The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the financial, technical and social feasibility of investing in modern Automated People Movers (APM) transportation systems, generally known as monorails, in METU campus which presents a unique opportunity to fulfill the modern-day transportation needs of METU campus. This study complements the Presidency Office&rsquo / s long term goal to integrate environmental, social and economic sustainability into the policies, practices and culture of the university and ultimately reduce the consumption of all resources on campus and traffic congestion and accidents. In this context, the consequent cost-benefit effects of the proposed monorail system on campus life were quantified in monetary expressions and the corresponding multi-criteria feasibility assessment including: Break-even Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Assessments and Cost Benefit Analysis have been done successfully. According to these analyses the overall capital cost of system is $46.5 million which covers the 24 months project construction period, and an additional annual operating and maintenance cost of $2 million will span the 30 year project life time. Three different scenarios were proposed for financing the project and relevant break-even points were determined for each of the scenarios. Eventually, it appears that based on the evaluations, constructing such a transit system in METU campus will be cost effective and will certainly enhance the transportation, and will contribute to the institutional improvements and environmental preservation schemes of METU campus.

<p>Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.</p><p>This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.</p><p>The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.</p>

<p>Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.</p><p>This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.</p><p>The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-143).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 3, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75).

Tidigare studier har visat att det finns en övervägande nytta för samhället som helhet vid införandet och användandet av förstainsatsaktörer. I Sverige har nyttjandet av förstainsatsperson, FIP, inom räddningstjänsten visat på en kortare responstid än övrig styrka vid en olycka. Vid en byggnadsbrand är det enligt räddningstjänstens lagföreskrift ett rökdykarpar som utför livräddningen med resterande styrka (släckbil) verkande i bakgrunden. Den här studien utvärderar på nationell nivå tidsbesparingen (den kortare responstiden för två FIP-enheter jämfört med nästkommande enhet) samt den nytta som införandet och användandet av två FIP-enheter resulterar i för samhället som helhet vid en byggnadsbrand. Metoden för att analysera den minskning i skadevärde som en tidigare påbörjad insats medför genom nyttjandet av två FIP-enheter är en kostnadsnyttometod, även kallad CBA (Cost- benefit analysis). Kostnadsnyttoanalysen ställer den merkostnad som investeringen i FIP- enheter medför i kontrast till den nytta som FIP-enheter bidrar med, har nyttan ett större värde än kostnaden så är projektet samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt. Efter sortering av analysunderlaget genomförts återstod 210 stycken fall med fatal utkomst vid brand i byggnad mellan åren 2010 – 2014. Datamaterialet är från räddningstjänstens insats- samt dödsrapporter som ifyllts vid en olyckshändelse som räddningstjänsten larmats till. Resultatet från analysen visar att den genomsnittliga årliga nyttan av FIP-enheterna är beroende på hur stor andel av den avsedda populationen som återfinns inom stationsområde (benämns som täckningsgrad i studien) samt om stationen väljer att investera i en FIP-enhet eller två FIP-enheter. Täckningsgraden för att det ska vara lönsamt att investera i en FIP-enhet är 5311 stycken individer, för att det ska vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att investera i två FIP-enheter måste stationen täcka 10 621 stycken individer. Investeringsalternativen är till följd av att utgångsläget för räddningstjänstens stationer är av olika art, d.v.s. en del stationer har redan en verksam FIP-enhet. För att stationen i fråga ska kunna ta del av den tänkta åtgärden med tidsbesparingen av två stycken FIP-enheter presenteras därav ett case scenario med investeringsalternativet om en FIP-enhet. Slutsatsen som dras är att det är samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att implementera och nyttja två FIP-enheter för Sveriges räddningstjänster beroende på hur stor andel av Sveriges befolkning som den aktuella stationen täcker och vilket investeringsalternativ som är av intresse. / Previous studies have shown that there is an overwhelming benefit to society as a whole for the introduction and use of first responders. In Sweden, the use of first responders, FIP, for the civil protection demonstrated a shorter response time than the other rescue force when an accident occurred. When there is a fire in a building, according to rescue services regulations a smoke-diving couple performs the lifesaving operation with the residual rescue force (fire engine) acting in the background. This study evaluates if the national time savings; the shorter response time for two FIP units compared with the next unit arriving at the scene of an accident. If the introduction and use of two FIP units and the time saved results in a benefit to the society as a whole when there is a fire in a building. The method for analyzing the reduction in the damaged value as a previously initiated effort involving the use of two FIP units is a cost-benefit approach, also called CBA. Cost-benefit analysis makes the extra cost an investment in FIP units brings in contrast to the benefits that FIP units contributes, is the benefit of greater value than the cost the project is said to be economically viable. After sorting the analytical framework remained 210 cases, with fatal outcomes, for the variable fire in building between the years 2010 - 2014. The data material obtained is from the emergency input and death reports completed after an accident occurred that the rescue services were alerted to. The results of the analysis show that the average annual benefit of FIP units is dependent on the proportion of the intended population found in the station area (referred to as coverage in the study) and if the station chooses to invest in one FIP unit or two FIP units. Adequacy for it to be profitable to invest in one FIP unit requires that the station covers 5311 individuals, for it to be economically profitable to invest in two FIP units the station must cover 10 621 individuals. The investment options are due to the starting position for the rescue stations are of different kinds, i.e. some stations already have an effective FIP unit. For the station in question to take part of the division and time savings with two FIP units therefore a case scenario is presented with the investment option of one FIP unit. The conclusion is that it is economically viable to implement and use two FIP units for Sweden's emergency services depending on the proportion of the population of Sweden that the current station covers and what investment options that are of interest.

