Syftet med föreliggande studie var att studera ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling i Sverige och i England1, utifrån den totala registrerade brottsligheten från slutet av 1980-talet fram till år 2010. Dessutom har det även studerats för den registrerade kategoribrottsligheten mellan åren 2002 och 2013. Vidare har jag även eftersträvat till att föra en diskussion kring hur teorin om rutinaktiviteter kan förklara denna utveckling. Ungdomsbrottsligheten som begrepp har definierats utifrån två ord: dels ungdom och dels brottslighet. I denna studie har åldersintervallet begränsats till 15-20 år. Vidare har definitionen av ett brott utgått från den legalistiska definitionen, där ett brott fastställs som ett brott utifrån de rådande lagarna i respektive land. Tidigare forskning på området har beskrivit ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling i efterkrigstiden, där den ökade i hela Västeuropa från början på 1950-talet, till att den minskade mot slutet av 1970 och början på 1980-talet. Stöldbrottslighet är den dominerande brottskategorin bland ungdomar, sedan följer våldshandlingar och sist skadegörelsebrott. Metoden som har använts i denna studie var av komparativ art, där man eftersträvat att jämföra Sverige och England med varandra vad gäller ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling. Metoden har vidare utgått från den mest olika ansatsen, som förespråkar jämförelser mellan länder som anses vara olika varandra olika vad gäller kultur, struktur och historia. Den mest olika ansatsen innebär vidare att man strävar efter en teoriprövning, dock har det i denna studie förts en diskussion kring rutinaktivitetsteorin för att se hur den kan tänkas förklara ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling. Rutinaktivitetsteorin består av tre olika komponenter som tillsammans möjliggör att ett brott kan begås, a) motiverad gärningsman, b) lämpligt brottsobjekt/offer och c) avsaknad av kapabla väktare. Denna förklaringsmodell har använts flitigt för att förklara den ständigt ökande stöldbrottsligheten i efterkrigstiden, som sammanföll med ett ökat välstånd i både Sverige och England. Resultatet från denna studie visar att ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling har minskat från slutet av 1980-talet fram till år 2010 i båda länderna som studerats. Även den kategoribaserade brottsutvecklingen (stöld, våld respektive skadegörelsebrott) har i denna studie visats ha samma minskande tendens. Rutinaktivitetsteorins förklaring av ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling, har analyserats utifrån de brottspreventiva situationella åtgärder, som har vidtagits och som har haft en direkt påverkan på åtminstone två av komponenterna som teorin grundats på.

Introduction: The World Health Assembly declared violence as a worldwide public health problem. Homicides have been identified as a leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups. The national homicide rate for 2004 and 2005 are 5.5 and 5.6 per 100,000 population, respectively. The reported rates for Virginia are 5.2 (2004) and 5.6 (2005) per 100,000 population, showing a 16.9% increase. Richmond has been ranked as high as the sixth most dangerous among similar cities in the United States. This study examines penetrating trauma injuries identified through 9-1-1 calls as an indicator of the incidence of homicide in Richmond, Virginia. The purpose of this study was to determine if Richmond has become a safer city, with respect to this type of injury over a five year period. Objectives: (1) To determine if the incidence of penetrating trauma has changed significantly over the five year study period. (2) To examine possible trends in descriptive statistics of study variables. (3) To assess trends in the distribution of response location. Methods: This is a retrospective study of data collected from 91 1 calls to Richmond Ambulance Authority in Richmond, Virginia, with a chief complaint of penetrating trauma during the years 2002-2006. Descriptive statistics were completed on all transported patients. Chi-square tests were used to determine trends. GIs was used to spatially examine the distribution of incident locations.Results: There was no significant trend in the incidence by year. Annual distribution of shooting versus stabbings varied significantly over the study period with the proportions of gunshots decreasing while stabbings increased. There was no significant trend in age, gender, number of patients transported or transport protocol over the study period. Level of care varied significantly over the five year period with BLS decreasing while Basic ALS increased. 39% of neighborhoods had no known incidents, while 8% of neighborhoods accounted for 40% of known gunshot and stabbing incidents. Discussion: These findings show that overall, with respect to known penetrating trauma incidents, Richmond has not become much safer over the five year period. A major limitation of this study is that most analyses were completed using only patients transported by the RAA. Future research should examine outcome data to determine if the change in type of penetrating trauma proportions resulted in greater survival rates.

The aim of this project is to ascertain whether the data in existing Police recording systems can be used by existing mature data mining techniques in an efficient manner to achieve results that are more accurate than those achieved by Police specialists when analysing crime. The Police Service has no formalised methodology of recording and analysing crime data and it is incumbent on each Force to train and develop appropriate personnel to provide operational analysis. Police data is inconsistent and, frequently, incomplete making the task of formal analysis far more difficult and current analytical practices are semi-manual and time consuming producing results of limited accuracy. These analytical processes would benefit from using data mining techniques within a structured approach as discussed within this thesis. The usage of supervised and unsupervised learning techniques within a structured methodology to mining Police data is evaluated. The research demonstrates that data mining techniques can be successfully used in operational policing. High volume crimes such as burglary that have been committed by one or more known offenders can be classified and the model used to attribute currently undetected crimes to one or more of those known offenders. Burglary crimes that previously had no overt relationship and the identity of the offender is unknown can be clustered with the ability to suggest one or more offenders who may be responsible for committing the crime. The same techniques used in analysing high volume crime can be used to link low volume major crimes such as serious sexual assaults. The recognised benefits include an improvement in the accuracy of results over current semi-manual processes and a reduction in the time taken to achieve those results.

The master thesis "Types of crimes" deals with the main characteristics of crimes. The goal of this thesis is to summarize each crimes in the Codex of criminal law. The thesis is divided into thematic units to be synoptic, the basics definitions of criminal law is shortly described in the first one. The following chapter focus separately on the individual crimes. The last chapter shows the development trend of crime in the Czech Republic in the period from 2005 to 2015.

The study investigated the application of the crime threat analysis process at station level within the Nelson Mandela Metro City area with the objective of determining inhibiting factors (constraints) and best practices. Qualitative research methodology was applied and interviews were conducted with crime analysts and specialised investigators/intelligence analysts. The research design can be best described as descriptive and explorative in nature. The crime threat analysis process embroils the application of various crime analysis techniques and the outcomes thereof intends to have a dual purpose of generating operational crime management information in assisting crime prevention initiatives and crime detection efforts, mainly focussing on the criminal activities of group offenders (organised crime related), repeat offenders and serial offenders. During the study it became evident that crime analysts understand and thus apply the crime threat analysis process indifferently, which impeded on the relevancy and the utilisation thereof as an effective crime management tool. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Policing)

The study investigated the application of the crime threat analysis process at station level within the Nelson Mandela Metro City area with the objective of determining inhibiting factors (constraints) and best practices. Qualitative research methodology was applied and interviews were conducted with crime analysts and specialised investigators/intelligence analysts. The research design can be best described as descriptive and explorative in nature. The crime threat analysis process embroils the application of various crime analysis techniques and the outcomes thereof intends to have a dual purpose of generating operational crime management information in assisting crime prevention initiatives and crime detection efforts, mainly focussing on the criminal activities of group offenders (organised crime related), repeat offenders and serial offenders. During the study it became evident that crime analysts understand and thus apply the crime threat analysis process indifferently, which impeded on the relevancy and the utilisation thereof as an effective crime management tool. / Criminology and Security Science / M.Tech. (Policing)