Titel: Kapitalkostnadsberäkning för investeringar - En kvantitativ studie av svenska börsnoterade bolag Frågeställningar: Hur beräknas kapitalkostnad primärt i svenska börsnoterade bolag? Skiljer sig beräkningen av kapitalkostnad i svenska börsnoterade bolag beroende på faktorer som  företagsstorlek, sektor och företagsmognad? Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen är att få svar på hur beräkning av kapitalkostnad faktiskt går till i börsnoterade bolag i Sverige och huruvida beräkningen varierar i förhållande till faktorerna företagsstorlek, sektor och företagsmognad.  Metod: Genom att använda av de nämnda faktorerna kunde företags olikheter lyftas på ett bra sätt. Det studerade urvalet bestod av 25 respondenter som besvarade en enkät. Med hjälp av enkätsvaren kunde hypoteser formas och testas. Slutsats: Undersökningen visar att det finns vissa statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan kapitalkostnadsberäkning och företagsstorlek samt en studerad sektor. Vidare lyfter studien vissa olikheter i riskhantering mellan olika företagsstorlekar. Studien presenterar också vilka metoder som används mest för beräkning av kapitalkostnad, kostnad för eget kapital samt kostnad för lånefinansiering i Sverige. De är Weighted average cost of capital, Capital asset pricing model respektive genomsnittlig kostnad. / Title: Cost of capital calculation for investments - A quantitative study of Swedish listed companies Research questions:  How is cost of capital generally calculated in Swedish listed companies? Are there any differences in cost of capital calculation methods in Swedish listed companies depending on company size, sector and company maturity? Purpose: This quantitative study intends to highlight how capital cost calculations are made in Swedish companies. Another part of the aim is to investigate connections between cost of capital calculation and the factors company size, sector and company maturity.  Method: By using the factors, different company disparities could be projected in a useful way. The examined sample of 25 companies answered a survey. With these answers hypotheses were formed and tested. Conclusion: This study shows that there are some statistically significant connections between cost of capital calculation and company size and one examined sector. Furthermore, the study also highlights the differences in consideration of risk in different company sizes. This study also presents a result about the most common methods for calculating cost of capital,cost of equity and cost of debt in Sweden. These are Weighted average cost of capital, Capital asset pricing model respectively average cost.

本論文利用證券交易所提供的日內成交資料可以追蹤投資人的交易記錄，並研究1995-2003年208家初次發行上市公司(IPO)的新舊投資人基礎以及其變動對於資金成本的影響。研究結果發現，大部分IPO確實能增加投資人基礎，而且投資人偏好報酬率與報酬率波動較大的股票；另外，投資人基礎的變動可以解釋Merton(1987) investor recognition hypothesis，即投資人基礎增加可以降低資金成本。 由第二章的分析可知大部分IPO的確能吸引更多的投資人交易，平均而言，第二年新增14.2%的投資人交易，而且有43.8%的公司增加投資人交易；另外，61.5%的公司吸引更多的新投資人，只有39.4%的公司吸引更多的舊投資人。投資人增加的比率與持有期間超額報酬有關，這可以解釋為何上市公司以及交易所皆努力提升投資人基礎。另外，新投資人在市場較熱絡時增加較為顯著，而且較偏好報酬率波動較大的股票。 除了研究第二年投資人基礎增加的情形，本論文亦研究第一年的投資人在第二年的股票持有變化情形，如果投資人在第一年曾經持有該公司的股票，並於期末前賣掉，則第二年股票的持有期間超額報酬率愈高時，將吸引愈多的投資人繼續交易該股票；但是如果投資人在第一年期末持有該IPO股票，當股票的第二年持有期間超額報酬率愈高時，投資人會傾向賣掉手中持股。 第三章檢驗Merton (1987) ‘investor recognition hypothesis’，即公司增加愈多投資人基礎將降低因為資訊不完全所產生之資金成本，並增加公司的價值。相對於之前針對投資人基礎增加會降低資金成本的研究，本論文以交易該公司股票的投資人代表知道該股票的投資人基礎，此代理變數較先前研究更能代表“awareness of the firm”。利用市場模型，發現公司在第二年平均減少超額報酬率，若將樣本分成電子與非電子產業，仍然得到類似的結果。最後，本論文發現投資人變動的確能解釋異常報酬的變動，即符合Merton (1987) investor recognition hypothesis，此現象不論在產業分類或法人皆得到一致的結論。 / A unique dataset is analyzed in this study comprising of data obtained from the TSE transactions record database on trading activity for the 208 IPO firms. The investor’s identity can trace investor’s trading records. Thus, we can define new and old investors. Additionally, the identification of the type of investor (as either an individual or institutional investor) facilitates the examination of investor behavior for either type. From the analysis in the chapter 2, we can see that there is an increase over time in the number of investors which IPOs are able to attract. An increase of 14.2 percent is found in the mean number of investors per firm, while 43.8 percent of firms are found to experience increases in the overall number of investors from the first year to the second year after their initial listing. On average, the mean rate of increase for new investors is larger than that for old investors, with 61.5 percent of IPO firms experiencing increases in the total number of new investors, as compared to the 39.4 percent of firms which experience increases in old investors. The results reveal that the rate of increase in investors has a positive correlation with holding period excess returns (HPERs), which helps to explain why both firms and stock exchanges have such similar strong desires to see improvements in the overall number of investors. A significant increase in new investors is discernible in a ‘hot’ market, and in those firms with higher return volatility levels. Furthermore, all