No description available.

El COVID-19 causado por el SARS-CoV-2 ha puesto en peligro la vida de la población mundial. Pacientes llegaron a padecer fases críticas conllevándolos al internamiento en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y a procesos de coagulopatías como trombosis venosa profunda, coagulación intravascular diseminada, embolia pulmonar. El valor del dímero D elevado al ingreso o durante el progreso de la enfermedad se han relacionado con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 en comparación con los sobrevivientes. COVID-19 caused by SAR-CoV-2 has been life-threating in worldwide. Patients came to suffer critical phases leading to admission to the Intensive Care Unit and coagulopathy processes such as deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary embolism. Elevated D-dimer values at admission or during disease progression have been associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients compared to survivors.

<p>Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) is a promising technology to address diagnostic and surveillance testing during public health crises, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic; however, primer design and assay optimization remain a barrier to enabling rapid deployment of assays based on LAMP. Herein, we introduce a design and screening process that allows for strategic determination of optimally performing primer sets and standardized assay conditions which enable execution of LAMP at point-of-care (POC) settings using complex human samples such as saliva. A total of 20 primer sets targeting the N, E, RdRP, and orf1ab genes of the SARS-CoV-2 were designed, screened, and selected based on performance metrics such as reaction time, sensitivity, and specificity. Of these 20 primer sets, only two primer sets (orf1ab.2 and orf1ab.4) proved to be viable for use in the final assay. Colorimetric RT-LAMP of the selected primer set, orf1ab.2 was shown to produce a distinct color change in contrived samples containing heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in 5% saliva. The limit of detection of our assay using primer set orf1ab.2 was determined to be 1000 copies/µL of saliva collected. Furthermore, methods are introduced which allow for the high-throughput design of LAMP primers using standard software tools and the <i>in-silico</i> performance of LAMP primer sets. </p>

The outbreak of infectious diseases across the world results in huge disasters for public health. Rapid and effective diagnostic methods are crucial for disease identification and transmission control. Since first identified in late 2019, the pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in unprecedented catastrophe globally. To control the further spread of COVID-19, there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and efficient diagnostics. Recently, many CRISPR-based diagnostics have been developed by coupling isothermal amplification methods with Cas proteinmediated nucleic acid detection. Compared with conventional methods like RT-qPCR, CRISPR-based assays are more cost-effective and efficient without sacrificing sensitivity and specificity. Here, I developed a Cas13-based assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection with a novel compact Cas13b protein. In this assay, the Cas13 detection is combined with RT-LAMP, achieving the detection of viral RNA as low as 4 copies/μl. By utilizing a simple LED-based visualizer (P51™) instead of a plate reader, the detection result can be visualized directly without using sophisticated instruments. The compact Cas13b-mediated viral detection together with P51™-based visualization enable rapid, sensitive, and portable diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2, showing great potential in application to point-of-care testing.

Objetivos: Determinar los hallazgos tomográficos pulmonares asociados a severidad y mortalidad en pacientes con la COVID-19 del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), y proponer puntos de corte para una puntuación tomográfica de severidad (PTS). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en 254 pacientes con la COVID-19 que contaban con tomografía de tórax clasificada según severidad clínica. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística para determinar asociación con la severidad clínica, un análisis de regresión de Cox para evaluar mortalidad, y curvas ROC para evaluar la PTS. Resultados: Los hallazgos tomográficos asociados a severidad clínica fueron el patrón difuso de las lesiones (OR: 3,23, IC 95%: 1,46-7,14), patrón en «empedrado» (OR: 2,48; IC 95%: 1,08-5,68) y mayor valor en la PTS (OR: 1,73; IC 95%: 1,49-2,02). Los hallazgos asociados a mortalidad fueron el patrón en «empedrado» (HR: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,03-3,06) y mayor valor en la PTS (HR:1,33; IC 95%: 1,20-1,48). Un valor de 7 en la PTS tuvo una sensibilidad de 94,4% y especificidad de 100% para identificar casos moderados y un valor de 13 tuvo una sensibilidad de 84,9% y una especificidad de 70,6% para casos severos. Conclusiones: El patrón difuso de las lesiones se asoció a una mayor severidad clínica. El patrón en «empedrado» y un mayor valor en la PTS se asociaron a mayor severidad clínica y a mortalidad. Se proponen los valores de 7 y 13 como puntos de corte de la PTS para identificar casos moderados y severos.

