This study presents an investigation of ethnic discrimination in municipalities, by conducting a corresponding test, asking for information about available housing plots, and further examines if the municipalities are contributing to the ethnic discrimination in the housing market. The experiment was conducted by creating two fictitious couples, one Arabic and one Swedish, which was used in the emails, which then was sent out to all municipalities in Sweden. The corresponding test measured the callback rate, the time to receive a reply from the municipality and excluded auto generated replies from the municipalities. We present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the treatment of non natives, using the variable Reply, we found that the Arabic couple were being discriminated against on a 5 percent significance level, with them getting 8,62 percent less answers, Thus, the study's findings indicate that the Arabic couple is being disfavored, relative to the Swedish couple, when emailing municipalities. We conclude that municipalities, could be a contributing factor to the existing ethnic discrimination of non natives in the housing market.

This paper analyzes whether there are differences in treatment for Western-Balkan and Arabic sounding names when requesting information about the Swedish for Immigrants (SFI) program by Swedish municipalities. To answer this question, a correspondence test was conducted in which all 290 municipalities in Sweden were contacted via emails from two fictitious inquirers. We were able to gather data on six outcome variables from this correspondence test, which were chosen to measure the time and effort spent on replies to each inquirer. The results suggest that government officials provide differential treatment in favor of a Western-Balkan-sounding name, but that the outcome variables are relatively small. Moreover, we found no strong evidence for whether this differential treatment is due to taste-based or statistical discrimination. The findings in our study highlights potential consequences for immigrants with an Arabic background as limited access to the SFI program could have implications for their integration into the labor market.

This study presents the results from the first-ever correspondence test to study hiring discrimination against disabled individuals in the Swedish labor market. Fictitious applications (N = 768) were sent to employers posting cleaner jobs on the Swedish Public Employment Service.The findings in this thesis suggest that disabled applicants are being discriminated against when applying for cleaning jobs in the Swedish labor market. Disabled applicants were less likely to receive a positive employer response than non-disabled applicants, which was evident for both male and female applicants. Moreover, the findings also suggest that non-disabled male applicants were less likely to receive positive employer responses than disabled female applicants, indicating that male applicants are especially subject to discrimination when applying for cleaning jobs in the Swedish labor market. These findings imply that the labor market policy Samhall fail to fulfill its goal of improving the chances of disabled individuals entering the regular labor market.

This thesis consists of four empirical studies on ethnic integration in the Swedish labor market. Studies I-III draw on a field experiment testing ethnic discrimination in the hiring process. Study I documents the existence of employer discrimination in response to equally merited applications with Arabic/African or Swedish names, and shows that foreign-named applicants have to send twice as many applications to receive a callback compared to Swedish-named applicants. Results also suggest that employers in female-dense occupations practice ethnic and gender compensation while employers in male-dense occupations practice only gender compensation. Study II reveals gendered differences in the intensity of employer stereotypes by testing how much more work experience is needed to eliminate the disadvantage of having an Arabic name on a job application. Results indicate a reverse gender gap, as initial differences in call-backs disappear for female applicants when CVs for Arabic-named applications are enhanced but remain strong and significant for male applicants. Study III evaluates criticism directed at residual analysis and field experiments that claims that they tell us nothing about real world discrimination and its long-term effects. By combining experimental and register data, Study III responds to this criticism by showing that the results of Study I correspond closely with real world labor market inequality of identical ‘twins’ (identified through propensity score matching) to the fictive individuals of Study I. Study IV explores the strategies underlying surname change from a Middle Eastern name to a more Swedish sounding one, drawing on 45 interviews with surname changers with a Middle Eastern background. The results indicate that immigrant name change is a pragmatic assimilation strategy. The study also illustrates how the institutional enabling of name change both creates and enables pragmatic assimilation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Submitted by Joice Garcia (joicegodoigarcia@gmail.com) on 2017-09-29T18:38:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_Tese Orientação Sexual e Discriminação.pdf: 904417 bytes, checksum: 120524468fce22fbfa67235e44f45ea8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-09-29T19:11:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_Tese Orientação Sexual e Discriminação.pdf: 904417 bytes, checksum: 120524468fce22fbfa67235e44f45ea8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T19:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_Tese Orientação Sexual e Discriminação.pdf: 904417 bytes, checksum: 120524468fce22fbfa67235e44f45ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Esta tese apresenta o primeiro experimento social realizado para analisar a discriminação de homossexuais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Chamado de teste por correspondência, foi conduzido um experimento que simula o contato entre o (a) empregador (a) e o candidato através do envio de currículos fictícios para vagas reais de trabalho. Todas as características produtivas do currículo de tratamento e de controle foram idênticas à exceção da experiência de trabalho voluntário. Por aleatorização, em um currículo foi sinalizado que o candidato trabalhou em uma organização gay (tratamento) e no outro currículo não (controle). A partir disto foi observado, em simulações com diferentes níveis de informação sobre a produtividade dos candidatos, se houve uma diferença sistemática entre seus respectivos call-backs – retornos de convites para continuidade do processo seletivo. Os resultados deste trabalho apontam que, em um cenário de maior assimetria de informação, ser associado ou identificado como homossexual tem um efeito negativo na probabilidade de contratação. / This thesis presents the first social experiment conducted to analyze discrimination against gays in the Brazilian labor market within the state of São Paulo. A correspondence test was carried out by sending simulated fictitious resumés to current jobs openings. All candidate characteristics were identical between the two resumés sent out, except for the experience of voluntary work: one curriculum was signaled that the candidate worked in a gay organization (treatment) and the other did not (control). The selection of which resumé to send out per job opening was entirely random. Simulations were then carried out within different informational scenarios for labor productivity, to verify the existence of statistically different levels of callbacks between treatment and control groups. The results indicate that, within a scenario of larger informational asymmetry, being associated to or identified as gay has a negative effect of the probability of employment.