Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T20:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_IvorMartindo_M.pdf: 4325447 bytes, checksum: 55d908ce9e06c61099119b0e52a49ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo validar um modelo do processo supercrítico aplicado a avaliação econômica utilizando-se um simulador comercial de processos (SuperPro Designer®) a partir de dados obtidos na literatura para a cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) e dados laboratoriais obtidos para o alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e estudar os efeitos de aumento de escala no custo de manufatura (COM) do extrato vegetal de planta condimentar obtido por tecnologia supercrítica em equipamentos de extração supercrítica de diferentes capacidades. A validação do modelo de extrator SFE foi realizada utilizando-se o simulador de processos SuperPro Designer® que consiste de um conjunto de ferramentas capaz de estimar parâmetros econômicos e de processos, provido de um amplo banco de dados contendo substâncias simples e compostas comumente encontradas nas indústrias de alimento, química e farmacêutica. A montagem do modelo ocorreu utilizando os equipamentos disponíveis no banco de dados do simulador, porém por se tratar de um processo não convencional de extração o simulador não compreende um modelo de extrator SFE, sendo necessário adaptar esta operação unitária a um equipamento disponível, apto a realizar as funções necessárias. O aumento de escala foi avaliado utilizando-se o modelo SFE proposto que permitiu utilizar as ferramentas de aumento de escala disponíveis no simulador SuperPro Designer®. Nesta etapa assumiu-se que a relação entre a massa de solvente e a massa de alimentação permanece constante quando o modelo passa da escala laboratorial para a escala industrial, sendo assim, a relação entre rendimento e tempo de processo será igual para ambos os casos. Os fluxograma das plantas SFE estudadas no aumento de escala foram unidades semi-contínuas contendo dois extratores variando suas capacidades de 0,005 m3 a 1 m3. Os custos dos equipamentos utilizados na estimativa de custo foram comparados os preços praticados no mercado americano e chinês. Para a estimativa do custo de manufatura (COM) do processo SFE pelo simulador foram utilizados os modelos da etapa de avaliação do aumento de escala e a curva global de extração (OEC) para a cúrcuma obtida da literatura. Os tempos de ciclos do processo foram selecionados de acordo com o menor valor de estimativa do custo de manufatura segundo a avaliação da curva global de extração (OEC), no caso da cúrcuma o tempo utilizado foi de 37 minutos enquanto que no caso do alecrim-pimenta o tempo utilizado foi de 100 minutos por ciclo. Verificou-se que quando se trabalha com equipamentos de grande capacidade de produção o custo de manufatura não apresenta diferenças significativas independentemente do custo da unidade SFE, ou seja, o custo de equipamentos americanos ou chineses. Isto ocorre devido à grande participação do custo de matériaprima (CRM) no COM, enquanto que os custos de investimento (FCI) não apresentaram grande influência no custo final de manufatura / Abstract: Using the commercial simulator SuperPro Designer® the present work had for objective of validate a process model of supercritical solvent extraction (SFE) using data from literature for turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and studying the effect of scale-up in the cost of manufacture (COM) in vegetal extract obtain via supercritical fluid extraction. The validation of the supercritical fluid extractor (SFE) was carried out using the process simulator SuperPro Designer® that consist in a set of tools capable to estimate economic parameters of processes; the simulator contains a large data base with simple substances and complex mixtures found in food chemistry and drug industries. The assembly of the model occurred using the available equipments in the data base of the simulator, however since we are dealing with a non conventional extraction process, the SFE equipment was not available in the simulator, and thus, it was necessary to develop the extraction unit before caring out the simulations. The scale-up was evaluated using the proposed model SFE that allowed the use of the available tools for scale up of the simulator SuperPro Designer®. In this stage it was assumed that the ratio between the mass of solvent and the feed mass remains constant for the laboratorial scale and the industrial scale units, therefore, the ratio between yield and process time will be equal in both cases. The flow diagram of the SFE units contains two extractors with capacities varying from 0,005 m3 to 1 m3. The costs of the SFE units were taken from manufactures in USA and China. To estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM) for the extract produced by the SFE process data for the overall extraction curve (OEC) from literature for turmeric was used. The cycles of process used in the estimate of cost had been chosen in accordance with the times that had presented lowest cost evaluated along of the overall curve of extraction (OEC), in the case of turmeric the process time used was 37 minutes whereas in the case of the alecrim-pimenta the time was used 100 minutes per cycle. It was verified that for equipment of larger capacity of production the cost of manufacturing (COM) is not significantly affected by the cost of the SFE unit (American and Chinese). This occurs due the fact that the cost of the raw material cost (CRM) predominates in the COM, while of the fixed costs of investment (FCI) represents a smaller fraction of the final COM / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In a move towards cleaner and more sustainable energy systems, hydrogen as an energy carrier and hydrogen fuel cells as energy converters are receiving