Inside the master thesis there is represented computer simulation program of the gas flow through the two-stroke engine. The simulation program is developed in software package “Fortran” and is represented as Annex 2. The program simulates gas flow through the two-stroke engine and gives results of pressure changes and mass flow. The simulation is done by using concentrated volume method. The pressure inside the engine parts is described by pressure changes equation. The program is intended for the two-stroke engine tuning for the race. In the thesis is deeply investigated small swept volume engine used for tether model car race. Using the program is possible to do engine inlet and transfer timing optimization. The optimization results were very successful and showed that the cylinder filling with fresh air fuel mixture can be increased by 0.5%. For the numerical solution of the first order differential equations there were used Runge-Kutta IV method. / Magistriniame darbe pristatoma dvitakčio variklio modeliavimo programa, kuri apskaičiuoja dujų tekėjimą dvitakčiame variklyje. Programa sukurta naudojantis programiniu paketu „Fortran“ ir pateikta antrame priede. Programa modeliuoja dujų tekėjimą dvitakčiame variklyje ir pateikia slėgio bei debito rezultatus. Modeliavimui taikytas koncentruotų tūrių metodas. Slėgiai variklio dalyse yra aprašomi slėgio kitimo formule. Programa skirta lenktyniniams dvitakčiams varikliams, jų galiai didinti. Darbe labai smulkiai analizuojami mažo darbinio tūrio varikliai, kurie naudojami automobilių modelių greičio varžybose. Naudojant programą įmanoma atlikti variklio įsiurbimo ir prapūtimo fazių optimizavimą. Optimizavimo rezultatai rodo, kad galima pagerinti cilindro užpildymą šviežiu oro-kuro mišiniu net 0,5 % - tai yra labai geras rezultatas, kadangi dvitakčiai varikliai yra labai išvystyti. Pirmo laipsnio diferencialinėms lygtims spręsti panaudotas skaitinis Rungės-Kuto IV metodas.

For any crankcase scavenged two-stroke engine, the fuel dynamics is not easily predicted. This is due to the fact that the fuel has to pass the crankcase volume before it enters the combustion chamber. This thesis is about the development of a model for fuel dynamics in the crankcase of a small crankcase scavenged two-stroke engine that gives realistic dynamic behavior. The crankcase model developed in this thesis has two parts. One part is a model for wall wetting and the other part is a model for concentration of evaporated fuel in the crankcase. Wall wetting is a phenomenon where fuel is accumulated in fuel films on the crankcase walls. The wall wetting model has two parameters that have to be tuned. One is for the fraction of fuel from the carburetor that is not directly evaporated and one parameter is for the evaporation time of the fuel film. The thesis treats tuning of these parameters by running the model with input data from measurements. Since not all input data are possible to measure, models for these inputs are also needed. Hence, development of simple models for air flows, fuel flow, gas mixing in the exhaust and the behavior of the λ-probe used for measurements are also treated in this thesis. The parameter estimation for the crankcase model made in this thesis results in parameters that corresponds to constant fraction of fuel from the carburetor that evaporates directly and a wall wetting evaporation rate that increases with increasing engine speed. The parameter estimation is made with measurements at normal operation and three specific engine speeds. The validity of the model is limited to these speeds and does not apply during engine heat-up. The model is run and compared to validation data at some different operation conditions. The model predicts dynamic behavior well, but has a bias in terms of mean level of the output λ. Since this mean value depends on the relation between input air and fuel flow, this bias is probably an effect of inaccuracy in the simple models developed for these flows. / För alla tvåtaktsmotorer med bränslematning genom vevhuset är bränsledynamiken svårpredikterad. Detta beror på att bränslet måste passera vevhusvolymen innan det når förbränningskammaren. Denna uppsats handlar om utveckling av en modell som ger realistisk dynamik för bränslet i tvåtaktsmotorers vevhus. Vevhusmodellen i denna uppsats har två delar. Den ena delen är en modell för bränslefilm på motorväggar och den andra delen är en modell för koncentration av förångat bränsle i vevhusvolymen. Bränslefilmsmodellen har två parametrar som måste trimmas. Den ena är andelen bränsle från förgasaren som inte förångas direkt och den andra är tidsåtgången för förångning av bränslefilmen. Uppsatsen behandlar trimning av dessa parametrar genom körning av modellen med indata från mätningar. Eftersom inte all indata kan mätas behövs även modeller för dessa. Därför behandlar uppsatsen även utveckling av enkla modeller för luftflöde, bränsleflöde, gasblandning i avgasvolymen och beteende hos den för mätningar använda λ-sonden. Parameterestimeringen för vevhusmodellen som är gjord i denna uppsats resulterar i parametrar som svarar mot konstant andel av bränslet från förgasaren som förångas direkt och en förångningshastighet för bränslefilmen som ökar med ökande motorhastighet. Parameterestimeringen är gjord med mätdata från normal körning vid tre olika motorhastigheter. Giltigheten för modellen är begränsad till dessa hastigheter och kan inte appliceras på körning av motorn vid kallstart. Modellen är körd och jämförd med valideringsdata från olika körfall. Modellen förutser dynamiska beteenden väl, men har ett systematiskt fel gällande medelvärdet på λ. Eftersom detta medelvärde beror på förhållandet mellan luftflöde och bränsleflöde in i vevhuset är sannolikt detta systematiska fel en effekt av osäkerhet i de enkla modeller som utvecklats för dessa flöden.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

