This thesis delves into the insurance investigation industry and the use of investigations for automobile underwriting purposes. An evaluation is made based upon the methods and practices of the leading investigative firm, Retail Credit Company. By using Retail Credit's manuals, directives, and interviewing both management personnel and field men, it is established that the investigator is working under pressures of quotas and constraints that m 'e it virtually impossible to complete a valid report.Two major automobile insurance companies are interviewed to determine the usage of these reports and what effect they have on underwriting. The Fair Credit Reporting Act is examined to the extent that it affects the investigative industry and the insurers.

In recent years, there is a significant change in consumers¡¦ cognition and values owing to the transition of financial conditions, and a sort of more diversified financial service is demanded to cater for their needs. Since the openness of financial market in 1990, our human resources of professional intellect never reach the anticipated level of advance because no appropriate regulation on the running tactics of financial institutions is made, besides the want of foresighted projects on financial market, ethical climate in financial institutions, definite and concrete reconstruction of organizational commitment. As a result, financial proprietors surged into the market upon the openness, forming a superficial feature of flourishing development; on the other hand, the deteriorating competition behind the prosperity causes trust-granting quality to go down and consequently the rate and amount of overdue loan to go higher and higher. In the meanwhile, the opportunities of nationally economic development get corrupted. Many researches prove the ethical climate and organizational commitment do have effect on organizational citizenship. This research is aimed to find out the degree the trust-granting staff¡¦s ethical climate and organizational commitment influence the organizational citizenship by studying the personal characteristics and position properties. It also expects follow-up researches will further probe into the difference and correlation between the ethical climate and organizational commitment of the trust-granting staff with the final say in order to build more positive and active ones, so as to enhance a more positive trust¡Vgranting attitude and behavior. Taking trust-granting staff of financial institutions in Kaohsiung-Pingtung area as subjects, this research gave out 125 copies of questionnaire and recovered 120 effective. With fidelity analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, single factor variance analysis, Pierson correlation analysis, and typical correlation analysis, we can conclude as follows. 1. Subjects¡¦ research variances are: (1) Ethical climate: legislative orientation, care orientation, and independent judgment. (2) Organizational commitment: affectional commitment, continuous commitment, and moral commitment. (3) Organizational citizenship: the manifestation of both cognition or attitude in terms of sticking to own duty and organizational public welfare lies above the medium or high levels. 2. Based on personal characteristics or position properties, the subjects who have highest manifestation in their cognition and attitude in each dimension are: (1) Legislative orientation: female, 40~49 years old, single, under junior college, incumbent clerk. (2) Care orientation: male, over 50 yeas old, married, above university, director. (3) Independent judgment: male, over 50 years old, married, under junior college, incumbent clerk. (4) Affectional commitment: male, over 50 years old, married, above university, director. (5) Continuous commitment: male, 30~39 years old, married, over university, former director. (6) Moral commitment: female, over 50 years old, married, under junior college, director. (7) Sticking to own duty: female, over 50 years old, married, under junior college, director. (8) Organizational public welfare: female, over 50 years old, married, under junior college, director. 3. The research variances that have apparent correlation: (1) legislative orientation: care orientation, affectioal commitment (2) Care orientation: independent judgment, affectional commitment, moral commitment. (3) Independent judgment: moral commitment (4) Affectional commitment: moral commitment (5) Continuous commitment: moral commitment (6) Sticking to own duty: organizational public welfare, legislative orientation, care orientation, affectional commitment, moral commitment (7) Organizational public welfare: affectional commitment, moral commitment. 4. Both ethical climate and organizational commitment have an obvious correlation with organizational citizenship. According to the conclusions, we recommend the following suggestions: 1. To financial institutions: (1) Carrying out internal legislative curriculum and drills; (2) Carrying out external legislative and related case curriculum and drills; (3) Appointing with discretion the managerial personnel of operating units; (4) Cultivating staff¡¦s team spirit; (5) Reconstructing the financial ethics of discipline and order. 2. To succeeding researchers: (1) Broadening the researching samples; (2) Studying the attitude of incumbent and former managers¡¦ ethic climate and organizational commitment toward the trust-granting acts.