investors naturally prefer firms with higher returns. The analysis of the changes in the investor base suggests that if investors do not hold the stock in first year, then the higher the HPERs, the greater the overall increase in the total number of investors; however, where investors had previously held the relevant stocks, we find that they will tend to sell their winning stocks. Chapter 3 undertakes an examination of the Merton (1987) ‘investor recognition hypothesis’, in which he argues that an increase in the total number of investors with prior knowledge of a firm will ultimately lower the expected returns of investors by reducing the ‘shadow cost’ arising from the lack of knowledge on a particular security; the end result of this will invariably be an increase in the market value of the firm’s shares. In contrast to the prior studies, we employ the total number of traders to represent the awareness of any given firm among investors. We examine the reduction in the costs of equity capital associated with listing using the ‘market model’ to compute the abnormal returns, and find a decline in the average daily abnormal return in the second year. Similar patterns are discernible for firms in both the non-electronics and electronics industries. Finally, our test of the Merton (1987) investor recognition hypothesis is undertaken by regressing the firms’ average abnormal returns against the changes in the overall numbers of traders. The results confirm the association between investor recognition and the costs of capital.

Objective of the thesis is determination of Volkswagen Group's equity intrinsic value. Basic starting point of the analysis is seggregation of consolidated financial statements into financial and production division, which are valuated separately. The production division is valuated using both enterprise discounted cashflow and discounted economic profit analysis. Equity cashflow valuation is used to derive value of the financial division. Results of valuation implied by income approach are then compared with market multiples valuation.

O objetivo desta pesquisa resume-se em investigar as implicações da adoção do padrão International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) no volume financeiro (valor total geral emitido) de debêntures emitidas pelas companhias brasileiras de capital aberto. Há o pressuposto de que a convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade impacta na qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas, portanto, a análise se concentrará em algumas características das debêntures atreladas às informações divulgadas ao mercado. As debêntures foram escolhidas para a investigação do problema proposto devido à expressiva evolução de emissões durante a última década, às vantagens frente a outros tipos de financiamento e por constituírem-se como principal instrumento de captação de longo prazo. A amostra foi elaborada pelas emissões constantes na base de dados do Sistema Nacional de Debêntures e por outras informações complementares localizadas nos sites da BM&FBOVESPA, da CVM, das agências de rating, das empresas emissoras de debêntures e da plataforma da Economática®. A pesquisa direciona-se, portanto, a analisar se houve maior volume financeiro de debêntures emitidas em três janelas temporais: janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2007 (período anterior à adoção das IFRS), janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 (período de adoção parcial das IFRS) e janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2013 (período de adoção obrigatória das IFRS). A análise será pautada pela inclusão da variável dependente sobre o volume financeiro; de três variáveis independentes referentes aos períodos de adoção anterior, parcial e obrigatório das IFRS; e das variáveis de controle rating, nível de governança corporativa, prazo, ativo, riscopaís, setor de atividade, e de dummies referentes à garantia das emissões e referentes à adoção voluntária das IFRS e à negociação de títulos em outros países pelas companhias emissoras. Como meio para a investigação do problema será utilizado o método estatístico de análise de dados em painel desemparelhado para analisar o impacto da convergência às IFRS no volume financeiro de debêntures emitidas. Os resultados do trabalho indicam que a adoção do padrão IFRS impactou no volume financeiro das debêntures emitidas pelas companhias de capital aberto brasileiras no período analisado. Foi verificada relação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre o volume financeiro emitido durante o período de adoção parcial e obrigatória das IFRS. Embora o impacto não tenha tido a mesma dimensão se comparado ao período de adoção parcial das normas internacionais, a tendência se manteve. Considera-se que a pesquisa contribui tanto para a literatura sobre os impactos do IFRS no mercado de debêntures, quanto para as empresas ao demonstrar as vantagens e a relevância das debêntures para o mercado de capitais brasileiro. / The aim of this research is summarized in investigating the implications of the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the financial volume (total value issued) of debentures issued by Brazilian publicly traded companies. There is the assumption that convergence to the international accounting standards influences the quality of accounting information disclosed, therefore, the analysis will focus on some features of the debentures linked to the information disclosed to the market. The debentures were chosen for investigation of the proposed problem due to the significant growth of issuance over the last decade, the advantages over other types of financing and be constituted as the main tool for raising long term financing. The sample will be drawn up by found issuances located in the data basis of the National Debenture System and other additional information found in BM&FBOVESPA, CVM, rating agencies and debentures issuers websites and Economatica® platform. The research is directed, therefore, to examine whether there was a greater financial volume of debentures issued in three time windows: January 2007 to December 2007 (period before the adoption of IFRS), January 2008 to December 2009 (partial adoption period of the IFRS) and January 2010 to December 2013 (mandatory adoption period of IFRS). The analysis will be guided by the inclusion of the dependent variable on the financial volume; three independent variables related to the previous, partial and mandatory IFRS adoption periods; and control variables rating, corporate governance level, term, asset, country risk, sector of activity, and dummies variables related to the emissions warranty and related to the voluntary adoption of IFRS and to the trading of securities in other countries by the issuing companies. As a means to investigate the problem, will be used the statistical method of unbalanced panel data analysis to analyze the impact of convergence to IFRS on the financial volume of debentures. The results indicate that IFRS adoption impacted the financial volume of debentures issued by Brazilian publicly traded companies during the period. Positive and statistically significant relationship was found between the financial volume issued during the partial and mandatory period of IFRS adoption. Although the impact has not had the same dimension compared to the partial period of IFRS adoption, the trend continued. We believe that this research contributes both to the literature on the impact of IFRS on the debenture market, and for companies to demonstrate the advantages and relevance of the debentures for the Brazilian capital market.

Esta dissertação investiga o papel dos incentivos individuais das companhias no compromisso com o atendimento das práticas de convergência ao IFRS, e o impacto da adoção destas práticas no custo de capital e liquidez de mercado no Brasil, um país emergente caracterizado por distinto ambiente institucional e elevadas oportunidades de crescimento. Este trabalho estende o estudo de Daske et al. (2008) ao considerar a observação de Ball (2006), de que a adoção de um padrão contábil superior não necessariamente se traduz em melhor qualidade de divulgação, uma vez que a qualidade dos relatórios contábeis pode ser fortemente moldada não pelas normas contábeis somente, mas também pelos incentivos e pela intensidade das forças políticas/econômicas presentes. Utilizando uma amostra de 148 companhias listadas na Bolsa Valores de São Paulo, o estudo emprega duas medidas para a caracterização da convergência baseadas no (i) Índice de Atendimento às Práticas de Convergência Internacional (IAPC) e na (ii) variação do volume de informação divulgada nos demonstrativos financeiros completos. Estimativas do custo de capital próprio são obtidas a partir de quatro modelos sugeridos pela literatura - Claus e Thomas (2001), Gebhardt et al. (2001), Easton (2004) e Ohlson e Juettner-Nauroth (2005). Para a liquidez de mercado, utilizam-se proxies para o bid-ask spread, turnover da ação e impacto no preço. Os incentivos econômicos estudados são: (i) tamanho; (ii) exposição ao mercado internacional; (iii) necessidade de financiamento externo; (iv) expectativa de oportunidades de crescimento; (v) desempenho; (vi) estrutura de propriedade e controle corporativo e (vii) empresa de auditoria externa. A metodologia da dissertação é subdivida nas seguintes análises: os determinantes do grau de atendimento às práticas de convergência; a heterogeneidade dos efeitos da convergência no mercado de capitais e a análise intertemporal dos efeitos da convergência no mercado de capitais. Em todas as abordagens, concentram-se nos papéis dos incentivos econômicos na análise. Inicialmente, a avaliação preliminar das proxies do estudo permitiu a validação empírica das estimativas do custo de capital próprio e das medidas de liquidez de mercado. Os resultados indicam que os incentivos são importantes determinantes do comportamento das empresas frente ao atendimento das práticas de convergência. Os resultados sugerem que empresas (i) maiores, (ii) menos alavancadas, (iii) com maiores oportunidades de