Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-82). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a ocorrência de maior emergência atendida nos serviços pré e intra-hospitalares. Para os profissionais de saúde a PCR e a realização da Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar (RCP) são eventos de extrema importância dentro da assistência, na qual exigem-se conhecimento, execução de técnicas adequadas e agilidade para prestar um atendimento de qualidade. A única chance de sobrevivência do paciente está vinculada à identificação precoce desse evento e à intervenção rápida e eficaz através das manobras de RCP dentro da sistematização do atendimento à PCR/RCP determinadas pelas Corrente de Sobrevivência do Adulto, seguida do Suporte Básico (SBV) e Suporte Avançado de Vida (SAVC). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quali- quantitativa que visa estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR/RCP em unidade de emergência no Hospital Escola do interior do estado de São Paulo, através da vivência de 27 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem na realização das manobras de RCP, identificando os incidentes críticos positivos e/ou negativos durante esse atendimento, além das facilidades e dificuldades vivenciadas pela equipe de enfermagem na execução dessas manobras através da Técnica do Incidente Crítico (TIC). Os dados coletados foram categorizados segundo as situações críticas semelhantes (situações secundárias), uma vez que a situação principal era a PCR e a situação secundária era a realização da RCP, seguida dos comportamentos e das consequências positivas e negativas decorrentes das diversas situações. Desta análise emergiram cinco categorias de incidentes críticos: Competências do atendimento à PCR/RCP, sentimentos e emoções da equipe frente à PCR/RCP, estrutura e ambiente na RCP, Eventos adversos à PCR/RCP e Capacitação da equipe de enfermagem. Relacionado aos comportamentos positivos, destacou-se três categorias: Aplicando a sistematização no atendimento à PCR/RCP, estabelecendo gestão durante á RCP e utilizando tecnologias na RCP. Dentre os comportamentos negativos, observaram-se seis categorias: convivendo com a falta de habilidades técnicas; vivenciando a falta da sistematização no atendimento à PCR/RCP; convivendo com recursos materiais e humanos insuficientes; o ambiente; percebendo os sentimentos e emoções da equipe frente a RCP e observando a falta de capacitação permanente da equipe na RCP. Uma vez selecionadas as situações críticas, os comportamentos positivos e os comportamentos negativos, pudemos categorizar o óbito como uma conseqüência imediata negativa e o restabelecimento das funções vitais como uma conseqüência imediata positiva ao paciente/cliente. Na avaliação das categorias resultantes, verificou-se como conseqüência negativa, os saber lidar com o sofrimento da perda e como conseqüência positiva, a RCP bem sucedida além dos sentimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem. A partir dos incidentes críticos identificados, foram estabelecidas as exigências críticas no atendimento à RCP no local de estudo e ressaltou-se que para um bom desempenho na realização da RCP é necessário rapidez, eficiência, conhecimento técnico-científico e habilidade técnica por parte de toda a equipe que realiza esse atendimento, seguindo sistematização referida pelos protocolos do AHA. Além disso, identificou-se a necessidade de capacitação continuada dos profissionais de enfermagem e médica, trabalho harmônico e sincronizado multiprofissional e infra-estrutura adequada, visando o restabelecimento da vida, a limitação do sofrimento, a recuperação do paciente/cliente e a ocorrência mínima de sequelas. Portanto, a RCP imediata, sistematizada e de qualidade é requisito básico de segurança para esses pacientes, reduzindo as dificuldades identificadas pela equipe e favorecendo as chances de reanimação destes pacientes / The cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is the major emergency occurrence attended pre and intra hospital services. For the health professionals, the CPA and the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are events of utmost importance during the care, demanding knowledge, implementation of appropriate techniques and agility to provide a quality service. The unique opportunity of patient\'s survival is linked to the early identification of this event and to the fast and effective intervention through CPR manoeuvres within the treatment systematization CPA/CPR determined by Adult Survival Current followed by Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ACLS). It\'s an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative-quantitative approach that aims to establish critical requirements in the CPA/CPR treatment within an emergency room at a teaching hospital in São Paulo State, through the experience of twenty seven professionals of nursing staff during manoeuvres of CPR, identifying the positive/negative critical incidents during this treatment as well as facility and difficulties experienced by nursing staff during this procedures though the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). The collected data was categorized accordingly to similar critical situations (secondary situation), since the main situation was CPA and secondary one was CPR realization in addition to behaviors and