How do bacteria grow and replicate rapidly? How do viruses and phages adapt to their host environments? Bacteria require efficient translation to grow and replicate rapidly, and translation is often rate-limited by initiation. A feature that is conserved across bacterial lineages is the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence at the mRNA 5’ UTR, which pairs with the anti-SD sequence located at the 3’ end of mature 16S rRNA. Nonetheless, much about this interaction remains unclear. Chapter 2 reveals evolutionary differences between Cyanobacteria and chloroplast translation initiation using a new model (DtoStart) that better define optimal SD sequence and an RNA-Seq-based approach that reliably characterize the 3’ end of mature 16S rRNAs. Efficacy of translation elongation depends much on tRNA-mediated codon adaptation. In Escherichia coli, selection favours major codons because they are rapidly decoded by abundantly available cognate tRNAs. Nonetheless, the degree codon bias correlates with tRNA availability is unclear in many bacterial species because tRNA abundance is often inadequately approximated by gene copy numbers. To better understand tRNA-mediated codon bias, Chapter 3 describes an RNA-Seq-based approach to robustly quantify tRNA abundance. Finally, Chapter 4 evaluates the degree optimal translation initiation and elongation signals affect ribosome dynamics. The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious global health emergency. To establish infection during cell entry, the coronavirus Spike protein binds to the host ACE2 receptor, and a high binding potential between these two players is key to infectivity. While SARS-CoV-2 transmits efficiently in humans, it is less clear which other mammals are at risk of being infected. Chapter 5 investigates the host range of SARS-CoV-2 through comparative sequence analyses at the ACE2 receptors and the Spike proteins. As obligate parasites, coronaviruses regularly infect host tissues that express antiviral proteins (AVPs) in abundance and must evade or adapt to the host cellular environments post-entry. Two AVPs that shape viral genomes are ZAP that binds to CpG dinucleotides to facilitate viral transcript degradation, and APOBEC3 which deaminates C into U leading to dysfunctional transcripts. Chapter 6 shows that coronavirus genomes are CpG deficient to evade ZAP and are subjected to constant C to U deamination by APOBEC3. This thesis examines two key concepts of microbial genome evolution: 1) coevolution between gene features and the translation machinery in bacteria, and 2) adaptation of viruses to the hosts they infect. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are aimed at improving our understanding in bacterial gene expression in the applications of transgenic biosynthesis and phage therapy. Chapters 5 and 6 are aimed at improving our understanding in the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and our ability to control the spread of infection.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 pandemin har orsakat ett stort antal dödsfall globalt och bidragittill ökade sjukhusinläggningar. Pandemin har ökat belastningen på sjukvården vilket har resulterat i att sjuksköterskor har fått arbeta under andra förhållanden och villkor. Studier från tidigare epidemier har visat att sjuksköterskor upplevt otillräcklighet till patienter samtidigt som stark gemenskap till kollegor funnits.Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbetet med Covid-19 vård inom slutenvården.Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på artiklar med kvalitativ design genomfördes.13 artiklar valdes ut till resultatet och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs (2017)struktur.Resultat: Sjuksköterskor har upplevt brist på kunskap kring den nya sjukdomen, hur skyddsutrustningen skulle tillämpas och vilket skydd den hade. Flertalet sjuksköterskor har upplevt rädsla över att bli smittade av viruset. Sjuksköterskor upplevde även psykologiska och fysiologiska besvär gällande anpassningen till en ny vårdmiljö samt användningen av skyddsutrustning.Slutsats: Förlängda arbetstider, nya rutiner, ny form av isoleringsvård, nya arbetsplatser samt bristande kunskap kring sjukdomen genererade i fysiska ochpsykiska besvär för sjuksköterskor. En ny och förändrad vårdsituation bidrog till att personcentrerad- och säkervård var bristande under pandemin. Trots lärdomar från tidigare epidemier kvarstår bristande kunskap kring vård vid infektionssjukdomar.Nyckelord: Erfarenheter, personcentrerad vård, Sars-Cov-2, sjuksköterskor, säker vård / Title: Exhausted by the fear of Covid-19. A literature review of qualitative design about nurses ´experiences of the work with Covid-19 in inpatient care.Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has caused large frequency of deaths globallyand has led to increased hospitalizations. The pandemic has increased the burden on healthcare and due to that, nurses have had to work under new working conditions. Studies from earlier epidemics have shown that nurses have felt insufficient for patients in while at the same time felt a strong solidarity to colleagues.Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of working with Covid-19 care in inpatient care.Method: A literature review with qualitative design was done. 13 articles were selected for the result and were analyzed with help from Friberg (2017) structure.Results: Nurses have experienced lack of knowledge regarding the new disease and the usage of protective equipment as well as it´s protectionary level. A majority of nurses have also experienced a fear of getting infected of the virus themselves. Nursesalso suffered from psychological and physical inconvenience from the adaptation of a new care environment with a mandatory usage of protective equipment.Conclusion: Extended working hours, new routines, new form of insulation care and lack of knowledge generated physical and psychological inconvenience for nurses. A new and changed work situation contributed to the lack of person-centered and secure care during the pandemic.Despite lessons learned from earlier epidemics, there is still lack of knowledge about care of infectious diseases.Keywords: Experiences, person-centered care, registered nurses, safe care, Sars-Cov-2

