In Diesel engine blocks properties such as tensile strength, heat conductivity, sound damping, engine vibration and noise are strongly influenced by graphite shape and volume percent in the matrix microstructure. In this study, the engine blocks were produced at ELBA Basin&ccedil / li D&ouml / k&uuml / m Od&ouml / ksan Cast iron foundry in Osmaneli Turkey by performing casting into furan resin sand and preparing cast iron liquid alloy in induction furnace that were treated with Mg by using ladle method. The main purpose of this study is to achive 0 &ndash / 25% volume nodularity and remaining is compacted graphite in the produced engine blocks. The shape and volume percent of graphite particles were characterized by an image analyze system. In the first part of this work, after the diesel engine blocks were produced at ELBA Basin&ccedil / li D&ouml / k&uuml / m Od&ouml / ksan Cast iron foundry in Osmaneli Turkey, the blocks were cut and samples were obtained from 14 different thicknesses of diesel engine blocks. Afterwards, the samples were examined under optical microscope, Soif XJP-6A. The nodularity and compacted graphite values were obtained numerically with the help of Materials Plus image analyzer systems, which is attached to the optical microscope. v In the second part of the study, the diesel engine blocks which are produced at Od&ouml / ksan were examined by ultrasonic test that was done by using USM 35 flaw detector test machine. Solidification &ndash / time and temperature &ndash / time simulations were also done by using NovaCast NovaFlow simulation code. Finally mathematical formulas for 13 different thickness of diesel engine blocks were obtained by using excel linest code. The compacted graphite volume percent observed at different sections of the diesel engine blocks were found to be a function of cooling rate and chemical composition. Best results were obtained when chemical Mg/S ratio was approximately 1 and C.E.V. was between 4.40 &ndash / 4.50.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

Resumo: Nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidas três composições à base de Si3N4 com quantidades e tipos de aditivos diferentes, com objetivos de desenvolver cerâmicas densas de altas resistências, para posteriores testes como ferramentas de corte na usinagem de torneamento do ferro fundido cinzento, ferro fundido vermicular e a liga Ti-6Al-4V. As composições utilizaram aditivos Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) e AlN/Y2O3 (15 e 20%), e foram sinterizadas pelo processo de sinterização normal. Em seguida foram caracterizadas quanto as propriedades físicas e mecânicas, apresentando bons resultados. Posteriormente a composição de melhores propriedades (SNYA20), foi transformada em inserto para usinagem de corte de acordo com a norma ISO 1832. Os testes de torneamento foram realizados no ferro fundido cinzento com variações de parâmentros, onde para Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rot e ap=1,00mm, alcançou um comprimento de corte de 6533m, superior aos encontrados em literatura, com diminuição dos desgastes, para maiores Vc e ap. O torneamento da liga Ti-6Al-4V em alta velocidade (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rot e ap=0,50mm), alcançou comprimento de corte de Lc=466m, para um desgaste VBmax=2,20mm. No torneamento do ferro fundido vermicular, com variações de parâmetros, alcançou resultados superiores aos encontrados na literatura com ferramentas cerâmicas comercial, utilizando Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rot e ap= 0,50mm, obteve-se comprimento de corte Lc=1658m. Os resultados de usinagem obtidos nesse trabalho estão relacionados com as propriedades e fases obtidas. Entretanto alem dos resultados obtidos essas ferramentas apresentam custo em torno de 50% das comerciais e redução de 17- 20% de custo no processo, devido ao uso de fluido refrigerante e proteção ao meio ambiente. / Abstract: In this work three compositions to base Si3N4 with amounts and types of different additives had been developed, with objective to develop dense ceramics of high strength to possible test as cutting tools in turning of gray cast iron, compacted graphite iron and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The compositions had used additives Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) and AlN/Y2O3 (15 and 20%), and were sinterized by process normal sintering. After sintering the physical and mechanical properties had been characterized, showing interesting results. Posterior the composition the best properties (SNYA20), was transformed into cutting tools to machining in the stand norm ISO 1832. The turning tests had been carried in gray cast iron with different parameters, where to Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rev and ap=1,00mm, obtained a cut length of 6533m, achieving value superior at found in literature, with important reduction to larger cutting speed and cut depth. The turning of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in high cutting speed (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rev and ap=0,50mm), obtained cutting length of Lc=466m, to VBmax=2,20mm. In turning compacted graphite iron, with different parameters, obtained value superior at found in literature, when utilize cutting tools ceramics of commercial materials, using for this Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rev and ap = 0,50mm. These condition obtained cut length of Lc=1658m. The results achieved in this work have been associated with the important physical and mechanical proprieties and phase of cutting tools. However the results obtained with these cutting tools present lower cost (50%) when compared with commercial cutting tools of similar material e reduction of cost in around 17-20%, because the do not use coolant, beside of protection at environment. / Orientador: Sérgio João Crnkovic / Coorientador: Olivério Moreira de Macedo Silva / Doutor

