This study was conducted in four Qumbu District schools The literature review enabled the researcher to understand the current discourses in terms of learners’ participation in the governance of schools through the Representative Council of Learners Through the methodological application of triangulation, the study produced data on which findings were based and recommendations made Generally, evidence from the collected data reveals issues worth the attention of the researcher and relevant authorities Some of the evidence in this study was that there is need to involve learners in decision making; that the learners who are elected to be members of the RCL should be provided with orientation and training so that they become aware of the content of policy documentations that govern their roles and responsibilities These RCL members are supposed to be considered as potential decision makers and leaders in their schools It is therefore the responsibility of schools and the Department of Education to provide orientation and training for these learners so as to equip them adequately with leadership information and to develop their skills in order for them to be able to play their roles responsibly In concluding, the researcher believes that solutions to the problems identified can be resolved by considering the recommendations for implementation.

This thesis examines the role of the modern democratic state as a sponsor of literature in the English-speaking world between 1945 and 2000. Working with, and modifying, Bourdieu's conception of the literary field, it considers the often paradoxical consequences of the state's shift from censor to guarantor in this period. Granting 'official autonomy' in this way had numerous unexpected and often fraught effects on the writers, readers and institutions that shaped the literary field. To keep this large subject firmly based on available historical evidence, this thesis considers a series of distinct 'moments' of state intervention through detailed case studies of three specific institutions: the international Congress for Cultural Freedom (1960-1968), the Arts Council of Great Britain (1960-1990), and the private examination boards that implemented the National Curriculum in the UK (1989-2000). In each case, it shows how these different but related moments, and the larger diachronic narrative of which they form a part, take place against a backdrop of interlinking historical and socio-political transformations, including the Cold War, decolonisation and multiculturalism. Drawing on evidence in literary and other public archives, the thesis not only brings into view questions about the public status of literature in recent history, it shows how an understanding of the state's role enables us to think differently about the cultural consequences of modern democratic liberalism. The methodological emphasis it places on institutions challenges critical and popular orthodoxies, associated chiefly with the liberal tradition, which conventionally set the overbearingly powerful and monolithic state against the inescapably vulnerable but also courageous individual. The alternative picture that emerges reveals a world in which the actions of various individuals can be understood partly via the institutional roles they perform, and institutions operate as sites that negotiate competing ideas of literature and literariness, and implement state power in variegated, diffuse and contested ways. Each of the case studies provides a different, though comparable, perspective on this larger picture. As such, the thesis opens up a nuanced way of analysing the interventions of writers, critics and reading communities, while also offering a differentiated approach to understanding the state and its evolution.

The Security Council has sometimes failed to perform its main duty, which is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council’s responsibilities in this regard have grown as new international challenges have emerged. These challenges include global environmental issues, refugee flows and mass migration across borders, the rapid spread of infectious diseases, civil war that threatens international peace and security, global terrorism, transnational crime and illegal stocks of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. The Security Council has thus become the subject of both severe criticism and calls for its structural reform. A variety of reform proposals have been offered by scholars and politicians, almost all of which have focused solely on state-based solutions. The current study considers that reforming the Council through such means would not alter its current state to any significant extent. International law no longer reflects the state-based system of the Westphalian World Order. The international legal order does not involve only nationstates, and state-based systems are not able autonomously to deal with problems such as these in the post-Westphalian era. It is widely acknowledged that there are many non-state actors that could contribute to enhancing the Council’s representativeness, effectiveness and accountability. It is thus concluded that a reform proposal for the Security Council must consider these factors and produce a non-state based solution. It is proposed that the Council must consider granting formal access to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that have, as non-state actors, been active in the international legal order, and that have already made significant contributions to the above-mentioned issues.

Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: Medication adherence is the extent to which patients take their medications correctly and consistently as prescribed.1 The objective of this study was to assess Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)- preaccredited and accredited schools and colleges of pharmacy for adherence course content in their curricula. Methods: The survey link was sent via email to the Department of Pharmacy Practice Chair, or equivalent, at each institution. The data collected via the online survey included information regarding the details of medication adherence curriculum present at the program. All data remained confidential. Chi-square statistical test was used for analysis to compare hours of adherence education taught in older (in existence ≥ 20 years) versus newer (< 20 years) programs. Main Results: Twenty-eight programs responded among 130 inquiries (22% response rate). Of the respondents, only two colleges of pharmacy offered a course on medication adherence, one as an elective and one as required. Common adherence principles were incorporated into other pharmacy courses with the most common topics being counseling, patient education and communication skills. Older programs taught more hours (> 20 hours) focused on adherence compared to the newer programs, but they did not differ significantly (p = 0.39). Conclusion: Despite the low response rate, the findings show a lack of curricular focus on medication adherence, particularly as an individual course. Further studies are needed to identify adherence training received by student pharmacists, and to evaluate the impact of adherence-focused curriculum components on provision of patient care centered on medication adherence by pharmacy practitioners.