Abstract Business financing is crucial to the development and performance of small and medium enterprises (SME) in developing countries. Obtaining loans by SMEs in Jordan is vital for creating employment, reducing poverty ratio, and augmenting SMEs growth. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to discover strategies SME owners use to access credit. The population comprised of 3 SME owners in Jordan who successfully accessed credit. The conceptual frameworks for this study were the social capital theory and the pecking order theory. Data were gathered using semistructured interviews and companies' archived records. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis; three themes emerged to include sources of finance, education and skills, and social networking. The implications for positive social change include the potential to help SME leaders develop strategies to stabilize and grow their businesses. Business growth can create jobs and decrease poverty in Jordan.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto da criação do Cadastro Positivo na concessão de crédito aos consumidores no Brasil, a partir do ponto de vista teórico-legal e da análise comparativa entre países que já possuem este mecanismo de consulta consolidado e os que não o utilizam. Para tanto, apresentaram-se aspectos teóricos, legais e conceituais sobre os arquivos de consumo utilizados para a concessão de crédito no Brasil. Há, também, o estudo dos aspectos conceituais da Teoria da Informação Assimétrica aplicada ao mercado financeiro, tanto nos aspectos de Risco Moral, como de Seleção Adversa. A experiência internacional é estudada primeiramente através da análise dos países selecionados a partir do artigo de Japelli e Pagano (1999) e, posteriormente, por meio de um levantamento de artigos que realizam análises empíricas sobre bancos de dados para concessão de crédito. Por fim, faz-se uma análise da implantação do Cadastro Positivo no Brasil, por meio do estudo da jurisprudência de todos os casos tramitados no STJ, com a palavra-chave “cadastro positivo” até dezembro de 2016. Assim, foi possível verificar que o Cadastro Positivo é um instrumento benéfico para o mercado de crédito brasileiro. / This Master Thesis aims to analyze the impact of the institution of the Positive Credit Information database had in Brazilian credit market, from theoretical and legal points of view and through a comparative analysis of countries that have already had this mechanism and those which do not use. Therefore, theoretical, legal and conceptual aspects of consumer files used for the granting of credit in Brazil are presented. It comprehends, also, the study the conceptual aspects of Asymmetric Information Theory applied to the financial markets, both in the aspects of Moral Hazard, as well as Adverse Selection. International experience is primarily studied through the analysis of countries selected based in Japelli and Pagano’s article (1999) in the following and, later, through a survey of articles that carry out empirical analysis of credit bureaus. The last section comprises an analysis of the implementation of the Positive Credit database in Brazil, through the study of jurisprudence in all cases within the Brazilian’s “Superior Tribunal de Justiça”, using the keyword “Positive Information” until May 31, 2016. Thus, it was possible to verify that the Positive Credit is a beneficial tool for the Brazilian credit market.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto da criação do Cadastro Positivo na concessão de crédito aos consumidores no Brasil, a partir do ponto de vista teórico-legal e da análise comparativa entre países que já possuem este mecanismo de consulta consolidado e os que não o utilizam. Para tanto, apresentaram-se aspectos teóricos, legais e conceituais sobre os arquivos de consumo utilizados para a concessão de crédito no Brasil. Há, também, o estudo dos aspectos conceituais da Teoria da Informação Assimétrica aplicada ao mercado financeiro, tanto nos aspectos de Risco Moral, como de Seleção Adversa. A experiência internacional é estudada primeiramente através da análise dos países selecionados a partir do artigo