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. These drugs have been studied for many decades, primarily in the context of their use as antimalarials, where they induce oxidative stress-killing of the malarial parasite. Less appreciated, however, is evidence showing that CQ/HCQ causes systemic oxidative stress. In vitro and observational data suggest that CQ/HCQ can be repurposed as potential antiviral medications. This review focuses on the potential health concerns of CQ/HCQ induced by oxidative stress, particularly in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 disease. The pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been well-documented. Additional oxidative stress caused by CQ/HCQ during ARDS could be problematic. In vitro data showing that CQ forms a complex with free-heme that promotes lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers are also relevant to COVID-19. Free-heme induced oxidative stress is implicated as a systemic activator of coagulation, which is increasingly recognized as a contributor to COVID-19 morbidity. This review will also provide a brief overview of CQ/HCQ pharmacology with an emphasis on how these drugs alter proton fluxes in subcellular organelles. CQ/HCQ-induced alterations in proton fluxes influence the type and chemical reactivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

En global pandemi orsakat av viruset Covid-19 har lamslagit samhället och sjukvården sedan senhösten 2019. Sjuksköterskor världen över har vittnat om en påfrestande arbetssituation. Tidigare forskning redovisar att arbetsmiljö har en stor påverkan på fysisk och psykisk hälsa för personal inom hälso- och sjukvården. Syftet är en systematisk litteraturöversikt vilken syftar till att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor har upplevt att arbeta med patienter smittade med Covid-19. Resultatet utgår från tio artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats och presenteras i tre huvudkategorier och sju subkategorier. I resultatet framkommer att sjuksköterskor har haft en arbetsmiljö där oklara rutiner, information och kommunikation tillsammans med smitta, smittspridning och skyddsutrustning samt hög arbetsbelastning och låg grad av återhämtning ledde till negativa psykiska konsekvenser i form av stress, ångest, oro, rädsla med mera. I vissa fall blev konsekvenserna psykisk ohälsa i form av PTSD eller depression. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde också en ökad känsla av fokus i samhället och en stolthet över sitt yrke och gemenskap i sitt arbetsteam i en svår situation. Vikten av stöd framkom tydligt, både som strategier för egenstöd och stöd från chef och samhälle. Psykologiskt stöd och krisstöd samt en anpassning av arbetsrutiner och arbetsmiljö föreslås som implikationer i framtidens sjukvård inför eventuella krissituationer för att vara bättre rustade.

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the current global pandemic, COVID-19. Because this virus is novel, little is known about its sensitivity to disinfection. In this study, we performed suspension tests against SARS-CoV-2 using three commercially available quaternary ammonium compound (Quat) disinfectants and one laboratory-made 0.2% benzalkonium chloride solution. Three of the four formulations completely inactivated the virus within 15 seconds of contact, even in the presence of a soil load or when diluted in hard water. We conclude that Quats rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2, making them potentially useful for controlling SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals and the community. In addition to disinfection, little is known about the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 to wastewater. A number of researchers have tracked the spread of COVID-19 by using qPCR to look for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, but it is unclear how long that RNA lasts or whether that RNA is from intact or inactivated virus. In this study, we added laboratory-grown SARS-CoV-2 to various samples of wastewater and measured its persistence using both qPCR, which detects all viral RNA, and a plaque assay, which detects only infectious virus. The level of infectious virus declined sharply by over 4 log reductions during an 8 day time period, while the level of measurable RNA did not decline significantly. Autoclaving or filtering the wastewater before adding virus attenuated this effect, producing declines of only around 1-3 logs for the infectious virus over 8 days and no significant decline for the RNA.