M.Com. (Business Management) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The research conducted has been undertaken to engage the stakeholders to explore the possibility of establishing workplace forums. The gains of workplace forums with respect to sharing decision making is a distinct advantage both business and labour seemingly do not realise because of a continued resolve to negotiate conditions of service annually exclusively. The research was undertaken by designing an interview questionnaire for distribution. The population for this research includes a cross section of employers from the industry in the Western Cape, parties to the Hairdressing Beauty and Cosmetology Bargaining Council, the Employers Organisation and the Employees Organisation or Trade Union. The criteria set for the questionnaire anticipate responses of respondents to the challenges before and after the possible incorporation of section 84 of the Act Finally the research results indicate that the parties to a collective agreement in this industry still gravitate towards distributive collective bargaining by negotiating salaries, wages and conditions of employment in Bargaining Councils. / South Africa

Masters of Science / Problem and significance: Off-label use of medicines is not illegal; however, it can be risky and harmful, or beneficial and innovative. The main problem of this practice is the lack of systems for monitoring adverse drug reactions, since the drugs are used in a manner that is not approved by regulatory agencies. For this reason public health protection is not guaranteed. Purpose: To identify the various systems employed in different regions to monitor/manage the risks and benefits of off-label use; and to ascertain their extent of implementation. Method/search strategy: Electronic and manual literature search was done. Articles referring to off-label medicine use were reviewed. The literature included journal articles, national MRA guidelines, international guidelines, etc. The articles were sourced from databases such as Pubmed and Google Scholar. Data was collected from both developed and emerging markets. There was no limit to publication date. Findings: Pharmacovigilance systems for off-label use do exist although the degree of commitment and advancement differs per country. Explicit off-label laws are present in the developed countries but not in the developing ones. Implications of findings: Stakeholder involvement is very important in monitoring off-label use. Reporting of ADRs can be improved by asserting the role of off-label PV in drug repositioning. The regulator is under pressure to maintain public trust through efficient control of off-label use.

Notre thèse étudie un domaine qui est dominé à la fois par des lois très contraignantes et des données difficiles à analyser. Elle se situe à l’intersection entre l’analyse de l’existant et la prévision des tendances futures. Son objet est le comité d’entreprise. En matière de projet de réorganisation d’une firme, les élus peuvent se faire accompagner par un expertcomptable. Or, quel peut être le poids de son rapport ? Peut-il réellement modifier ou annuler un plan de restructuration ? Les pouvoirs qui lui sont dévolus par la loi sont restreints puisqu'il ne peut pas agir et alerter directement les instances judiciaires. Parallèlement, on a supposé qu'un plan de restructuration ne peut être qu'en accord avec la loi et la réglementation car les directions ne prendraient pas le risque de procéder à des licenciements « secs » si elles n'étaient pas en difficulté. Il est vrai que dans la majorité des cas, l’expert-comptable ne peut pas remettre en cause un plan de restructuration. Il pourra généralement fournir des informations aux élus leur permettant de négocier une prime de sortie. Néanmoins, à travers l'étude d'un cas réel, on a pu démontrer que suite au rapport d'un expert-comptable, un projet de licenciement a été remis en cause et annulé. Cela a été possible car le seul motif de baisse de chiffre d'affaires suite à la perte d'un client ne peut être retenu pour procéder à une réduction d'effectif. Les représentants du personnel sont devenus des acteurs clés dans la gestion de l'entreprise. / Our doctorate thesis studies a domain which is dominated at the same time by very binding laws and data difficult to analyze. It is situated in the intersection between the analysis of the existing and the forecast of the future tendencies. Its object is the works council. Regarding project of reorganization of a firm, the elected representatives can be accompanied by a chartered accountant. Yet, what can be the weight of its relationship? Can he really modify or cancel a restructuring plan? The powers which are devolved to him by the law are restricted because he cannot act and alert directly the judicial authorities. At the same time, we supposed that a restructuring plan can be only in agreement with the law and the regulations because the directions would not take the risk of proceeding to “dry” dismissals if they were not in trouble. It is true that in the majority of the cases, the chartered accountant cannot question a restructuring plan. He can generally supply information to the elected representatives allowing them to negotiate a bonus of exit. Nevertheless, through the study of a real case, we were able to demonstrate that further to the report of a chartered accountant, a project of dismissal was questioned and cancelled. It was possible because be held to proceed to a reduction in turnover further to the loss of a customer cannot be held to proceed to a reduction of staff. The staff representatives became key players in the management of the company.

This thesis argues that a tension exists between a new individualized norm of security within the counter-terrorism context and human security framework of the United Nations Security Council, focusing on the implications of the resolution 1267 counter-terrorism regime. This topic is of particular relevance as the threat of terrorism continues to grow and evolve. While the human security framework has been well studied, the individualization of security through counter-terrorism is a more recent development, and its tensions and implications have not been fully considered. This thesis uses a discourse analysis in order to demonstrate that counter-terrorism is constructed as a norm, and that there has been a shift in norms within the UN Security Council in relation to counter-terrorism and human rights. It will trace how a set of norms has emerged in order to make terrorism a part of the Security Council’s agenda, and how and why these have changed. In order to trace these norms, terrorism has been separated into two stages: state-sponsored and international terrorism, where terrorism was viewed as a threat stemming from state-governments and; transnational terrorism, where it was viewed as a trans-border threat arising from individuals. Within these stages, the objectives, targets and tools of the Council’s counter-terrorism policies will be studied in order to demonstrate how they work together to reinforce a norm. The analysis will be used to show how the case of Kadi v. Council and Commission came about in the transnational terrorism stage as a direct result of the Security Council’s counter-terrorism regime and its alleged breach of human rights. The Kadi case demonstrates that a tension does exist between the norm of individualization of security within the counter-terrorism context and the human security framework.

The problem of this study is the development of criteria for the evaluation of some of the guidance practices that are found in the student council and the home room organizations of a junior high school. The major consideration has been given to the development of the evaluative criteria, and not to the evaluation of the practices. The problem may be considered as three-fold in its scope. A solution has been attempted through the following steps: First, it will establish a method of evaluating the practices of the organizations mentioned. Second, it will analyze some of the common practices of these organizations through an application of the evaluative device to the practices. Third, it will record the findings, conclusions, and recommendations.