crescimento, (iv) maior rentabilidade, (v) estrutura de propriedade e controle mais difusa e (vi) auditadas por companhias Big Four estão mais propensas a adotar as práticas de convergência de maneira que perfaçam mudanças materiais em suas políticas contábeis. A análise das consequências econômicas evidencia que, mesmo controlando para os incentivos subjacentes, o custo de capital e a liquidez de mercado (com exceção do Impacto no Preço) parecem estar relacionados ao compromisso das empresas com o atendimento das práticas de convergência ao IFRS. Assim, apesar das características emergentes da economia brasileira, os resultados apresentam indícios de que a adoção do modelo contábil internacional pode implicar em melhora no ambiente informacional das empresas independentemente dos efeitos individuais dos incentivos. No entanto, as evidências sugerem que a mensuração desta relação deve ser condicionada à análise dos incentivos subjacentes das empresas, pois eles parecem exercer efeitos interativos no custo de capital próprio e na liquidez de mercado. Por último, a análise intertemporal apresenta apenas fracos indícios de que o IAPC influencia a variação do custo de capital entre os períodos de 2006 a 2009. Nesta análise, os incentivos parecem dominar o efeito individual da norma contábil. Ao contrário, na análise da liquidez de mercado, o efeito individual da norma contábil parece sobrepor o efeito dos incentivos. / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate whether underlying firm-level incentives influence firms\' compliance with IFRS convergence practices and whether this adoption impact firms\' cost of equity capital and market liquidity in Brazil, a setting with a very distinct institutional environment and high growth opportunities. The study extends the work of Daske et al. (2008) considering Ball\'s (2006) observation that superior accounting standards do not necessarily translate into higher quality reporting, since reporting quality may be largely shaped not by accounting standards alone, but also by firm-level economic incentives and economic/political forces. Using a sample of 148 firms with shares traded in the São Paulo Stock Exchange, the study employs two measures of accounting convergence based on (i) compliance to a 58-item index (IAPC), called the International Accounting Standards Convergence Index and (ii) quantity increase in annual reports disclosure. An implied measure of cost of capital is calculated from four models (Claus and Thomas, 2001; Gebhardt et al., 2001; Easton, 2004; Ohlson and Juettner-Nauroth, 2005). Market liquidity is measured by the bid-ask spread, price impact and share turnover. Firm-level economic incentives consider size, exposure to international markets, financing needs, growth opportunities, profitability, ownership structure and corporate control and auditing firm. The methodology is divided in the following analysis: the determinants of the levels of compliance with the IFRS convergence practices, the heterogeneity of IFRS convergence effects on the capital markets and the intertemporal analysis of the IFRS convergence effects on the capital markets. In all approaches, the analyses focus on the roles of economic incentives. Initially, the preliminary assessment of the proxies allowed the empirical validation of the estimates of cost of capital and measurements of market liquidity. The results indicate that firm-level incentives are important determinants in the attitude of companies towards the adoption of IFRS convergence practices. The results suggest that firms that (i) are larger, (ii) are less leveraged, (iii) have greater opportunities for growth, (iv) have greater profitability, (iv) diffuse ownership and control structure and (v) are audited by the Big Four are more likely to adopt IFRS practices by implementing material changes in their accounting policies. The analysis of economic consequence shows that cost of capital and market liquidity (except the impact on price) seem to be related to the companies commitment to the adoption of IFRS convergence practices, even controlling underlying incentives. Thus, despite the emerging characteristics of the Brazilian economy, the results shows signs that the adoption of a superior accounting model can imply improvements to the information environment of companies, regardless of their firm-level incentives, resulting in positive impacts on capital markets. However, evidence suggests that measurement of this relation should be conditional on the analysis of firm-level incentives, since they seem to directly determine the disclosure of corporate financial information and exert interactive effects on the cost of capital and market liquidity. Finally, the intertemporal analysis provides only weak evidence that the IAPC influences the changes in cost of capital from 2006 to 2009. In this analysis, the incentives seem dominate the individual effect of accounting standards. Instead, the analyses of market liquidity shows that individual accounting standards seem dominate the effect of the incentives.