de Japelli e Pagano (1999) e, posteriormente, por meio de um levantamento de artigos que realizam análises empíricas sobre bancos de dados para concessão de crédito. Por fim, faz-se uma análise da implantação do Cadastro Positivo no Brasil, por meio do estudo da jurisprudência de todos os casos tramitados no STJ, com a palavra-chave “cadastro positivo” até dezembro de 2016. Assim, foi possível verificar que o Cadastro Positivo é um instrumento benéfico para o mercado de crédito brasileiro. / This Master Thesis aims to analyze the impact of the institution of the Positive Credit Information database had in Brazilian credit market, from theoretical and legal points of view and through a comparative analysis of countries that have already had this mechanism and those which do not use. Therefore, theoretical, legal and conceptual aspects of consumer files used for the granting of credit in Brazil are presented. It comprehends, also, the study the conceptual aspects of Asymmetric Information Theory applied to the financial markets, both in the aspects of Moral Hazard, as well as Adverse Selection. International experience is primarily studied through the analysis of countries selected based in Japelli and Pagano’s article (1999) in the following and, later, through a survey of articles that carry out empirical analysis of credit bureaus. The last section comprises an analysis of the implementation of the Positive Credit database in Brazil, through the study of jurisprudence in all cases within the Brazilian’s “Superior Tribunal de Justiça”, using the keyword “Positive Information” until May 31, 2016. Thus, it was possible to verify that the Positive Credit is a beneficial tool for the Brazilian credit market.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto da criação do Cadastro Positivo na concessão de crédito aos consumidores no Brasil, a partir do ponto de vista teórico-legal e da análise comparativa entre países que já possuem este mecanismo de consulta consolidado e os que não o utilizam. Para tanto, apresentaram-se aspectos teóricos, legais e conceituais sobre os arquivos de consumo utilizados para a concessão de crédito no Brasil. Há, também, o estudo dos aspectos conceituais da Teoria da Informação Assimétrica aplicada ao mercado financeiro, tanto nos aspectos de Risco Moral, como de Seleção Adversa. A experiência internacional é estudada primeiramente através da análise dos países selecionados a partir do artigo de Japelli e Pagano (1999) e, posteriormente, por meio de um levantamento de artigos que realizam análises empíricas sobre bancos de dados para concessão de crédito. Por fim, faz-se uma análise da implantação do Cadastro Positivo no Brasil, por meio do estudo da jurisprudência de todos os casos tramitados no STJ, com a palavra-chave “cadastro positivo” até dezembro de 2016. Assim, foi possível verificar que o Cadastro Positivo é um instrumento benéfico para o mercado de crédito brasileiro. / This Master Thesis aims to analyze the impact of the institution of the Positive Credit Information database had in Brazilian credit market, from theoretical and legal points of view and through a comparative analysis of countries that have already had this mechanism and those which do not use. Therefore, theoretical, legal and conceptual aspects of consumer files used for the granting of credit in Brazil are presented. It comprehends, also, the study the conceptual aspects of Asymmetric Information Theory applied to the financial markets, both in the aspects of Moral Hazard, as well as Adverse Selection. International experience is primarily studied through the analysis of countries selected based in Japelli and Pagano’s article (1999) in the following and, later, through a survey of articles that carry out empirical analysis of credit bureaus. The last section comprises an analysis of the implementation of the Positive Credit database in Brazil, through the study of jurisprudence in all cases within the Brazilian’s “Superior Tribunal de Justiça”, using the keyword “Positive Information” until May 31, 2016. Thus, it was possible to verify that the Positive Credit is a beneficial tool for the Brazilian credit market.

