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Diet-induced dyslipidemia drives store-operated Ca2+ entry, Ca2+ dysregulation, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and coronary atherogenesis in metabolic syndromeNeeb, Zachary P. 21 July 2010 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death, greatly increases in metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome (MetS; obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) is increasing in prevalence with sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; i.e. MetS liver) is progressive and decreases life expectancy, with CAD as the leading cause of death. Pathogenic Ca2+ regulation transforms coronary artery smooth muscle from a healthy, quiescent state to a diseased, proliferative phenotype thus majorly contributing to the development of CAD. In particular, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in vascular smooth muscle is associated with atherosclerosis. Genetic predisposition may render individuals more susceptible to Ca2+ dysregulation, CAD, NASH, and MetS. However, the metabolic and cellular mechanisms underlying these disease states are poorly understood. Accordingly, the goal of this dissertation was to investigate the role of dyslipidemia within MetS in the development of Ca2+ dysregulation, CAD, and NASH. The overarching hypothesis was that dyslipidemia within MetS would be necessary for induction of NASH and increased SOCE that would primarily mediate development of CAD. To test this hypothesis we utilized the Ossabaw miniature swine model of MetS. Swine were fed one of five diets for different lengths of time to induce varying severity of MetS. Lean swine were fed normal maintenance chow diet. F/MetS swine were fed high Fructose (20% kcal) diet that induced normolipidemic MetS. TMetS were fed excess high Trans-fat/cholesterol atherogenic diet that induced mildly dyslipidemic MetS and CAD. XMetS were TMetS swine with eXercise. DMetS (TMetS + high fructose) were moderately dyslipidemic and developed MetS and extensive CAD. sDMetS (Short-term DMetS) developed MetS with mild dyslipidemia, but no CAD. MMetS (Mixed-source-fat/cholesterol/fructose) were severely dyslipidemic, exhibited NASH, and developed severe CAD. Dyslipidemia in MetS predicted NASH severity (all groups < DMetS << MMetS), CAD severity (i.e. Lean, F/MetS, sDMetS < XMetS < TMetS < DMetS < MMetS), and was necessary for STIM1/TRPC1-mediated SOCE, which preceded CAD. Exercise ameliorated SOCE and CAD compared to TMetS. In conclusion, dyslipidemia elicits TRPC1/STIM1 SOCE that mediates CAD, is necessary for and predictive of NASH and CAD, and whose affects are attenuated by exercise.
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Relationships between blood cholesterol level, obesity, diets, genetics and physical activity of Hong Kong children.January 2000 (has links)
by Choi Ka Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-128). / Abstract and appendix in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 1.1 --- Coronary Heart Disease: a global health problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Age --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Gender --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Family History of Cardiovascular Disease --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Hypercholesterolemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Unhealthy Dietary Habits --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Obesity --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Physical Inactivity --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3 --- Clustering of Risk Factors --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4 --- Risk Factors in Children: Atherosclerosis Begins Early in Life --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- RESEARCH IN HONG KONG AND PURPOSES OF THIS STUDY / Chapter 2.1 --- Nutrition Transition --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- CHD Mortality Trends in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Serum Total Cholesterol and Obesity in Hong Kong Adults --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Obesity, Serum Total Cholesterol, Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of Hong Kong Children and Adolescents" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- Study Purpose and Objectives --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- SURVEY DESIGN / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample Selection --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- "Blood Total Blood Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Anthropometric Measurements" --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Total Blood Cholesterol and Triglyceride --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Anthropometry Measures --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Questionnaire --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Questionnaire Design and Pre-testing --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- General Health and Socio-demographic Questionnaire --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Physical Activity Questionnaire --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Dietary Questionnaire --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Management --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistics --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Blood Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Obesity and Fat Distribution --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Diet --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Physical Activity Patterns --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Body Mass Index of Parent and Family History of