O objetivo do trabalho é investigar a relação entre o disclosure voluntário socioambiental e o custo de capital próprio de companhias abertas no Brasil. Com base na Teoria da Divulgação Voluntária, espera-se uma relação negativa entre o disclosure socioambiental e o custo de capital próprio. Para tanto, selecionou-se as 91 empresas que compõem o Índice Brasil (IBrX), consideradas como as mais negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA). A pesquisa é composta por dois períodos de análise. O primeiro compreende os anos de 2001 a 2010 e foi utilizado na análise para verificar a relação entre a publicação do Relatório de Sustentabilidade e o custo de capital próprio, enquanto o segundo período, de 2008 a 2010, se constitui na base de análise para examinar a relação entre o disclosure socioambiental e o custo de capital próprio. A métrica de disclosure voluntário socioambiental foi elaborada a partir de 20 pesquisas, na qual resultou em 80 subcategorias, sendo 40 referentes à divulgação social e 40 relacionadas ao meio ambiente. Por meio da análise de conteúdo de 272 Demonstrações Financeiras e de 178 Relatórios de Sustentabilidade, mensurou-se o nível de disclosure socioambiental das empresas. O custo de capital próprio foi estimado por uma abordagem ex ante mediante a utilização dos modelos de Claus e Thomas (2001), Ohlson e Juettner-Nauroth (2005) e Easton (2004), sendo utilizada nos modelos a média das três estimativas. No período de 2001 a 2010, considerando as 91 empresas analisadas na pesquisa, foram publicados 420 Relatórios de Sustentabilidade, sendo que 45% seguiram as orientações da GRI para sua elaboração. Os resultados obtidos com a regressão em painel logística mostraram que o início da publicação do Relatório de Sustentabilidade está relacionado com um alto custo de capital próprio do ano anterior. Constatou-se a partir da análise de dados em painel que o custo de capital próprio diminui após a divulgação do Relatório de Sustentabilidade elaborado de acordo com as diretrizes GRI. Apesar de o nível de disclosure voluntário socioambiental não possuir relação negativa com o custo de capital próprio, verificou-se que o conteúdo da evidenciação pode influenciar de maneira distinta o custo de capital próprio, uma vez que se constatou uma relação positiva entre o disclosure socioambiental desfavorável e o custo de capital próprio. Os resultados alcançados, no geral, indicam que o disclosure socioambiental impacta de maneira marginal o custo de capital próprio das empresas brasileiras, uma vez que sua influência pode ser verificada apenas com a divulgação do Relatório de Sustentabilidade elaborado de acordo com as diretrizes GRI e com o disclosure socioambiental desfavorável. / The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between voluntary social and environmental disclosure and cost of equity capital of Brazilian public companies. Based on the Theory of Voluntary Disclosure, one expects a negative link between corporate social and environment voluntary disclosure and the cost of equity capital. To this end, we selected the 91 companies in the Brazil Index (IBrX), regarded as the most traded on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA). The time sample consists of two periods. The first covers the years 2001 to 2010 and was considered to verify the relationship between the publication of the Sustainability Report and the cost of capital, while in the second period, from 2008 to 2010, is the basis of analysis to examine the relationship between environmental disclosure and cost of equity capital is examined. The metric of environmental voluntary disclosure was formulated based on 20 previous researches, and resulted in 80 subcategories, of which 40 related to social disclosure and 40 related to the environment. By applying content analysis on 272 Financial Statements and 178 Sustainability Reports, the level of the companies\' social and environmental disclosure was measured. The cost of equity capital was estimated by ex ante approaches, using the existing models of Claus and Thomas (2001), Ohlson Juettner-Nauroth (2005) and Easton (2004). After these estimations, the average of the three estimates was used. From 2001 to 2010, considering the 91 companies analyzed in the study, 420 Sustainability Reports were published, and 45% of them applied the guidelines and standards of the GRI. Results obtained with the logistic panel regression showed that the beginning of the publication of the Sustainability Report is related to a high cost of equity capital in the previous year. It was found from the analysis of panel data that the cost of equity capital decreases after disclosing Sustainability Report prepared in accordance with the GRI guidelines. Although the level of voluntary environmental disclosure does not have a negative relationship with the cost of equity capital, it was found that the contents of the disclosure may influence differently the cost of capital, since it was found a positive relationship between unfavorable social and environmental disclosure and cost of equity capital. The results indicate that the impact of social and environmental disclosure on the cost of capital of Brazilian companies is marginal, because their influence can only be verified on the publication of the Sustainability Report prepared in accordance with the GRI guidelines and the unfavorable social and environmental disclosure.