Master´s thesis is considered with design and construction of V8 combustion engine with small size and low mass of its body. In the construction were used mass-produced components from the other engines. From every component was generated a 3D model in computer program Pro/Engineer, new necessary parts were made in the same program and put together to assembly. Main part of the construction was to design a new crankshaft, a crankcase and an engine lubricating system. The crankshaft was subjected computing analysis in program Pro/Mechanica, using FEM.

Yes / The presence of lubricant droplets in the gas that flows through the piston assembly and crankcase of an internal combustion engine (generically termed oil misting) has important implications for performance, particularly lubricant supply to the upper piston assembly, oil consumption and lubricant degradation. A significant source of these droplets is thought to be oil shearing and blow-through by blow-by gas flows in the piston assembly. An experimental rig was developed to simulate the high velocity gas and lubricant film interactions at a top piston ring gap where the flow conditions are most severe. Flows of lubricant droplets were produced and characterised in terms of the proportion of the oil flow that formed droplets in the gas flow and the size distribution of the droplets produced. Considering various aspects of a commercial automotive crankcase formulation, the effect of lubricant viscosity was found to be particularly important. Of the lubricant additives evaluated, viscosity modifiers were found to have the greatest effect on the tendency to form droplets: Detailed study on a range of viscosity modifiers identified that the influence of their molecular architectures on viscoelasticity was the key mechanism.

Yes / Droplet flows, termed misting, are significant lubrication flow mechanisms to, in and around the piston assembly. Therefore, these are important in piston assembly tribology and engine performance. Crankcase lubricant degradation rate has been hypothesised to be influenced by lubricant droplet flows through the piston assembly and crankcase, but not previously confirmed. Lubricant was sampled from the sump, top ring zone (TRZ), and mist and aerosol from the crankcase during an extend-ed run. The physical and chemical degradation of these samples was characterised. Droplet flows were intermediate in degradation and fuel dilution between TRZ and sump. Flows with smaller droplet sizes were more degraded that those with larger droplets. The degradation of polymers was dependent on their molecular architecture.

Thesis deals with design of the experimental single-cylinder spark ignition engines for research purposes. The main purpose of this work is the design crankcase. Summary of possible constructions of spark ignition engines is included. Basic dimensions and 3-D design of the experimental engine resulted from the summary. The numerical analysis of proposed crankcase in ADAMS (MBS) and ANSYS (FEM) software environment is also part of the work. Generally, the proposed solution of the experimental engine was focused on the universality and simplicity of the design.

Thesis deals with design study of 1-piston CI Engine for research purposes. The main purpose of this work is the design crankcase. Thesis includes background research conversant by various conceptions experimental motors. The numerice analysis of proposed crankcase in Pro ENGINEER MECHANICA (FME) software environment in also part of the work. Generally, the proposed solution of the experimental engine was focused on the universality and simplicity of the design.