Diseases --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- RESULTS / Chapter 4.1 --- Sample Size and the Characteristics of the Students in the Two Schools --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Gender and Age Distribution --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Blood Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Anthropometry Measures --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Dietary Habits --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Dietary Composition of 3-day Dietary Record --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6 --- Physical Activity --- p.68 / Chapter 4.7 --- Family History of Diseases --- p.70 / Chapter 4.8 --- Parents' Anthropometry --- p.71 / Chapter 4.9 --- Demographic Data --- p.71 / Chapter 4.10 --- Inter-relationships --- p.75 / Chapter 4.10.1 --- Blood Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride --- p.75 / Chapter a. --- "Blood Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Body Fatness" --- p.75 / Chapter b. --- "Blood Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Diet" --- p.75 / Chapter c. --- "Blood Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Physical Activity Patterns" --- p.77 / Chapter d. --- Blood Total Cholesterol,Triglyceride and Family History of Hypercholesterolemia --- p.78 / Chapter e. --- Relative Importance of the Key Factors in Predicting Blood Total Cholesterol levels --- p.79 / Chapter 4.10.2 --- Obesity and Body Fatness --- p.79 / Chapter a. --- "Obesity, Body Fatness and Physical Activity Patterns" --- p.79 / Chapter b. --- "Obesity, Body Fatness and Diets" --- p.82 / Chapter c. --- Body Fatness and Genetics --- p.84 / Chapter 4.10.3 --- Diet and Physical Activity --- p.86 / Chapter 4.10.4 --- "Blood Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Obesity and Other Demographic or Economic Characteristics" --- p.87 / Chapter 4.11 --- Clustering of Risk Factors among Obese children --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 5.1 --- Implication of Research Findings --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations --- p.108 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.111 / References --- p.113 / Appendices / Chapter I --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.129 / Chapter II --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.139 / Chapter III --- Introductory letter (English version) --- p.152 / Chapter V --- Introductory letter (Chinese version) --- p.153 / Chapter V --- Consent form (English version) --- p.154 / Chapter VI --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.155 / Chapter VII --- Photos of the standard household measures given to children for estimation of portion size (English version) --- p.156 / Chapter VIII --- Photos of the standard household measures given to children for estimation of portion size (Chinese version) --- p.157 / Chapter IX --- Responses from the children to the food frequency questionnaire --- p.158 / Chapter X --- The frequency of the reported food items liked or disliked by the children --- p.160
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The Role of Anger/Hostility on Physiological and Behavioral Risk Factors for Coronary Heart DiseaseBuri, Robert J. (Robert John) 08 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of anger/hostility on physiological and behavioral coronary heart disease risk factors. It was hypothesized that anger/hostility would contribute to the severity of CHD via consummatory behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption. Some researchers suggest that negative consummatory behaviors play a direct causal role in CHD. The present study proposed that hostility predisposes an individual to these behaviors, and that these behaviors in turn, contribute to CHD. Further, it was proposed that some of the anger that exists in CHD patients may result from the individual being unable to participate in some of their previous consummatory behaviors after suffering a myocardial infarction. Also, it was hypothesized that the construct of anger/hostility would be differentially related to consummatory behaviors.
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ADIPOSITY AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY: RELATIONSHIPS WITH ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING, SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEINGHetz, SAMUEL 28 May 2009 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to examine coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and secondary complications in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In particular, this thesis was organized around the central theme of adiposity, which is a prevalent complication following SCI.
Study 1 focused on understanding the relationships between activities of daily living (ADL) and CHD risk factors including central adiposity, lipoproteins, and triglycerides. Using generalized linear models, while controlling for pertinent covariates such as sex, age, and leisure time physical activity (LTPA), it was found that Mobility ADL (wheeling and transferring) were negatively associated with total and LDL-cholesterol.
Study 2 examined whether individuals who considered themselves to be overweight subsequently had less favourable subjective well-being, and were more likely to report specific secondary complications than individuals who did not consider themselves to be overweight. Logistic regression analysis and partial correlations controlling for pertinent covariates such as sex, age, and injury severity, revealed that individuals who considered themselves to be overweight reported greater pain, depression, overuse injuries, and fatigue, and less satisfaction with life than individuals who did not consider themselves to be overweight.