Over the last 10 years, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market has experienced tremendous growth due in part to government incentive programs. However the effect and welfare analysis of these policy instruments remain ambiguous. In the first chapter of my dissertation, we estimate a dynamic model of households investment decisions on rooftop PV systems to understand the impact of these programs on residential solar installations and evaluate the outcome of alternative incentive policies. The model separately evaluates the effect of system prices, up-front subsidies, tax credits and production revenues using a 5-year data set collected by the California Solar Initiative program, which subsidized solar installations in California. The results indicate that capacity-based subsidies are equally effective as production-based subsidies, but that the latter are more efficient. With a $100 social cost of carbon, the total subsidies in California would be welfare neutral. If California were only as sunny as Frankfurt, Germany, this value has to be $200 to be welfare neutral. We find that without subsidies, 85% of the existing installations would not have occurred. The second chapter of my dissertation is on the political economics of corruption. This is a relevant question in the Environmental Economics due to the human factors involved in government regulations. We investigate the effects of unhindered corruption in the entry-certifying process of an industry on market structure and social welfare. To gain entry, a firm must pay a bribe-maximizing official an exogenous percentage of anticipated profit, in addition to the usual set up cost. This would lead to a monopoly, but only in markets without pre-existing firms. A benevolent social planner may use bribery to the benefit of society by either manipulating the number of pre-existing firms in the market, or by setting up independent (corrupt) licensing authorities. A socially optimal number of firms in the market may be reached by choosing the right number of pre-existing firms or by having exactly two licensing authorities. These mechanisms may be seen as restoring second-best efficiency in settings characterized by two major sources of distortion: Imperfect competition and corruption.