En el país, sobre todo en la ciudad de Chiclayo, las entidades bancarias realizan diversas transacciones que benefician a la población, una de ellas es el préstamo. Estas entidades, especificando el Banco Azteca, ha realizado diversos préstamos beneficiando a la población ya sea con negocios, empresas y otras deudas previa evaluación. Sin embargo, así como hay personas que cumplen en devolver el dinero prestado, existen otras personas que no lo realizan quedándose con el dinero por diversos factores ocasionando que estos automáticamente pasen al Sistema de Deudores. Este factor, en varias oportunidades no se ha tomado en cuenta, generando deudas en el Banco. Ante la mencionada situación, la presente tesis tuvo como objetivo general implementar una aplicación móvil utilizando el algoritmo de redes neuronales para la detección de clientes en las listas priorizadas en el Sistema del Banco Azteca identificando las listas de alto riesgo y validando el sistema de detección según la ISO 25010 teniendo en cuenta que el modelo se detectará en base a los datos obtenidos y según su historial generando un nivel de información registrada de los clientes. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán detectar con mayor precisión la morosidad de los clientes. Además, los empleados de la entidad podrán monitorear a sus clientes y realizar una simulación para determinar si el cliente puede llegar a ser moroso a futuro. / In the country, especially in the city of Chiclayo, banking entities carry out various transactions that benefit the population, one of them is the loan. These entities, specifying Banco Azteca, have made various loans benefiting the population either with businesses, companies and other debts after evaluation. However, just as there are people who comply with repaying the borrowed money, there are other people who do not do so, keeping the money for various factors, causing them to automatically go to the Debtors System. This factor, on several occasions, has not been taken into account, generating debts in the Bank. Given the aforementioned situation, the present thesis had the general objective of implementing a mobile application using the neural network algorithm for the detection of clients in the prioritized lists in the Banco Azteca System, identifying high-risk lists and validating the detection system according to ISO 25010, taking into account that the model will be detected based on the data obtained and according to its history, generating a level of registered information from the clients. The results obtained will make it possible to more accurately detect customer delinquency. In addition, the entity's employees will be able to monitor their clients and carry out a simulation to determine if the client may become delinquent in the future.

The automation of processes is rapidly expanding across various industries, driven by technological advancements and the increasing reliance on data-driven solutions. The automation of processes can benefit all stakeholders and adversely affect fundamental human rights, such as the right to privacy and data protection. The risks to fundamental human rights are addressed by the GDPR, primarily by Article 22. This article set out the right of an individual not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning an individual or similarly significantly affects them.  The CJEU was asked to interpret Article 22 GDPR in ‘SCHUFA case’. The dispute arose from a credit score produced by SCHUFA AG, which led a financial institution to refuse a loan to the individual. The CJEU held that producing credit scores is an ‘automated individual decision’ if a third party draws strongly on that credit score. Such an ‘automated individual decision’ is prohibited in principle by Article 22 GDPR, unless exceptions apply.  This research aims to understand how SCHUFA case has changed the legal framework for agencies and how they may adjust their business practices to ensure compliance with Article 22 GDPR while still ensure their competitive advantage.  The findings indicate that credit scoring is crucially embedded in agencies’ processes as it massively benefits their operations. Agencies engaged in ADM may adjust their practices to legally comply with Article 22 GDPR, however not without momentarily jeopardizing their competitive advantage. Strategic changes necessary to tackle recent legal uncertainty are accompanied by further cost and longer operational response timers.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf.jpg: 50109 bytes, checksum: 17360d1565984b98377af09e99259b17 (MD5) Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf.txt: 39031 bytes, checksum: 1c5647e853c916a21de4977887b19b5d (MD5) Roberta Cardim Geyer.pdf: 121342 bytes, checksum: 4713b946e4198241bc90a44fcd409ff0 (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 94d66dc6376195a94715754a4815db07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-09T00:00:00Z / The main aim of this paper is to examine which factors are determinants of the mortgage debt system depth. Using data on legal creditor rights, credit information systems, constraints on executive and macroeconomic stability in 93 countries from 1996 to 2007, I found that countries with strong legal rights for borrowers and lenders, deeper credit information systems and more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper mortgage debt system. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores que determinam o desenvolvimento do crédito imobiliário nos países. Com dados de crédito imobiliário de 93 países de 1996 a 2007, estudo em que medida um ambiente macroeconômico estável, fortes direitos legais (através de leis de falência), sistemas de informação de crédito mais profundos e restrições ao poder do executivo influenciam a expansão do crédito imobiliário. Analisando países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, controlando pelo tamanho do país, concluí que países com baixa volatilidade da inflação e do crescimento do PIB, com leis de qualidade e alta restrição ao poder executivo têm crédito habitacional mais desenvolvido.