In summary, the findings suggest that a) participation in specific types of ADL (i.e. Mobility ADL) are associated with a lower CHD risk and should be further explored and that b) elevated perceived adiposity is associated with specific secondary complications and lower subjective well-being. Overall thesis findings support the overwhelming evidence of the benefits of daily physical activity and maintaining a healthy bodyweight in the SCI population. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2009-05-28 11:40:32.574
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Postprandial lipemia in abdominally obese and non-obese malesWideman, Laurie January 1993 (has links)
Recent research has shown that the combination of high triglyceride (TG) levels and low high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, significantly increases the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). The incidence of CAD is also increased in abdominally obese individuals. To assess differences in postprandial TG clearance patterns between abdominally obese (AO) and controls (C), fourteen healthy, normolipidemic males (seven controls and seven abdominally obese) completed an oral fat loading test (78 grams of fat). Blood samples were collected every hour for eight hours. Abdominally obese individuals had significantly greater TG values, significantly lower total HDL and HDL2 values and significantly greater area under the TG curve (p = 0.03). Time to reach peak TG and time to reach baseline TG values did not differ between the two groups, even though fewer AO individuals reached baseline within eight hours. The data from the present investigation indicate that increased time to clear TG in AO individuals may be one pathway that increases the incidence of CAD in this group. / School of Physical Education
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Response of coronary artery disease risk factors to three modes of training in sedentary malesShaw, Brandon Stuwart 19 May 2014 (has links)
D.Phil. (Biokinetics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract
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Accuracy of risk prediction tools for acute coronary syndrome : a systematic reviewVan Zyl, Johet Engela 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Coronary artery disease is a form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which
manifests itself in three ways: angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome and cardiac death.
Thirty-three people die daily of a myocardial infarction (cardiac death) and 7.5 million deaths
annually are caused by CVD (51% from strokes and 45% from coronary artery disease)
worldwide. Globally, the CVD death rate is a mere 4% compared to South Africa which has a
42% death rate. It is predicted that by the year 2030 there will be 25 million deaths annually
from CVD, mainly in the form of strokes and heart disease. The WHO compared the death
rates of high-income countries to those of low- and middle-income countries, like South
Africa, and the results show that CVD deaths are declining in high-income countries but
rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries. Although there are several risk
prediction tools in use worldwide, to predict ischemic risk, South Africa does not use any of
these tools. Current practice in South Africa to diagnose acute coronary syndrome is the use
of a physical examination, ECG changes and positive serum cardiac maker levels.
Internationally the same practice is used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome but risk
assessment tools are used additionally to this practise because of limitations of the ECG and
serum cardiac markers when it comes to NSTE-ACS.
Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically appraise evidence on the accuracy of
acute coronary syndrome risk prediction tools in adults.
Methods: An extensive literature search of studies published in English was undertaken.
Electronic databases searched were Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL.
Other sources were also searched, and cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and
randomised controlled trials were reviewed. All articles were screened for methodological
quality by two reviewers independently with the QUADAS-2 tool which is a standardised
instrument. Data was extracted using an adapted Cochrane data extraction tool. Data was
entered in Review Manager 5.2 software for analysis. Sensitivity and specificity was
calculated for each risk score and an SROC curve was created. This curve was used to
evaluate and compare the prediction accuracy of each test.
Results: A total of five studies met the inclusion criteria of this review. Two HEART studies
and three GRACE studies were included. In all, 9 092 patients participated in the selected
studies. Estimates of sensitivity for the HEART risks score (two studies, 3268 participants)
were 0,51 (95% CI 0,46 to 0,56) and 0,68 (95% CI 0,60 to 0,75); specificity for the HEART
risks score was 0,90 (95% CI 0,88 to 0,91) and 0,92 (95% CI 0,90 to 0,94). Estimates of
sensitivity for the GRACE risk score (three studies, 5824 participants) were 0,03 (95% CI0,01 to 0,05); 0,20 (95% CI 0,14 to 0,29) and 0,79 (95% CI 0,58 to 0,93). The specificity was
1,00 (95% CI 0,99 to 1,00); 0,97 (95% CI 0,95 to 0,98) and 0,78 (95% CI 0,73 to 0,82). On
the SROC curve analysis, there was a trend for the GRACE risk score to perform better than
the HEART risk score in predicting acute coronary syndrome in adults.