Existem fortes evidências de que a importância dos intangíveis tem crescido. Na medida em que a importância dos intangíveis aumenta, torna-se crítico gerenciá-los para que o valor da empresa seja maximizado. A gestão dos intangíveis depende da valoração adequada desses ativos. O conceito de EVA e MVA, de Stewart III, parece ser apropriado para avaliar os intangíveis. Um importante componente do modelo do EVA é o custo de capital, ou custo médio ponderado de capital (WACC), utilizado para (1) remunerar o capital tangível e (2) descontar os EVA's a valor presente. No modelo de Stewart, o taxa de desconto parece ser igual nas duas situações. Entretanto, existem razões para crer que as taxas devam ser diferentes. Evidências teóricas e empíricas sugerem que (1) o risco dos intangíveis é maior que dos tangíveis e (2) os ativos intangíveis tendem a ser financiados por recursos próprios. Se essas suposições forem verdadeiras, o custo de capital dos intangíveis deveria ser maior que dos tangíveis. Essa tese examina empresas brasileiras e norte-americanas para responder a seguinte questão: Quais as diferenças de estrutura de capital e de risco entre as empresas tangível e intangível-intensivas? Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a estrutura de capital parece ser o fator mais importante na diferenciação entre os dois tipos de empresas. / There are strong evidences that the importance of intangible assets are growing. As the importance of intangibles increases, it is critical to manage them in order to accomplish the most important financial goal: the maximization of wealth. Properly management of intangibles depends on its accurate valuation. Stewart’s EVA and MVA seems to be one of the appropriate techniques to value intangibles. An important component in the EVA model is the cost of capital, or the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which is applied (1) to charge the tangible capital and (2) to discount the projected EVA's. In Stewart's model the rates seems to be equal. However, there are reasons to believe that these rates must be different. Theoretical and empirical evidences suggest that (1) the risk of intangibles are greater than the tangibles assets and (2) intangibles assets tend to be equity financed. If these assumptions are true, then the cost of capital of intangibles should be greater than the cost of tangibles. This thesis examines Brazilian and American companies in order to answer the following question: What are the differences between intangible and tangible-intensive companies regarding to their capital structure and risk? Results show that capital structure seems to be the most important factor in discriminating these two kind of companies.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to determine value of the company ELSO INDUSTRIAL, spol. s r.o. as of November 30, 2010 for the owners of the company. The theoretical part describes the methods, procedures and calculations related to valuation of companies. Introduction of the practical part is devoted to presentation of the company. Followed by the strategic analysis, that is crucial for the prognosis of sales of the evaluated company. In addition, financial analysis, which result is evaluation of financial health of the firm. On the basis of analysis results is determined the forecast value of the generators and financial plan. The valuation of the company based on the method of discounted free cash-flow to the equity (FCFE) is done in the final section of this thesis. The Book value method is used as a control method.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to determine value of the company Sugar factory Vrbátky plc at 1st January 2011. This work contains only information from public sources, without access to insider information. Due to the thoroughness and range of analysis, the thesis is much more practically oriented. The first part is theoretical and it is only an introduction to appraisal basics and explanation of some important terms used in the thesis, has no ambition to cover and explain the whole appraisal methodology used in the practical part to the reader. The practical part contains financial and strategic analysis to investigate the risks associated with a company that will influence creation of value generators, financial plan and selection of appraisal methods. Executed analysis did not break the assumption of "going concern", that is why the primarily chosen valuation method was a yield method of discounted free cash flow to equity and secondarily chosen method market comparison approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Alves Gomes.pdf: 832335 bytes, checksum: 02cf50e8e482436247cda97178274bc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-08 / The main aim of this study was to examine the association between disclosure and cost of capital for Brazilian companies. In order to attain the general aim three specific objectives were posed: evaluating methodology for testing the association between disclosure and capital cost; analyzing capital cost models that might be adopted for use in the Brazilian market; and examining the effects of the amount and quality of information disclosed by Brazilian