positive/negative consequences resulting from various situations. From this analysis, it was arisen five categories of critical incidents: treatment competences to CPA/CPR, feelings and emotions of the nursing staff towards CPA/CPR, structure and environment during CPR, adverse events to CPA/CPR and nursing staff training. Related to positive behaviors, it was highlighted three categories: applying systematization in CPA/CPR treatment, establishing conduct during CPR and using technologies in CPR. It was observed six categories among negative behaviors: dealing with no technical skills, living through the lack of systematization to CPA/CPR treatment, cohabiting with insufficient human and material resources, the environment, realizing nursing staff\'s feelings and emotions towards CPR treatment and observing the lack of nursing staff\'s ongoing training. Once selected critical situations, positive and negative behaviors, we can classify Death as an immediate negative consequence and Restoring Vital Functions as a positive consequence to the patient/client. Assessing the emerging categories, it was verified, as a negative consequence, how to deal with the loss suffering and, as a positive consequence, the successful CPR in addition to the nursing professionals\' feelings. From the identified critical incidents, it was established critical requirements to CPR treatment at the study site and it was pointed out that, to a good performance in the CPR, is necessary quickness, efficacy, scientific and technical knowledge and technical ability of the whole staff that perform this treatment, following systematization referred by the AHA protocols. Furthermore it was also identified the necessity for an ongoing training of medical and nursing professionals, harmonious and synchronized multiprofessional work and appropriate infrastructure aiming at life restoring, suffering limitation, the patient and client\'s recovery and the least occurrence of sequelae. Therefore, an immediate systematized and quality CPR is basic requirement for these patients\' safety, reducing the difficulties identified by the staff and providing opportunities for resuscitation of these patients

Estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos positivos e negativos relacionados à assistência prestada ao portador de tuberculose pulmonar, com base nos relatos dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de uma unidade de internação (isolamento), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Categorizamos os elementos que compõem os incidentes críticos (situação, comportamento e conseqüência) identificados nos relatos dos trabalhadores de enfermagem, com referências positivas e negativas e analisamos as situações, os comportamentos e as conseqüências positivas e negativas, advindas das situações relatadas pelos sujeitos. Fizeram parte deste estudo 26 trabalhadores de enfermagem, sendo eles: enfermeiros, auxiliares, técnicos e atendentes de enfermagem. Selecionamos essa população por estar intimamente envolvida com a assistência de enfermagem prestada a portadores de tuberculose pulmonar. Obtivemos 24 relatos, dos quais extraímos um total de 94 (100,0%) incidentes críticos, e dentre estes 38 (40,5%) foram referidos pelos entrevistados como positivos e 56 (59,5%) considerados negativos. Ao categorizarmos os elementos que compõem o incidente crítico, obtivemos um total de 94 (100,0%) situações, das quais, 38 (40,5%) foram consideradas positivas pelos entrevistados e 56 (59,5%) negativas. Em relação aos comportamentos, obtivemos 70 (36,7%) com referências positivas e 121 (63,3%) com referências negativas, perfazendo um total de 191 (100,0%). Quanto às conseqüências, estas somaram 143 (100,0%), sendo 54 (37,8%) consideradas positivas e 89 (62,2%) negativas. Ao observarmos os componentes dos incidentes críticos, constatamos maior número de referências negativas.O comportamento extraído dos incidentes que recebeu maior número de referências positivas e negativas, predominando as negativas, foi aquele que o trabalhador de enfermagem é obrigado a oferecer orientações ao paciente e família quanto ao modo de transmissão, tratamento e prevenção da tuberculose pulmonar, muitas vezes não se sentindo protegidos e preparados para tal. Verificamos, através dos relatos, a necessidade de se promover melhoria do conhecimento sobre a doença, no que se refere ao tratamento e precauções, para que o trabalhador de enfermagem tenha mais segurança no desempenho de suas funções e preste uma assistência de enfermagem de melhor qualidade. / Descriptive study which was carried out in order to analyze the positive and negative features related to pulmonary tuberculosis’ patients nursing assistance. This analysis was based on the nursing workers’ reports. We categorized the elements that compose the critical incident (situation, behavior and consequence). We interviewed nursing workers of an infectious diseases’ unit at “Hospital das Clínicas” a general hospital in the Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed the positive and negative situations, behaviors and consequences that came up from their reported situations. We selected 26 nursing workers, among them Nurses, Auxiliaries, Technicians and Nursing Attendants in order to be able to identify those items in the reports. This population was chosen by the fact of being deeply involved in taking care of patients