Conclusion: Both risk scores showed that they had value in accurately predicting the
presence of acute coronary syndrome in adults. The GRACE showed a positive trend
towards better prediction ability than the HEART risk score. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Koronêre bloedvatsiekte is ‘n vorm van kardiovaskulêre siekte. Koronêre
hartsiekte manifesteer in drie maniere: angina pectoris, akute koronêre sindroom en
hartdood. Drie-en-dertig mense sterf daagliks aan ‘n miokardiale infarksie (hartdood). Daar
is 7,5 miljoen sterftes jaarliks as gevolg van kardiovaskulêre siektes (51% deur beroertes en
45% as gevolg van koronêre hartsiektes) wêreldwyd. Globaal is die sterfte syfer as gevolg
van koronêre vaskulêre siekte net 4% in vergelyking met Suid Afrika, wat ‘n 42% sterfte
syfer het. Dit word voorspel dat teen die jaar 2030 daar 25 miljoen sterfgevalle jaarliks sal
wees, meestal toegeskryf aan kardiovaskulêre siektes. Die hoof oorsaak van sterfgevalle sal
toegeskryf word aan beroertes en hart siektes. Die WHO het die sterf gevalle van hoeinkoms
lande vergelyk met die van lae- en middel-inkoms lande, soos Suid Afrika, en die
resultate het bewys dat sterf gevalle as gevolg van kardiovaskulêre siekte is besig om te
daal in hoe-inkoms lande maar dit is besig om skerp te styg in lae- en middel-inkoms lande.
Daar is verskeie risiko-voorspelling instrumente wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om isgemiese
risiko te voorspel, maar Suid Afrika gebruik geen van die risiko-voorspelling instrumente nie.
Huidiglik word akute koronêre sindroom gediagnoseer met die gebruik van n fisiese
ondersoek, EKG verandering en positiewe serum kardiale merkers. Internationaal word die
selfde gebruik maar risiko-voorspelling instrumente word aditioneel by gebruik omdat daar
limitasies is met EKG en serum kardiale merkers as dit by NSTE-ACS kom.
Doelwit: Die doel van hierdie sisematiese literatuuroorsig was om stelselmatig die bewyse
te evalueer oor die akkuraatheid van akute koronêre sindroom risiko-voorspelling
instrumente vir volwassenes.
Metodes: 'n Uitgebreide literatuursoektog van studies wat in Engels gepubliseer is was
onderneem. Cochrane biblioteek, MEDLINE, Embase en CINAHL databases was deursoek.
Ander bronne is ook deursoek. Die tiepe studies ingesluit was deurnsee-studies,
kohortstudies en verewekansigde gekontroleerde studies. Alle artikels is onafhanklik vir die
metodologiese kwaliteit gekeur deur twee beoordeelaars met die gebruik van die QUADAS-2
instrument, ‘n gestandaardiseerde instrument. ‘n Aangepaste Cochrane data instrument is
gebruik om data te onttrek. Data is opgeneem in Review Manager 5.2 sagteware vir
ontleding. Sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit is bereken vir elke risiko instrument en ‘n SROC kurwe
is geskep. Die SROC kurwe is gebruik om die akkuraatheid van voorspelling van elke
instrument te evalueer en te toets.
Resultate: Twee HEART studies en drie GRACE studies is ingesluit. In total was daar 9 092
patiente wat deelgeneeem het in die gekose studies. Skattings van sensitiwiteit vir die HEART risiko instrument (twee studies, 3268 deelnemers) was 0,51 (95% CI 0,47 to 0,56)
en 0,68 (95% CI 0,60 to 0,75) spesifisiteit vir die HEART risiko instrument was 0,89 (95% CI
0,88 to 0,91) en 0,92 (95% CI 0,90 to 0,94). Skattings van sensitiwiteit vir die GRACE risiko
instrument (drie studies, 5824 deelnemers) was 0,28 (95% CI 0,13 to 0,53); 0,20 (95% CI
0,14 to 0,29) en 0,79 (95% CI 0,58 to 0,93). Die spesifisiteit vir die GRACE risiko instrument
was 0,97 (95% CI 0,95 to 0,99); 0,97 (95% CI 0,95 to 0,98) en 0,78 (95% CI 0,73 to 0,82).
Met die SROC kurwe ontleding was daar ‘n tendens vir die GRACE risiko instrument om
beter te vaar as die HEART risiko instrument in die voorspelling van akute koronêre
sindroom in volwassenes.
