Prior research on covenants show that they are frequently included in corporate debt agreements as means of mitigating bondholder-stockholder conflicts. As covenants should be more frequently included when there is a higher degree of bondholder-stockholder conflict, what is then the relation between covenants and spread? Our results show that on the Norwegian corporate debt market, bonds that include covenants have a higher spread than those that do not. The results of an OLS-regression using some of the most common covenants, Z’-score and bond spread shows that the 43 % of bond spread can be explained by whether the bond includes dividend restrictions, equity restrictions and poison puts, and the Z’-score of the issuer.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: Sheridan Titman. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Essa pesquisa busca investigar a influência de diferentes níveis de fatores na variância da maturidade do endividamento corporativo na América Latina. Ao todo, foram levantados cinco diferentes grupos (divididos em três níveis de influência) de variáveis que potencialmente determinam a maturidade do endividamento das empresas dos países estudados ao longo do período de 1996 a 2009. Foi utilizado o modelo linear hierárquico, que possibilita o aninhamento de variáveis em diferentes níveis – em que os níveis superiores influenciam os níveis inferiores. Ao longo do estudo, procedeu-se à análise fatorial com o objetivo de extrair fatores representativos do nível de desenvolvimento financeiro e da qualidade das instituições de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México, Peru, Venezuela e Estados Unidos (países componentes da amostra). Os resultados sugerem que as variações ao longo do tempo e as variações entre as empresas são as maiores fontes de modificações na maturidade do endividamento. Além disso, o tamanho, a liquidez, a taxa real de juros e o nível de desenvolvimento financeiro do país se sobressaem como fatores que impactam de forma significativa a maturidade do endividamento corporativo. Finalmente, os fatores extraídos e a taxa real de juros impactaram indiretamente na maturidade do endividamento através de outras variáveis, a saber: oportunidades de crescimento, tamanho e liquidez. / This research investigates the influence of distinct factor´s levels in corporate debt maturity in Latin America. Five different variables groups (divided into three influence levels) that potentially determine the corporate debt maturity in the countries studied were collected over the period 1996 to 2009. We used Hierarchical Linear Modeling, which allows nesting of variables at different levels – in which the higher levels may influence the lower levels. Throughout the study, we proceeded to factor analysis in order to extract financial development and institutional quality factors in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and the United States (countries belonging to the sample). The results suggest that variations over time and variations between firms are the major sources of changes in corporate debt maturity. Moreover, size, liquidity, the real interest rate and the financial development stand out as factors that impact significantly the corporate debt maturity. Finally, the extracted factors and the real interest rate indirectly impacted the corporate debt maturity by others variables, namely: growth opportunities, size and liquidity.

Essa pesquisa busca investigar a influência de diferentes níveis de fatores na variância da maturidade do endividamento corporativo na América Latina. Ao todo, foram levantados cinco diferentes grupos (divididos em três níveis de influência) de variáveis que potencialmente determinam a maturidade do endividamento das empresas dos países estudados ao longo do período de 1996 a 2009. Foi utilizado o modelo linear hierárquico, que possibilita o aninhamento de variáveis em diferentes níveis – em que os níveis superiores influenciam os níveis inferiores. Ao longo do estudo, procedeu-se à análise fatorial com o objetivo de extrair fatores representativos do nível de desenvolvimento financeiro e da qualidade das instituições de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México, Peru, Venezuela e Estados Unidos (países componentes da amostra). Os resultados sugerem que as variações ao longo do tempo e as variações entre as empresas são as maiores fontes de modificações na maturidade do endividamento. Além disso, o tamanho, a liquidez, a taxa real de juros e o nível de desenvolvimento financeiro do país se sobressaem como fatores que impactam de forma significativa a maturidade do endividamento corporativo. Finalmente, os fatores extraídos e a taxa real de juros impactaram indiretamente na maturidade do endividamento através de outras variáveis, a saber: oportunidades de crescimento, tamanho e liquidez. / This research investigates the influence of distinct factor´s levels in corporate debt maturity in Latin America. Five different variables groups (divided into three influence levels) that potentially determine the corporate debt maturity in the countries studied were collected over the period 1996 to 2009. We used Hierarchical Linear Modeling, which allows nesting of variables at different levels – in which the higher levels may influence the lower levels. Throughout the study, we proceeded to factor analysis in order to extract financial development and institutional quality factors in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and the United States (countries belonging to the sample). The results suggest that variations over time and variations between firms are the major sources of changes in corporate debt maturity. Moreover, size, liquidity, the real interest rate and the financial development stand out as factors that impact significantly the corporate debt maturity. Finally, the extracted factors and the real interest rate indirectly impacted the corporate debt maturity by others variables, namely: growth opportunities, size and liquidity.

Share repurchases reached a decade-high level in 2019, just as US equity indices reached a historical zenith, a move in tandem that supports more than merely a correlative relation. However, this relationship moves beyond that of just a close tandem move in indices alongside share repurchases, but to the behavior of firms which began to leverage themselves in order to promote the evermore profitable strategy of large buyback programs. Those repurchases indicate an idiosyncratic and procyclical leveraging that, while much smaller in scope and less combustible by lack of derivative amplification, led to the gorging on unsustainable debt described by Hyman Minsky and experienced in the Great Financial Crisis in the banking industry. In this case, the 'Minsky moment' that may have inevitably popped the self-promotion bubble came in the form of the 'black swan' event of the coronavirus outbreak. This paper aims to historically frame the issues, with delimitation of the effect of buybacks from 2009 to early 2020 with scant reference to historical factors influencing the increased usage of share repurchase programs. The analysis within this historical scope will reflect empirical measures on the market-wide level of share buybacks and debt levels alongside the concurrent equity index acceleration....