companies in their annual shareholder reports. The Ordinary Least Squares Method was used to test the correlation between disclosure and cost of capital. Cost of capital was used as dependent variable; explanatory variables analyzed were 3 disclosure indexes and 9 indicating size, risk, and variance in earnings. Three models were used to calculate capital cost: Capital Asset Pricing, Discounted Dividends, and Ohlson-Juettner. Testing was based on two non-probabilistic samples of company stock traded on the São Paulo Stock Exchange. The first sample comprised 131 companies from different segments; the second consisted of companies submitting reports and competing for the 6th Brazilian Publicly Traded Companies Association (local acronym ABRASCA) awards in 2003. The results of this study showed that the model chosen for calculating capital cost affects the results obtained in empirical tests, and that variable disclosure may be significant in one model and not in another. These results match data obtained by Botosan (1997). Two of the disclosure indexes, IDISCABR (used for the ABRASCA award) and INNM (index representing companies adhering to the New Market s differentiated Corporate Governance requirements) differed at 5% significance level, showing that companies in the ABRASCA sample benefited from lower costs by using more stringent disclosure levels. Testing based on the overall sample of 131 companies provided evidence showing that correlations between disclosure and cost-of-capital are sensitive to sample heterogeneity, as Botosan (1997) explained in his groundbreaking study. The main contributions of this study relate to precautions researchers must take when selecting methods of calculating cost of capital; the possibility of using different disclosure indexes to test cost-of-capital and disclosure empirically in the Brazilian market; and evidence that the sample of 37 companies participating in the ABRASCA awards reduced their cost-of-capital through more transparent policies. Although obtained from a small sample, this result may encourage other Brazilian companies in their decision making and instigate further research on the theme. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivo principal estudar a associação existente entre disclosure e custo de capital próprio das empresas brasileiras. Para atingir o objetivo principal foram traçados três objetivos específicos: avaliar uma metodologia disponível para testar a associação entre disclosure e custo de capital, analisar quais modelos de custo de capital poderiam ser adotados para utilização no mercado brasileiro e examinar os efeitos da quantidade e da qualidade da informação apresentada pelas empresas brasileiras no relatório anual publicado para os acionistas. A metodologia estabelecida para testar a associação entre disclosure e custo de capital foi o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários. Como variável dependente foi adotado o custo de capital e como variáveis explicativas foram analisados três índices de disclosure e 9 variáveis indicativas de tamanho, risco e variação nos resultados. Foram adotados três modelos para cálculo do custo de capital: o Modelo de Precificação de Ativos de Capital (CAPM), o de Dividendos Descontados (MDD) e o de Ohlson e Juettner. Os testes foram efetuados com duas amostras não probabilísticas com empresas com ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. A primeira amostra contou com 131 empresas de diversos segmentos e a segunda com as empresas que apresentaram relatório para concorrer às premiações do 6º. Prêmio ABRASCA do ano de 2003. Os resultados desta pesquisa evidenciaram que o modelo escolhido para cálculo do custo de capital interfere nos resultados obtidos nos testes empíricos, e que a variável disclosure pode se apresentar significativa em um modelo e não significativa em outro. Esses resultados estão em concordância com os dados obtidos por Botosan (1997). Dois dos índices de disclosure, o IDISCABR, índice de pontuação da premiação ABRASCA, e o INNM, índice representativo das empresas que aderiram a níveis diferenciados de Governança Corporativa do Novo Mercado, mostraram-se significativos a 5%, evidenciando que as empresas da amostra ABRASCA se beneficiaram de custos menores pela adoção de níveis diferenciados de disclosure. Os testes com a amostra Geral de 131 empresas permitiram obter evidência de que os testes entre disclosure e custo de capital são sensíveis à heterogeneidade da amostra, conforme esclareceu Botosan (1997) em seu trabalho pioneiro. As principais contribuições deste estudo referem-se aos cuidados que o pesquisador deve observar para escolher o modelo para cálculo do custo de capital, a possibilidade de se estabelecerem diferentes índices de disclosure para testar empiricamente custo de capital e disclosure no mercado brasileiro, e a evidência de que uma amostra de 37 empresas participantes do prêmio ABRASCA obtiveram redução em seus custos de capital pela adoção de políticas mais transparentes. Este resultado, apesar de obtido para uma pequena amostra, serve de incentivo para a tomada de decisão de outras empresas brasileiras e para que novas pesquisas sejam elaboradas com relação ao tema.