Gevolgtrekking: Altwee risiko instrumente toon aan dat albei instrumente van waarde is.
Albei het die vermoë om die teenwoordigheid van akute koronêre sindroom in volwassenes
te voorspel. Die GRACE toon ‘n positiewe tendens teenoor beter voorspelling vermoë as die
HEART risiko instrument.
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The prevalence of coronary risk factors among children, ages 11 to 13, in selected Western Cape schoolsDe Klerk, Danelle Ria 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Numerous studies have shown that coronary artery disease (CAD) has its origin in
childhood. Several risk factors that increase a person's risk for the development of CAD
are prevalent amongst children. South African statistics concerning the prevalence of
these risk factors are limited.
Research has shown that early intervention to eliminate risk factors can decrease the
risk for the development of CAD.
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of certain coronary risk
factors amongst children aged 11 to 13 years in certain Western Cape schools. Certain
selected factors were tested. These included obesity, lack of physical activity,
hypertension, low physical fitness (V02max), a family history associated with an
increased risk, exposure to cigarette smoke, prevalence of diabetes mellitus and an
unhealthy diet.
The sample consisted out of 288 children and was made up by 154 boys and 134 girls.
Certain anthropometrical measurements (stature, weight, skinfoids, waist and hip
circumferences) were taken. Activity levels, family history, exposure to cigarette smoke,
prevalence of diabetes mellitus and diet, were measured by means of questionnaires.
Physical fitness (V02max) was tested with a three-minute step-test. A
sphygmomanometer was used to measure blood pressure. Depending on the
circumference of the child's arm, a paediatric or adult size cuff was used.
The results of the study showed that 22.01% of the boys and 59.7% of the girls had a
percentage body fat so high that it was considered a coronary risk factor. Physical
fitness levels were considered risk factors in 2.6% of the boys and 9% of the girls. A
very high percentage of the children tested had a family history associated with an
increased risk for the development of CAD (73.38% of the boys and 78.36% of the girls).
Systolic hypertension was prevalent among 22.01% of the boys and 23.13% of the girls. Diastolic hypertension was only prevalent among 5.19% of the boys and 5.97% of the
girls. Low activity levels were considered a risk factor in 31.17% of the boys and
39.55% of the girls. Out of all the subjects, 32.47% of the boys and 37.31% of the girls
were exposed to cigarette smoke on a daily basis.
The results of this study shows that certain coronary risk factors are quite common
amongst children. Prevention programmes that focuses on elimination of coronary risk
factors, such as hypertension, inactivity and obesity, is essential for the prevention of
subsequent coronary artery disease in adults. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie studies het al bewys dat koronêre hartvatsiekte (KHS) reeds sy ontstaan het in
kinders van baie jong ouderdomme. Verskeie risikofaktore wat tot die latere ontstaan
van KHS lei kom ook onder jong kinders voor. Statistiek ten opsigte van die voorkoms
van hierdie risikofaktore onder kinders in Suid-Afrika is egter baie beperk.
Verskeie navorsing toon dat vroeë intervensie kan lei tot "n verlaging in risiko vir die
ontwikkeling van KHS op "n latere stadium.
Die doel van die studie was om die voorkoms van sekere koronêre risikofaktore in
kinders in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Sekere risikofaktore is ondersoek, dit het ingesluit,
obesiteit, lae fisieke aktiwitietsvlakke, hipertensie, lae fisieke fiksheid (V02maks), 'n
familie geskiedenis wat geassosieer word met "n verhoogte risiko, blootstelling aan
sigaret rook, die voorkoms van diabetes mellitus en "n swak dieet.
Die steekproef het bestaan uit 288 kinders waarvan 134 meisies en 154 seuns was.
Verskeie antropometriese meetings (lengte, massa, velvoue, middel- en heup
omtrekmates) is geneem. Aktiwiteitsvlakke, familiegeskiedenis, blootstelling aan
sigarette rook, voorkoms van diabetes mellitus en dieet is deur middel van vraelyste
vasgestel. Fisieke fiksheid (V02maks) is deur middel van "n drie-minuut-opstaptoets
vasgestel. Bloeddruk is met "n sfigmomanometer gemeet. Afhangend van die omtrek
van die kind se arm is "n pediatries- of volwasse-grootte drukband gebruik.