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

A crescente busca por novos mercados, redução de custos e atendimento a legislação incentivam estudos e pesquisas no aperfeiçoamento dos materiais, processos e produtos. Uma vez que o bloco do motor é o componente mais importante, e que agrega maior peso e volume no motor, o bloco tem sido alvo de pesquisas na busca de motores mais eficientes. O desenvolvimento do material tradicionalmente utilizado para a fabricação de blocos de motores Diesel, o ferro fundido cinzento, alcançou seu limite. Neste contexto, o ferro fundido vermicular ou Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) se apresenta como um substituto para tal aplicação com características de condutividade térmica e amortecimento próximas ao do ferro fundido cinzento, porém, com propriedades mecânicas superiores, possibilitando um redução do peso do motor e, consequentemente, economia de combustível, redução da emissão de poluentes (CO2, NOx e particulados) além do nível de ruído. Neste estudo foram determinadas, analisadas e comparadas as propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga do ferro fundido vermicular em relação ao principal material utilizado atualmente em blocos de motores Diesel: ferro fundido cinzento. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios a partir de corpos de prova retirados de blocos de motores recolhidos aleatoriamente da produção, visando determinar às propriedades mecânicas e de fadiga baseado na metodologia da mecânica da fratura. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura. Resultados dos ensaios realizados evidenciaram as vantagens da utilização de ferro fundido vermicular quando comparado ao cinzento, pois apresentou resultados superiores em todos os ensaios mecânicos e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga uma ordem grandeza menor. Através da análise fractográfica foi possível perceber a influência da morfologia da grafita no efeito concentrador de tensões. / The growing search for new markets, cost reduction, adding value to the product and making products according to the legislation for emissions control have consequently increased studies and research to find improvements in materials, process and products. Considered one of the most important and the heaviest component of the engine, the crankcase has been the main target of the search for more efficient engines. Currently the gray cast iron is the material traditionally used in the fabrication of Diesel engine crankcases, however it has reached its strength limit. In this context, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) comes as an alternative for such applications, with characteristics such as thermal conductivity and damping similar to the gray cast iron, but with superior mechanical properties, allowing the manufacturing of lighter crankcases, better performance and reduced environmental pollution by exhaust gases and fluids. This work was to determine, analyze and compare the mechanical and fatigue properties between gray iron and compacted graphite iron used in Diesel engine crankcases. The experiments were performed by tests on test samples taken from random production crankcases, in order to determine the mechanical and fatigue properties based on fracture mechanical methodology. The fracture surfaces of tests were observed by SEM to characterize the fracture micromechanisms. In this case, results of tests demonstrate the advantages of use compacted graphite iron. In the fracture surfaces was possible to realize the influence of the graphite morphology on the stress concentrating effect.

Diploma thesis in the first part deals with the production, properties and application of compacted graphite iron. After then calculation model which is used in ProCAST software for the predicting mechanical and structural properties of compacted graphite iron is presented and differences between versions 2010 and 2011 are shown. The last part of the thesis deals with simulation of mechanical and structural properties on the test specimen and real casting, which is poured in Heunisch foundry Ltd. and results of the simulation and measured values are compared.

The aim of this research, part of a wider program called SPOFIC, is to investigate how the casting procedure affects the concentration of hydrogen and nitrogen gases in Compacted Graphite Iron used for the production of truck cylinder blocks. Hydris equipment was used for the Hydrogen measurements and the Optical Emission Spectroscopy and combustion analysis methods were used for the nitrogen measurements. The experiment was performed in one of the cooperating foundries. It was found that Hydrogen content is increased during pouring of the melt into the mold but nitrogen content does not seem to be effected by the process. In both cases the gas content never exceeded the solubility limit. The results are comparable with results from similar researches regarding Gray Cast Iron. / SPOFIC

The purpose of this master thesis was to evaluate variations in solidification and cooling rate in compacted graphite iron prototype cylinder blocks and for each position relate this to the microstructure and also relate the microstructure to mechanical properties. This has been done to increase the knowledge to predict mechanical properties in cast iron components. There were three sample categories; reference-, tensile test- and thermocouple samples. The investigation included analysis of cooling curves, SinterCast parameters, image analysis, measured hardness and tensile strength. Thermocouples of type N were used at interesting positions for observation of the cooling behaviour and the image analysis was carried out by the software Axio Vision SE64 by Carl Zeiss GmbH. The hardness was measured according to Brinell HBW 5/750 and tensile testing was performed according to standard SS-EN ISO 6892-1:2009. It is concluded that the microstructure depend on many parameters, one of them is the position in the cylinder block. A relation between solidification time and the microstructure features; secondary dendrite arm spacing and eutectic cell size was observed. Because of dissimilarity in microstructure between the tensile test samples and thermocouple samples it is believed that the thermocouples have contributed with a cooling and/or nucleation effect. Considering the mechanical properties there is not solely the nodularity, eutectic cell size or secondary dendrite arm spacing that are the controlling microstructure feature, more research needs to be made.

Compacted Graphite Iron offers mechanical properties in between of gray cast iron and ductile iron. Thus,the material is seen as a hopeful alternative for engine cylinder blocks and heads satisfying environmentaland performance objectives. Nevertheless, CGI is more difficult to machine than conventional gray castiron due to the presence of MnS and thin wall section of probing high strength. This problem of CGI thenled to the initiation of large Optima Sweden project to study machinability and optimization of related toCGI.The thesis is centered on a study of tool life, cutting force and MRR with regards to machining parametersmainly feed rate and cutting speed for CGI milling. Tool life is measured; flank-wear is observed andcompared between several combinations of cutting parameters.Similarly cutting forces were measured using LMS software for full factorial design experiments. Extensivemachining experiments were carried out. Machining tests was done based on Design of Experiment (DoE)for high cutting data and lower data are performed separately. Comparison is made for tool life and cuttingforces. After data collection, analysis of tool life and force has been followed. Once the data is analyzedand checked its consistency. An approximate model is developed using MODDE software. Further, multiobjective optimization of tool life and Material removal rate (MRR) using cutting parameters mainly feedrate and cutting speed are investigated. Working on optimal parameters will allow for CGI is to becompetitive in manufacturing with gray CI, aluminum alloy, magnesium.Keywords: Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI), face milling, tool life, MRR, optimization, cutting force

L’étude présentée est consacrée à l’usinabilité de la fonte à graphite vermiculaire. Celle-ci se situe entre la fonte à graphite lamellaire et la fonte à graphite sphéroïdale par rapport à la forme du graphite constituant ce matériau. Elle est utilisée depuis plus de cinq ans dans les blocs moteurs diesel afin d’améliorer les performances et de diminuer les rejets atmosphériques pour respecter les nouvelles normes Européennes. Pour évaluer l’usinabilité d’un matériau, il faut s’étalonner par rapport à un matériau de référence. Dans notre cas, la fonte à graphite vermiculaire a été comparée à la fonte à graphite lamellaire. Des essais de tractions ont permis d’obtenir les propriétés mécaniques du lot de matière utilisé pour la campagne d’essais d’usinage ; ceci, afin de se situer dans la gamme de ce type de fonte. Les plaquettes d’usinage ont été caractérisées par nano-indentation. Les revêtements PVD et CVD ont subit des essais de micro-rayure afin de caractériser leur adhésion sur leurs substrats respectifs. La mise en place d’un plan d’expérience a permis de limiter le nombre de plaquettes d’usinage prototypes à réaliser. Des essais tribologiques de type pion/disque ont révélé des pistes exploitables pour la compréhension des phénomènes de frottement et d’usures mis en jeu lors de l’usinage de la fonte à graphite vermiculaire. / This study deals with machinability of compacted graphite iron. This material is in-between grey cast iron and nodular cast iron due to the graphite particle shape. It is used for manufacturing diesel engine blocks so as to increase performances and reduce carbon emissions to comply with Euro 5 norm. It is necessary to compare one material to a reference material to evalute machinability criterium. In our case, compacted graphite iron has been compared to grey cast iron. Tensile tests have given us mechanical properties of our test pieces batch used for machining tests. It helped us to qualify the material in its own material range. Inserts have been characterized by nanoindentation. PVD and CVD coatings were benchmarked in microscratch way to determine their respective adhesion to theirs substrates A design of experiment has been setted up so as to reduce number of inserts protypes to be manufactured. Pin on disk tribologic tests gave few hints to have a better understanding of friction phenomena and wear during compacted graphite iron machining.