This work develops some simple models to study risky corporate debt using first passage-time approach. Analytical valuation expression derived from different models as functions of firm’s values and the short-term interest rate with time-dependent parameters governing the dynamics of the firm values and interest rate. We develop some numerical approximation of the analytical valuation, which is given implicitly through Voltera integral equation related to the density of the first-passage- time that a firm reaches some specified default barrier. For some appropriate default barrier arising from financial considerations we obtain a closed-form solution, which is more flexible for numerical calculation. / Doctorat en sciences de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Presented to the School of Accountancy University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg This research report is submitted to the faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) Date: 31 March 2016 / This research focuses on large corporate transactions and acknowledges that they play a significant role in the allocation of resources in society. For this reason (1) the composition of firms’ capital structure and (2) how they choose to fund their investments are important. The South African income tax system has a bias towards debt and this bias (1) distorts the financing and investment decisions of firms; and (2) creates international tax arbitrage opportunities. These circumstances are not exclusive to South Africa. In order to address these distortions and loopholes the National Treasury and the SARS Commissioner have introduced complicated interest deduction limitations. This research critically analyses (1) the new adjusted tax rules concerning interest deduction limitations in finance transactions and (2) whether these new rules encourage investment. To assist with this critical analysis we use corporate finance theory to examine debt push-down transactions/structures because these structures are seen as highly tax-efficient for investors (both foreign and local). This research demonstrates that there are many different ways to finance a transaction but ultimately the choice of finance lies along the continuum between the issue of debt or equity. From an economic perspective this research confirms that there is no material reason for the disparate treatment between debt and equity. However from a legal perspective debt and equity instruments are materially distinct and thus tax considerations are influential in selecting the form of finance used in a transaction. This research not only concludes that leverage transactions utilising excessive debt pose a risk to tax revenues, tax sovereignty and tax fairness but also that the artificial statutory treatment of interest deductions on leverage transactions and working capital facilities means that (1) firms’ ability to finance their operations is reduced, (2) the value of firms is reduced and (3) the incentive for investors to invest in South Africa is also reduced. / MT2017

Despite its prominent role in firms' external financing, debt is highly underrepresented in the academic literature, compared to equity financing (Cumming, 2016). This thesis investigates corporate debt under diverse bankruptcy regulation in Europe (Chapter 1), as well as benefits arising from debt renegotiation among US firms (Chapter 2 and 3). The first study examines whether corporate borrowing responds to the strength of creditor rights, which differ greatly across countries. We use a difference-in-differences (DiD) methodology around an EU-wide bankruptcy reform in 2002 as an exogenous shock that reshaped the institutional environment for corporate debtors and their creditors in Europe. Our findings suggest that subsidiaries in the EU decrease their leverage when they are exposed to less creditor-friendly regimes after 2002, while there is hardly any impact on leverage when shifting to an equally creditor-friendly regime, and even less so when shifting to a more creditor-friendly one. We conclude that the legal environment under which credit is granted matters for firms' access to finance. The following two studies take a closer look into the bank-firm relationship during which renegotiations of existing loans are frequently observed. While the area of private debt renegotiation (among healthy firms) is not very well researched so far, this is the first study to link between loan renegotiation and firms' credit rating (Chapter 2) and firms' adjustments toward capital structure targets (Chapter 3). Firms' credit rating is important as it determines the rate firms have to pay for private debt and it governs capital requirements of lenders (Basel II and III). The study shows a positive impact on a firm's credit ratings whenever there was a loan amendment in the month prior to the rating update. Amending loans after the initial loan contract therefore carries signalling power to the capital market (in line with existing literature) and implies benefits to both borrowers and lenders. The third study finds an additional beneficial effect of loan amendments for firms. We investigate whether loan amendments might serve as a channel available to firms to speed up their adjustments toward capital structure targets. Against a broad range of alternative leverage target definitions used in the capital structure literature recently, loan amendments tend to accelerate firms' speed of adjustments by up to 10.6 percent points within twelve months after the loan has been amended (in addition to firms' general speed of adjustment). Therefore, our studies provide evidence for additional, novel benefits of corporate debt renegotiation which encourages firms to update and optimise financial contract design even after origination.

Submitted by Roberto Reis (rrreis@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T02:16:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Roberto Reis Final (23 03 15).pdf: 362135 bytes, checksum: 080037f5fda80534e6b24178b2f68aef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-08-03T18:35:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Roberto Reis Final (23 03 15).pdf: 362135 bytes, checksum: 080037f5fda80534e6b24178b2f68aef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-08-04T11:53:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Roberto Reis Final (23 03 15).pdf: 362135 bytes, checksum: 080037f5fda80534e6b24178b2f68aef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-04T11:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Roberto Reis Final (23 03 15).pdf: 362135 bytes, checksum: 080037f5fda80534e6b24178b2f68aef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / Debt financing decisions have impact in capital structure by altering the leverage, ownership structure and maturity of debt. Most popular theories about composition of debt predicts negative reaction of stocks when a firm issue public bonds. My results does not support that effect at least directly. However, the determinants of the issue are consistent with the predictions, with some particularities about Brazilian economy. / As decisões de financiamento com dívida têm impacto na estrutura de capital através da alteração da alavancagem, da titularidade e da maturidade da dívida. As teorias mais populares sobre a composição da dívida, preveem um efeito negativo nas ações quando uma empresa emite debêntures. Os meus resultados não confirmam esse efeito, pelo menos diretamente. Contudo os determinantes da emissão são consistentes com as previsões, com algumas particularidades da economia Brasileira.