with infectious diseases, mainly pulmonary tuberculosis. We obtained 24 (twenty-four) reports, from which we obtained 94 (100.0%) critical incidents and, among these, 38 (40.5%) were considered to be positive and 56 (59.5%) were negative, in their view. When categorizing the elements that compose the critical incident, we obtained an overall 94 (100.0%) situations, from which 38 (40.5%) were viewed as positive and 56 (59.5%) as negative. As to the behaviors, we obtained 70 (36.7%) behaviors with positive references and 121 (63.3%) with negative ones, totalizing 191 (100.0%). About the consequences, they summed up to 143 (100.0%), being 54 (37.8%) considered to be positive and 89 (62.2%) negative. By observing the components of critical incidents, we obtained a higher number of negative references. The behavior from incidents that had a greater number of positive and negative references, prevailing the negative ones, obliges the nursing professional to provide the patient and his/her family with pulmonary tuberculosis’ orientation on transmission, treatment and preventing, because pretty often they do not feel safe or prepared to do it. We observed, based on the reports, the necessity to improve the knowledge on the treatment and precautions related to this disease, so that nursing workers may give safer and better quality nursing assistance.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar fatores intervenientes na adoção de energias limpas nos principais setores industriais do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, apresenta a fundamentação teórica sobre os diversos temas pertinentes a pesquisa, tais como: o atual cenário energético brasileiro e o desenvolvimento sustentável, bem como o estudo dos métodos aplicados. A análise dos dados realizada teve caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, por meio, respectivamente, da Técnica do Incidente Crítico e da Análise Conjunta. A aplicação da Técnica do Incidente Crítico forneceu os atributos que as empresas consideram importantes no processo de escolha. Já a Análise Conjunta, técnica estatística multivariada de análise de dados, foi utilizada para determinar a utilidade e importância relativa dos atributos relevantes na escolha das empresas. Com os resultados da pesquisa acredita-se que as empresas usuárias e não usuárias de energias limpas poderão ter conhecimentos sobre a opinião de seus pares com relação às vantagens e desvantagens do uso destes energéticos nos processos produtivos, assim como ao governo estabelecer estratégias adequadas para orientar e estimular a adoção de energias que promovem baixo impacto ao meio ambiente. / The scope of the present work is to identify intervening factors in the adoption of clean energy resources in the main industrial sectors of the São Paulo state. In order to perform such evaluation, a theoretical reasoning on the various relevant issues related to the research shall be displayed, such as: the current brazilian energy context and sustainable development, as well as the study of applied methods. The data analysis was realized guided on a qualitative and quantitative basis, by means, respectively, of the Critical Incident Technique and the Conjoint Analysis. The application of the Critical Incident Technique has imputed capabilities that companies regard as pivotal in the selection process. The Conjoint Analysis, on its hand, multivariate statistics technique on data analysis, was used in order to determine the utility and relative importance of the capabilities relevant to the companies\' selection. Based on the results inferred from the research it may be conjectured that companies that adopt and do not adopt clean energy resources may acquire acknowledge about the opinion of its couples in what it concerns the advantages and disadvantages of the use of these energetic in these productive processes, as well the government may set to establish adequate strategies in order to instruct and encourage the adoption of energy resources that promote a lesser impact to the environment.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é uma intercorrência inesperada em diversos momentos, constituindo grave ameaça à vida das pessoas, principalmente das que sofrem um colapso não-presenciado e dos pacientes/clientes hospitalizados em estado crítico. Neste estudo, sob a luz da pesquisa qualitativa, fazendo uso da técnica do incidente crítico (TIC), foram entrevistados 30 enfermeiros de unidades de internação clínicas de um hospital universitário do interior do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de se estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR em unidades de internação neste hospital, através da vivência de enfermeiros durante as manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP), identificando os incidentes críticos positivos e/ou negativos durante esse atendimento, além das ocorrências iatrogênicas durante as manobras de RCP. Os dados coletados foram categorizados segundo as situações secundárias, uma vez que determinamos que a situação principal era a ocorrência da PCR, os comportamentos e as conseqüências decorrentes das diversas situações. Nas situações secundárias encontramos as seguintes categorias: estado e/ou condições clínicas do paciente/cliente; habilidades técnicas inerentes à profissão; conhecimento ou não acerca da PCR; identificação e reconhecimento (ou desconhecimento) do local de trabalho; condições dos materiais e equipamentos; capacitação e treinamento; e circunstâncias adversas. Relacionado aos comportamentos positivos, destacamos as seguintes categorias: vivendo a sistematização no atendimento à PCR; a questão dos materiais; e estabelecendo funções durante o atendimento à PCR. Já, quanto aos comportamentos negativos, podemos destacar as seguintes categorias: vivenciando a falta (ou ausência) da sistematização no atendimento à PCR; convivendo com as dificuldades técnicas; o ambiente situacional; materiais: é difícil conhecer a sua importância?; vivendo as ocorrências adversas; e estabelecer funções: lidando com prioridades. Uma vez selecionadas as situações secundárias, os comportamentos positivos e os comportamentos negativos, pudemos categorizar as conseqüências imediatas ao paciente/cliente; na categoria que traz as conseqüências positivas temos: restabelecimento das funções vitais; como categorias com conseqüências negativas ao paciente/cliente temos: até que ponto a RCP ajuda o paciente/cliente e sua família? e óbito. Avaliando as conseqüências positivas para a equipe de enfermagem temos a categoria: salvar vidas: o que isso proporciona ao profissional de enfermagem? E como categoria abrangendo as conseqüências negativas para esses profissionais temos: fazer parte da equipe de enfermagem é saber lidar com o sofrimento. A partir dos incidentes críticos identificados, pode-se estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR no local de estudo e, ressaltar que para um bom desempenho no atendimento à PCR é necessário rapidez, eficiência, conhecimento técnico-científico e habilidade técnica por parte de toda a equipe que realiza esse atendimento. Além disso, identifica-se a necessidade de infra-estrutura adequada, trabalho harmônico e sincronizado entre todos os profissionais, visando o restabelecimento da vida, a limitação do sofrimento, a recuperação do paciente/cliente e a ocorrência mínima de seqüelas. A partir do momento em que esses requisitos não são atendidos, os riscos tornam-se evidentes, as ocorrências iatrogênicas freqüentes e a segurança do paciente/cliente, seriamente comprometida. / The cardiac arrest is an unexpected alternative in several moments, comprising a serious threaten to people’s lives, mostly of those who suffer an unwitnessed collapse and those hospitalized patients in critical state. In this study, under the light of quality research, making use of critical incident technique, 30 nurses of medical admission units of a university hospital in the state of São Paulo were interviewed, in order to establish the critical requirements in taking care of cardiac arrest in admission units in this hospital, through the nurse experience during the maneuvers of cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, identifying the positive and/or negative critical incidents during such care, and also the iatrogenic occurrences during the maneuvers of cardiac pulmonary resuscitation. The recorded data were classified according to secondary situations, once we determinated that the main situation was the occurrence of cardiac arrest, the behaviors, and the alternative consequences of the several situations. On secondary situations, we found the following categories: the patient/client clinical state and conditions; ability of techniques of profession; knowledge or ignorance around the CRA; identification and recognition (or ignorance) of workplace; conditions of material and appliances; capability and training; and adverse circumstances. In relation to the positive behaviors, we highlight the following categories: experiencing the systemization in taking care of cardiac arrest; in relation to the materials; and determining the functions during the medical care to cardiac arrest. As for the negative behaviors, we can highlight the following categories: experiencing the lack (or absence) of systemization in medical care to cardiac arrest; living with adverse occurrences; and to establish functions: dealing with priorities. Once the secondary situation, the positive and negative behaviors were selected, we could classify the immediate consequences to the patient/client, and as category the gruping of positive consequences we have: recovery of vital functions; as categories of negative consequences to the patient/client we have: to what extent the does the cardiac pulmonary resuscitation help the patient/client and his/her family? and death. Evaluating the positive consequences for the nursing team we have the category: saving lives: what does it promote to the professional? And as category comprising the negative consequences for these professional we have: to be part of the team is to know how to deal with pain. From the identified critical incidents we can accentuate that for a good performance in taking care of CRA it is necessary rapidity, efficiency, scientific-technical knowledge and the ability of all the team who perform the medical care. Besides that we identify the need of the adequate infra-structure, harmonious work between all of the professionals, aiming the recovery of life, the limitations of pain, the recovery of the patient/client and the minimal ocurrence of sequelae. From the moment those requirements are fulfilled risks become evident, the iatrogenic occurrences frequent and the patient/client safety seriously committed.

