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Corporate contracts and legal evolution / Contratación corporativa y evolución legalEscobar Rozas, Freddy 30 April 2018 (has links)
In any contractual operation, risks are presented, which have a significant cost in economic operations. In view of this, the parties, in exercise of their contractual freedom, regulate the allocation of risks in the most appropriate way to their needs, seeking efficiency. In this article, the author explains the importance of risks in contractual operations, the reason for the modification of legal provisions of risk allocation, and why contracts should be interpreted literally. / En toda operación contractual, se presentan riesgos, los cuales tienen un costo significativo en las operaciones económicas. Ante ello, las partes, en ejercicio de su libertad contractual, regulan la asignación de los riesgos de la forma más acorde a su necesidad, buscando la eficiencia. En el presente artículo, el autor explica la relevancia de los riegos en las operaciones contractuales, la razón de la modificación de las disposiciones legales de asignación de riesgo y por qué los contratos deben interpretarse literalmente.
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Retenção pecuniária e autotutela nos contratos empresariaisQueiroz, Ana Alice Lima de 06 November 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-11-06 / O trabalho investiga as hipóteses de retenção pecuniária e o exercício de autotutela presentes nos contratos interempresariais através de pesquisa dos diversos institutos utilizados e expressos nas disposições contratuais acordadas entre as partes. Para este fim, considera retenção pecuniária as hipóteses de suspensão ou glosa, temporária ou definitiva, parcial ou integral, do pagamento de valores devidos pela contratante à contratada. O mecanismo é bastante utilizado nos contratos interempresariais e espelha em sua forma e conteúdo a experiência destes atores. É postulado como uma das soluções para redimir a mora e o inadimplemento das partes, e, na maioria dos casos, permite a continuidade regular do contrato, com benefícios aos envolvidos, aos terceiros e à sociedade. O estudo avalia a aderência destas postulações à legislação e aos princípios informadores dos contratos, tendo em conta sua adequação ao objeto desejado pelas partes. A autotutela das contratantes deste mecanismo se passa na maioria dos casos à margem da lei, mas se pauta pela intepretação dos tribunais. Em sua primeira parte, o trabalho define os recortes da pesquisa empírica pervasiva e da metodologia utilizada. Na sequência, descreve os mecanismos usuais de retenção divididos em quatro capítulos – retenção determinada por previsão legal; retenção como garantia de cumprimento do contrato; retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação contratual e retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação extracontratual – detalhando as práticas, o enquadramento jurídico das condutas encontradas e sugerindo alguns ajustes que facilitem sua sustentação em sede judicial. Na conclusão são retomados os principais aspectos das práticas usuais, sua fundamentação jurídica, identificados os pontos de atenção e feitas algumas recomendações para o uso deste mecanismo nos contratos interempresariais, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma referência para aqueles que trabalham na elaboração destas minutas. / This paper investigates correlation between pecuniary retention hypothesis and self-help dispositions, as found in most corporate agreements. It is based on research of several mechanisms, as generally used and expressed by the contractual terms agreed between the parties. For such purpose, the definition of pecuniary retention would be suspending or withholding, temporarily or definitely, in whole or in part, the payment of amounts due by the contracting party to the contracted party. This resource is widely used within corporate agreements. Format and contents thereof are generally expressing past situations, as experienced by stakeholders, who use them as alternative solutions for preventing delays or reducing breach of contractual obligations by the parties and, in most cases, ensuring the continuity and completion of the contract as desired originally, benefitting the contracting parties, third parties and the society at large. The paper evaluates the adequacy of these practices in light of Brazilian legislation and of contractual law principles, taking into consideration their matching with the utmost object, as agreed between the parties. These self-help mechanisms are regularly practiced among contractors, and although not usually disputed, are designed according to courts interpretations. The first part of the paper defines the pervasive empirical survey details and methodology. Follows a description of the usual pecuniary retention mechanisms, divided into four chapters – withholding by legal provision; withholding as guarantee for contract completion, withholding as a result of infringement of contractual obligations and withholding for preventing default of extra contractual obligations – describing in detail the practices, the applicable legislation and suggesting a few adjustments, to help sustain their exercise in case of a court judgment. The conclusion reviews the relevant aspects of the usual practices, their legal basis and key points, followed by a few recommendations on how to use such mechanism in corporate agreements, with the purpose of providing reference for those who are in charge of drafting these contracts.
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