Darbo tikslas – įvertinti elektroninio recepto, kaip vieno iš el. sveikatos komponentų, panaudojimo tiesioginius ir netiesioginius kaštus bei galimą naudą. Metodologija: siekiant pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą buvo atliekama sisteminė elektroninio recepto ekonominio įvertinimo analizė. Tyrimo metu remtasi kaštų-naudingumo analizės metodologijos gairėmis. Nustatant su tiesioginiais ir netiesioginiais kaštais susijusius kintamuosius, buvo atliktos sveikatos priežiūros specialistų ir įmonių apklausos. Palyginamuoju būdu apskaičiuota galima nauda pacientams. Gauti rezultatai diskontuoti į dabartinę vertinę reikšmę. Atlikta sistemos jautrumo analizė. Rezultatai: Dabar veikiančios receptų sistemos vidutiniai metiniai kaštai sudaro 30.082.691,68 litų. Iš jų 1.489.601,90 litų tenka tiesioginėms išlaidos, o likusioji 28.593.189,71 litų dalis – netiesioginėms išlaidoms. Tarp netiesioginių išlaidų 53,49 proc. sudaro gydytojų darbo laiko išrašant receptus piniginė išraiška, o vaistininkų darbo laiko vertė – 46,51 proc. Elektroninio recepto naudojimo kaštai kasmet sudarytų 19.443.948,08 litus, kurių tarpe 13,85 proc. tenka tiesioginiams kaštams, 86,15 proc. – netiesioginiams kaštams. Tarp netiesioginių išlaidų 63,91 proc. sudaro gydytojų darbo laiko piniginė išraiška, o likusioji dalis - 36.09 proc. vaistininkų darbo laiko vertė. Išvados: Lietuvoje kuriami elektroninio recepto modeliai naudoja naujausias šiuo metu esančias informacines technologijas, turinčias aukščiausius saugumo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object: evaluate the costs and impact of electronic prescription running stage for routine operation. Methodology: Systemic analysis of electronic prescription economical evaluation. It was used guidelines of Cost-Benefit analysis methodology. To estimate the parameters of direct and indirect costs it was made questioning of associated health care specialists and companies; for indirect impact for patients – comparative evaluation. All monetary values are converted onto a comparable base by presenting them in present values, using the discounted cash flow technique. The results of the evaluation were tested by a sensitivity analysis. Results: Present average costs per year – 30,082,691.68 litas. 1,489,601.90 litas – directs costs; 28,593,189.71 – indirect costs. Indirect costs consist of 53.49 % - payment issues for physicians and 46.51 % - for pharmacists. The costs of electronic prescription could be 19,443,948.08 litas per year. This consists of 13.85 % direct and 86.15 % indirect costs (63.91 % – payment issues for physicians; 36.09 % - for pharmacists). Conclusions: Present Lithuanian “e-recept” models use the newest information technologies with the highest standards of safety and security. Preferable method of evaluation of electronic prescribing model is Cost-Benefit analysis. In utilization of this method it was counted that electronic prescription system could help minimize direct and indirect cost by 39.43 % per year. All impact of utilization of electronic... [to full text]

Energy crops may present an opportunity to reduce Nova Scotia’s Greenhouse Gas emissions by offsetting fossil fuel use and provide economic benefits for farmers. They have also received government policy support. To investigate this opportunity, I conduct a partial social cost-benefit analysis using non-equity weighted monetary valuation of growing switchgrass on inactive and underused farmland in Nova Scotia for local residential heating. The private net benefit for farmers, processors and consumers is estimated between $24.9 million and $209.9 million. I estimate that the external net benefit to society from the potential reduction in GHG emissions (at $50/tonne CO2E) ranges from $11.3 million to $72.2 million. This must be taken with caution as the analysis does not account for the entire ecological footprint of the project. While a net benefit to society is suggested, the paper also points to a need for more research surrounding the life-cycle emissions of energy crops.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama socialinio inovacinio projekto ,,Socialinis taksi“ sukurta nauda visuomenei. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pristatoma socialinių inovacinių projektų idėja, aptariama inovacijų situacija Lietuvoje ir projektų vertinimo metodai. Antroje dalyje analizuojamas kaštų naudos analizės atlikimo procesas, pinigų srautų, projekto laikotarpio ir diskonto normos nustatymo problematika, socialinės naudos skaičiavimo būdai. Trečioje dalyje pateikiama projekto naudos visuomenei vertinimo schema, pristatomi tyrimo metu naudoti metodai – interviu, anketavimas, kaštų naudos analizė, jautrumo analizė. Ketvirtoje šio magistrinio darbo dalyje pateikiami respondentų apklausos rezultatai ir jais remiantis atliekamas projekto naudos vertinimas. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. / In this master‘s thesis the benefit created by social innovation project ,,Socialinis taksi“ is calculated. In the first part the idea of social innovation projects is introduced, the situation of innovation in Lithuania is discussed and project evaluation methods are defined. In the second part the process of cost benefit analysis is introduced and the main problems related with determining the period of the project, it‘s cash flow and discount rate are discussed. In the third part the plan for further analysis is set and methods used in the final chapter are presented. In the final chapter the results of the survey are overviewed and cost-benefit analysis is performed. At the end of this paper conclusions are made and recommendations are provided.