Persentasie liggaamsvet was by 22.01% van die seuns en 59.7% van die meisies so
hoog dat dit as "n risikofaktor beskou kan word. Fisieke fiksheidsvlakke kan by 2.6%
van die seuns en 9% van die meisies as "n risikofaktor beskou word. "n Baie hoë
persentasie van die kinders het "n familiegeskiedenis gehad wat geassosieer word met
"n verhoogde risiko vir die ontwikkeling van KHS (73.38% van die seuns en 78.36% van
die meisies). Sistoliese hipertensie het onder 22.01% van die seuns en 23.13% van die
meisies voorgekom. Diastoliese hipertensie het baie minder voorgekom as sistoliese
hipertensie (5.19% van die seuns en 5.97% van die meisies). Lae aktiwiteitsvlakke het onder 31.17% van die seuns en 39.55% van die meisies voorgekom. 'n Redelike hoë
persentasie van die kinders word daagliks aan sigaretrook van hulouers of oppassers
blootgestel (32.47% van die seuns en 37.31% van die meisies.)
Die resultate van die studie dui aan dat daar 'n redelike hoë voorkoms van sekere
koronêre risikofaktore onder kinders is. Ondersoek moet ingestel word na moontlike,
goed gestruktureerde intervensieprogramme.
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The effect of dietary patterns on risk factors for CHD : a comparative study of students residing at the Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies in the PhilippinesJenneke, Cindy A. N. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study was to determine the nutritional
status of vegetarian and non-vegetarian students in relation to their dietary
preferences and risk factors (dietary, physical inactivity and obesity) for CHD.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical study.
Setting: The Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies (AIIAS)
situated in the province of Cavite, Philippines.
METHODS: The sampling frame was all graduate students at AIIAS (n=203). Of
these students 153 returned the distributed dietary questionnaires which
determined dietary practices, thus yielding a stratified random sample of 70
registered students (≥20y and ≤50y) who met the inclusion criteria of the study.
Three 24-hour recalls and a self-administered food frequency questionnaire
assessed dietary practices. Lifestyle was assessed by means of questionnaires,
which also included the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects.
Anthropometric measurements included height, weight and waist circumferences.
RESULTS: Seventy subjects participated in the study [non-vegetarian (n=38)
and vegetarian (n=32)]. The mean age of subjects was 33.3 [(SD) 1.6] and 38.4
(1.9) years for non-vegetarian and vegetarian males respectively, with the
respective means for females being 35.7 (2.0) and 33.2 (2.1) years. The majority
of the vegetarians’ income was insignificantly below $10.000 as compared with
that of non-vegetarians’, in whom annual income earned was within the $10.000-
$50.000 range per year. Variations in level of education between the dietary
groups were small and inconsistent, most of whom were characterized by a high
education level. Within this cohort, mean BMI and WC were insignificantly lower
in the vegetarians when compared with the non-vegetarians. For males, the
prevalence of overweight, pre-obese and obese (p>0.05) for non-vegetarians
was insignificantly higher than vegetarians. Insignificantly, female vegetarians
were more pre-obese than non-vegetarians. As far as waist circumference was
concerned, the prevalence of subjects observed in the alerting (≥94cm) and
action zone (≥102cm) (p≤0.05) was 21% and 4% for non-vegetarian males, while
0% and 6% for vegetarian males. For females, more vegetarians were insignificantly prevalent in the alerting zone (≥80cm) as compared to the nonvegetarians.
Both dietary cohorts illustrated no considerable differences that
exemplified moderate to a high level of physical activity. All subjects, regardless
of dietary preference, were non-smokers and consumed no alcohol (p>0.05).
Overall, mean daily nutrient intake met current recommendations and there was
no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts, except for fat and
saturated fatty acids (SFA), which was higher among the non-vegetarians.
Carbohydrate and fiber consumption was greater in the vegetarians. According to
the DRIs, there were no intakes above the UL, however inadequate intakes of
calcium and zinc posed possible risk of deficiency for both dietary groups.
CONCLUSIONS: A small percentage of subjects in both cohorts were at risk of
CHD morbidity. Both groups followed good lifestyle habits with dietary choices
being of greater concern among non-vegetarians.
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