increasing global attention. Considering the vital role that platinum plays in the operation of hydrogen fuels cells, South Africa stands to gain enormously as the world’s leading platinum group metals supplier. Therefore, in order to benefit across the whole value chain, it is imperative to develop the capability to manufacture hydrogen fuel cell stacks locally. This project addresses this imperative, in part, by building a framework to evaluate the manufacturing performance of one of the more costly components of the hydrogen fuel cell stack. More specifically, this project builds a cost evaluation model (or cost model) for the manufacture of bipolar plates using micro milling. In essence, the model characterises manufacturing cost (and time) as a function of relevant inputs. The model endeavours to be flexible in accommodating relevant contributing cost drivers such as tool life and manufacturing time. Moreover, the model lays the groundwork, from a micro milling perspective, for a comparison of different manufacturing methods for bipolar plates. The approach taken in building the cost model is a fundamental one, owing to the lack of historical cost data for this particular process. As such, manufacturing knowledge and experimentation are used to build the cost model in a structured way. The process followed in building the cost model begins with the formulation of the cost components by reviewing relevant examples from literature. Thereafter, two main cost drivers are comprehensively addressed. Tool life is characterised experimentally as a function of cutting parameters and manufacturing time is characterised as a function of relevant inputs. The work is then synthesized into a coherent cost model. Following the completion of the cost model, analysis is done to find the near-optimal combination of machine cutting parameters. Further, analysis is done to quantify the sensitivity of manufacturing cost to design changes and production volumes. This attempts to demonstrate how typical managerial issues can be addressed using the cost model format. The value of this work must be seen in terms of its practical contribution. That is, its contribution to the development of the capability to manufacture hydrogen fuel cells locally. By understanding the effect of relevant input factors on manufacturing cost, ‘upstream’ design and development activities can be integrated with ‘downstream’ manufacturing activities. Therefore, this project supports the development of manufacturing capability by providing a mechanism to control cost throughout the process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die soeke na skoner, meer volhoubare energie bronne word die fokus op waterstof, as energie draer, en waterstof brandstofselle, as energie omskakelaars, al meer verskerp. Deur die sleutelrol van platinum in die werking van waterstof brandstofselle in ag te neem, word Suid-Afrika, as die wêreld se grootste platinum verskaffer, in `n uitstekende posisie geplaas om voordeel te trek uit hierdie geleentheid. Om dus as land voordeel te trek uit die proses in geheel, is dit van kardinale belang om die vermoë te ontwikkel om waterstof brandstofsel stapels op eie bodem te vervaardig. Hierdie projek adresseer gedeeltelik hierdie noodsaaklikheid, deur `n raamwerk te bou wat die vervaardigingsoptrede van een van die meer duursame komponente van die waterstof brandstofsel stapel evalueer. Meer spesifiek, bou hierdie projek `n koste evaluerings model (of koste model) vir die vervaardiging van bipolêre plate deur die gebruik van mikro-masjienering. In wese kenmerk hierdie model vervaardigings kostes (en tyd) as `n funksie van relevante insette. Hierdie model poog om buigsaam te wees met die in ag neming van relevante bydraende kostedrywers soos buitelleeftyd en vervaardigingstyd. Daarbenewens lê hierdie model die grondwerk, vanuit `n mikro masjienerings oogpunt, vir die vergelyking van verskillende vervaardingings metodes vir bipolêre plate. Die benadering wat gevolg word in die bou van die koste model is fundamenteel as gevolg van die gebrek van historiese data vir hierdie spesifieke proses. As sodanig word vervaardigings kennis en eksperimentering gebruik om die koste model in `n gestruktueerde wyse te bou. Die proses gevolg in die bou van die koste model begin met die formulering van die koste komponente deur die hersiening van relevante voorbeelde vanuit die literatuur. Daarna word twee hoof koste drywers deeglik geadresseer. Buitelleeftyd word ekperimenteel gekenmerk as funksie van masjieneringsparameters en vervaardigingstyd word gekenmerk as `n funksie van relevante insette. Die werk word dan gesintetiseer in `n samehangende koste model. Wat volg op die voltooiing van die koste model is `n analise om die optimale kombinasie masjieneringsparameters te vind. Daaropvolgens word analises gedoen om die sensitiwiteit van vervaardigingskoste onderworpe aan ontwerpsveranderings en produksie volumes te kwantisfiseer. Dit poog om te demostreer hoe tipiese bestuursproblem geadresseer kan word deur die koste model formaat te gebruik. Die waarde van hierdie werk moet in die lig van die praktiese bydrae daarvan gesien word, menende, die bydrae tot die ontwikkeling van die vermoë om waterstof brandstofselle in Suid-Afrika te vervaardig. Deur die effek van relevante inset faktore op vervaardigingskoste te verstaan, kan ‘stroom-op’ ontwerp en ontwikkelings aktiwiteite geïntegreer word met ‘stroom-af’ vervaardigings aktiwiteite. Dus, hierdie projek ondersteun die ontwikkeling van vervaardigingsvermoëns deur `n meganisme te voorsien om kostes oor die omvang van die proses te beheer.

Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:05:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NavarroDiaz_HelmutJoel_M.pdf: 20602791 bytes, checksum: 810d1333271b6db64857c64c3c2a7904 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos