Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references.

A partir da obra Cossacos, romance de Lev Tolstói cuja narrativa tem como protagonista os cossacos de Grében, a tese faz um extenso estudo acerca do homem natural e de seu principal veículo de expressão, a música, fruto da relação desse personagem com seu meio. A análise se fundamenta nos escritos do filósofo Jean-Jacques Rousseau (maior mestre do autor russo) a respeito do estado de natureza e da origem da linguagem musical primeira forma de comunicação que o selvagem, incitado pelas necessidades morais (e não físicas), ter-se-ia utilizado para travar contato com seu semelhante. O capítulo inicial se atém no Cáucaso, localidade montanhosa ao sul da Rússia, onde a história se desenrola e que é palco de obrasprimas da literatura russa que precederam Cossacos. Os capítulos seguintes, então, dedicamse a elucidar por que motivo Tolstói teria representado seu personagem, herdeiro do bom selvagem de Rousseau, como um homem ávido pela música - um Homem-Música. Para isso, o trabalho se propõe a trilhar o caminho empreendido pelo próprio Tolstói, procurando dimensionar a relação do autor com a música e com esse homem tradicional que, no decurso de sua trajetória, retratou sob inúmeras roupagens. / Taking its cue from the novel \"Cossacks\" Lev Tolstoy\'s work that featuring the Grebenski Cossacks as protagonists the thesis develops an extensive study of the \"natural man\" and music, his most remarkable means of expression and a product of his relationship with his surroundings. This study bases itself on the writings of philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau the Russian author\'s premier influence regarding the State of Nature and the origins of musical language and, allegedly, the earliest means of communication borne out of his moral (and not physical) need to establish contact with his equal. The first chapter deals with the Caucasus, a mountainous region in southern Russia where the story takes place as do numerous masterpieces that preceded Tolstoy\'s novel. Subsequent chapters attempt to explain the reasons why the author presented his character, a successor to Rousseau\'s \"noble savage\", as a man craving for music a \"Music-Man\", so to speak. As such, this study intends to trail Tolstoy\'s own path and map out his relationship with music and with this traditional man so often portrayed, under numerous guises, in his oeuvre.

A partir da obra Cossacos, romance de Lev Tolstói cuja narrativa tem como protagonista os cossacos de Grében, a tese faz um extenso estudo acerca do homem natural e de seu principal veículo de expressão, a música, fruto da relação desse personagem com seu meio. A análise se fundamenta nos escritos do filósofo Jean-Jacques Rousseau (maior mestre do autor russo) a respeito do estado de natureza e da origem da linguagem musical primeira forma de comunicação que o selvagem, incitado pelas necessidades morais (e não físicas), ter-se-ia utilizado para travar contato com seu semelhante. O capítulo inicial se atém no Cáucaso, localidade montanhosa ao sul da Rússia, onde a história se desenrola e que é palco de obrasprimas da literatura russa que precederam Cossacos. Os capítulos seguintes, então, dedicamse a elucidar por que motivo Tolstói teria representado seu personagem, herdeiro do bom selvagem de Rousseau, como um homem ávido pela música - um Homem-Música. Para isso, o trabalho se propõe a trilhar o caminho empreendido pelo próprio Tolstói, procurando dimensionar a relação do autor com a música e com esse homem tradicional que, no decurso de sua trajetória, retratou sob inúmeras roupagens. / Taking its cue from the novel \"Cossacks\" Lev Tolstoy\'s work that featuring the Grebenski Cossacks as protagonists the thesis develops an extensive study of the \"natural man\" and music, his most remarkable means of expression and a product of his relationship with his surroundings. This study bases itself on the writings of philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau the Russian author\'s premier influence regarding the State of Nature and the origins of musical language and, allegedly, the earliest means of communication borne out of his moral (and not physical) need to establish contact with his equal. The first chapter deals with the Caucasus, a mountainous region in southern Russia where the story takes place as do numerous masterpieces that preceded Tolstoy\'s novel. Subsequent chapters attempt to explain the reasons why the author presented his character, a successor to Rousseau\'s \"noble savage\", as a man craving for music a \"Music-Man\", so to speak. As such, this study intends to trail Tolstoy\'s own path and map out his relationship with music and with this traditional man so often portrayed, under numerous guises, in his oeuvre.

The Russian people and the steppe nomads have maintained a symbiotic relationship for 2600 years that was undeniably fluid; however, for the most part mental and sometimes physical barriers have been erected in Russian society and historiography in an attempt to deny or suppress many aspects of Russia’s “Asian” features or historical past. This thesis aims to bring to light the fluidity and cross-cultural exchanges of this relationship, the substantial influences of steppe societies on Russian society and history, as well as to examine the motives and ideologies behind Russia’s anti-nomadic sentiments that ultimately shaped and censored Russian national history. The invaluable benefits of nomadic and steppe customs in Russian society and on Russian identity have previously been ignored, dismissed or downplayed in Russian historiography, and revisionist historians hope to reverse this and introduce the concept that the rise of the Russian nation would not have been possible without the influence of steppe nomadic societies.

The study aims to examine international protest art in a local cultural policy context. The exhibition Pussy Riot and the Cossacks – Russian Tradition of Art Resistance opened in June, 2014. The study examines the exhibition process along with the reactions the exhibition gave rise to. The methods used consists of idea- and reception analysis where Geir Vestheim's ideal types about instrumental culture is used along with the concept of the arm lengths priciple. Study shows that there are differences in the opinions on the uses of art between the art gallery and its funding agencies Norrbottens läns landsting and Bodens kommun. Study also shows that the specific local context of the exhibition Pussy Riot and the Cossacks together with the viewers previous experiences plays a part in how the exhibition is percieved.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / À partir du 16ième siècle, les Cosaques furent de plus en plus soumis à l'autorité des tsars de Russie tout en restant enracinés dans quelques régions qui étaient les leurs, notamment le Don. Leur savoir-faire militaire et leur utilisation en tant que cavalerie dans les activités défensives et offensives définissaient leur rôle au sein de l'Empire. En retour, ils recevaient de nombreux avantages honorifiques et matériels. Des révoltes épisodiques ne remirent pas en question les liens unissant les Cosaques au tsar. Mais au tournant du 20ième siècle, la situation dans le pays est fragile. Les Cosaques ne sont pas épargnés par les difficultés qui touchent l'ensemble de la population et ils ont les mêmes revendications. Les troubles se succèdent jusqu1à la révolution d'octobre 1917, à la suite de laquelle la Russie plonge dans la Guerre civile qui touche particulièrement le sud du pays et qui perdure jusqu'en 1920. Compte tenu des rapports privilégiés que les Cosaques entretenaient avec le tsar, mais aussi du mythe qui en fait les grands défenseurs de ce dernier, il faut se demander quelle fut leur véritable attitude politique pendant et envers l'épisode révolutionnaire. Telle est la question à laquelle ce mémoire tente de répondre. Pour y parvenir, nous étudions l'historiographie occidentale, francophone et anglophone, depuis les auteurs contemporains des événements jusqu'aux courants les plus récents. L'interprétation des événements d'Octobre dans leur ensemble a fait naître des écoles historiographiques et des visions fort différentes, certaines les réduisant à un coup d'État pendant que d'autres y voient une véritable révolution. En revanche, les historiens s'accordent sur beaucoup de points dans leur analyse globale du comportement politique des Cosaques. Ainsi, il ressort de notre recherche que ces derniers ont eu tendance à opter pour la neutralité et ont fait preuve d'ambivalence envers les deux principaux belligérants de la Guerre civile. Ils ont donné leur appui et se sont engagés avec le camp le plus apte à défendre leurs intérêts à tel ou tel moment. De plus, leurs visées étaient avant tout autonomistes. / From the sixteenth century, the Cossacks became more and more submissive to the authority of the tsar, but remained in some regions of their own, especially the Don. Their military ability and their utilization as cavalry in defense and offensive activities defined their role within the Empire. ln return, they received many honorary and material benefits. Sorne occasional revolts did not weaken the link between the Cossacks and the tsar. But at the turn of the twentieth century, the situation in the country was fragile. The Cossacks were not spared by the difficulties of the population and they had the same demands. The troubles continued until the revolution of october 1917, followed by a civil war that particularly hit the south of the country and lasted until 1920. Taking into account the privileged relations the Cossacks had with the regime, and the myth that described them as great defenders of the tsar, we have to ask ourselves what their real political attitude was towards and during the revolutionary episode. That is the question this thesis tries to answer. ln doing so, we will study the western historiography, francophone and anglophone, since the time of the contemporary authors until the most recent trends. The interpretation of the events of October arose historiographical schools and diff erent visions : some reduced them to a coup d'Etat and others saw a real revolution. On the other hand, the historians agree on lots of questions in their global analysis of the political behaviour of Cossacks. Thus, according to our analysis, the Cossacks had a tendency to opt for neutrality and showed ambivalence towards the two belligerent of the Civil war. They gave their support and took a stand with the side that was more qualified to defend their interests at this or that moment and their aims were foremost separatist.

In 1945, as the Second World War ended, British troops serving under 5 Corps in southern Austria encountered a number of critical problems which hindered their ability to occupy the region and enact the policy of repatriation as set out in the Yalta Agreement. Fragile lines of supply and communication, and the need to feed and house diverse groups of hundreds of thousands of prisoners of war and refugees impeded British attempts to administer the area. Further complicating the situation was the infiltration of Yugoslav Partisans, supposed allies, fighting under Josip Broz Tito who claimed northern Italy and southern Austria as part of a “Greater Yugoslavia.” In preparation of an anticipated forceful ejection of these Partisans, the British military prioritized the fighting effectiveness of its troops over a consistent application of repatriation. The British military issued orders which interpreted Soviet citizenship, and therefore liability for repatriation, in very broad terms. This resulted in an inconsistent application of the policy, in which non-Soviets were either retained or handed over, with both courses of action seemingly in keeping with orders. While subsequent authors, most notably Nikolai Tolstoy and Christopher Booker, have written on this topic, none have yet recognized the connection between the chaotic circumstances in the region and the haphazard application of repatriation. By re-examining archival records of communications between military units involved, this thesis rectifies that lacuna and acknowledges for the first time the irregular and inconsistent nature of these repatriations. / Graduate / 2018-08-11

В работе произведена попытка реконструировать боевой путь терских казачьих частей в составе Вооружённых сил Юга России и Русской армии П. Н. Врангеля. Рассмотрена общая характеристика воинских подразделений терского казачьего войска и их боевой путь от января 1919 г. (когда первые части Добровольческой армии вошли на территорию Терской области) до ноября 1920 г. (эвакуация Терско-Астраханской бригады из Феодосии). / In my work I tried to reconstruct the path of Terek cossack army groups as a part of armed forces in South Russia and Russian army of P.N. Vrangel. I examined overall characteristic of military detachments of Terek cossack army and their war path from january 1919 (when first detachments of Volunteer army entered Terek regiоn) to november 1920 (evacuation of Terek-Astrаkhan brigade from Feodosia).

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