The journey towards becoming a counselling psychologist, in South Africa, includes the completion a 12 month internship. The internship year holds many challenges and demands for novice professionals and aims to assist them in making the transition from student to professional. This study aims to explore the subjective experiences of intern counselling psychologists and the critical incidents which assist them in making this transition. In addition, it aims to identify experiences impacting on the interns’ professional development and professional identity. Three registered counselling psychologists, who completed their internship at a South African university counselling centre within the last year, were recruited and participated in individual interviews. These interviews were semi-structured and followed the Critical Incident Technique method. Each interview was voice recorded and transcribed. The data collected was analysed using thematic content analysis. As the research design is qualitative, using a phenomenological approach, the focus is on presenting information-rich and detailed descriptions of participants “lived” experiences of their internship year. It attempts to understand significant incidents or events which influenced the participants’ professional and personal development as they navigate through this ambiguous period to become independent and ethical practitioners. Four predominant themes emerged from the data collected, which include a discussion pertaining to professional boundaries and limitations, learning within the internship environment, the effects of professional and personal support and, lastly, the transition from dependent to independent professional functioning.

The experience of how youth get off the street is scarcely documented. The present study explored what helped and hindered youth in their experience as they tried to get off the street and addressed the following research question: “How have youth experienced trying to get off the street: what has helped and hindered?” Twenty youth, aged 19-24 years of age, living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada who have spent time living on the street were interviewed using Flanagan’s (1954) Critical Incident Technique. The qualitative analysis of the interviews identified 259 critical incidents, forming nine helping categories and six hindering categories when youth tried to leave the streets. The nine helping categories included: (1) Taking Responsibility, (2) Engaging in Constructive Activities, (3) Friends and Family Support, (4) Changing Drug and Alcohol Use, (5) Support from Professional Organizations, (6) Disillusionment of Street Life, (7) Dreams and Hope for a Different Future, (8) Income Assistance and (9) Leaving Negative Influences Behind. The six hindering categories were: (1) Drugs and Alcohol, (2) Emotional Struggles, (3) Lack of Support, (4) Enjoyment of Homelessness, (5) Limited Formal Education, Life Skills and Employment and (6) Income Assistance Difficulties. The results from this study are discussed in relation to implications for theory, practice and future research. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Learning to speak a foreign language (L2) can be a challenging feat, made all the more challenging when done in only 50 minute, daily increments in class. Oral asynchronous computer-mediated communication (ACMC) provides learners with opportunities to practice spoken communication and evaluate their practice outside the classroom. In this dissertation, I explore methods for classroom integration of oral ACMC, linguistic traits developed in previous oral ACMC studies, methods for determining the effectiveness of oral ACMC, learner beliefs about the effectiveness of oral ACMC activities, and the effects of learners' deliberate practice in a series of oral ACMC activities on 3 measures of L2 fluency. In my first article, a literature review, I found that most studies on this topic focus on the linguistic traits of accuracy, fluency, and pronunciation, and determine L2 growth from oral ACMC activities through learner perceptions of L2 growth not relying on objective measures. In my second article, I analyzed the fluency change of learners who participated in a series of video recording and feedback activities. I found that, although there were few significant results, the activities may be of some benefit to learners in improving their spoken fluency. I also found that structural equational modelling may be of more value for researching classroom-based activities than t tests and regression models. In my third article, I investigated the experiences of several learners who participated in the video recording activities described in article two. Based on these learner experiences, I provided key considerations for designing asynchronous video recording assignments. The three articles included in this dissertation will be valuable in highlighting key factors related to the design, development, research, and effective use of oral ACMC activities in foreign language classrooms.

No description available.

Level systems provide systematic support for teachers and students who need additional behavior support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perspectives of faculty members from a self-contained school, for special education students with severe behavior needs, which has sustained the use of a school-wide, behavior management level system for nearly 30 years. A total of 11 faculty members were interviewed using the critical incident technique, a qualitative methodology used as an exploratory tool in early stages of research. Interviews detailed the observable behaviors and specific events, critical incidents, that helped or hindered the sustainability of their school's level system. Faculty identified eight helping categories, six hindering categories, and six "wish list" categories, items participants wished had happened or could happen in the future. Helping categories included building rapport and teaming; collecting, recording and using data; communicating and collaborating; schoolwide consistency; relationships and student feedback; student engagement and buy-in; faculty buy-in and adaptability. Hindering categories included scoring and accountability inconsistencies; philosophical differences; insufficient staff training and experience; multifaceted system requiring nuanced decision making; staff mental health concerns; and community factors and external pressures. The findings of this study illustrate the importance of varied communication portals to support sustainability.