Det som är specifikt med ambulanssjukvård är att ambulanssjuksköterskan bedömer, behandlar och vårdar patienter med kritiskt sjukdomstillstånd i alla tänkbara och oförutsedda miljöer. Det kan ofta handla om kortvariga vårdmöten där vården sker under tidspress, långt ifrån medicinsk support och där resurserna är begränsade. I en kaotisk och stressande miljö behöver ambulanssjuksköterskan ha förmågan att på egen hand ansvara för vården och samtidigt inge trygghet och lugn till patienten. Patienter i behov av ambulanssjukvård kan uppleva utsatthet, kontrollförlust och att vara i en beroendeställning till ambulanssjuksköterskan. En god kommunikation med både patienten och kollegor kan skapa en säker vård. Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda patienter med kritiskt sjukdomstillstånd i ambulanssjukvården. Metoden var en litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökstrategi. Resultatet baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som inhämtats från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades utifrån en integrerad analys. I resultatet framkom fyra kategorier som svarade mot syftet för studien, Kompetens och erfarenhet har betydelse, Stress över att inte hantera situationen, Kollegor och annan vårdpersonals betydelse, Barn – patientgrupp av betydelse. Slutsatsen var att vårda patienter med kritiskt sjukdomstillstånd, särskilt barn, var utmanande för ambulanssjuksköterskan. En god kommunikation var grunden för en patientsäker vård och ledde till att tryggheten ökade hos både patienten och ambulanssjuksköterskan. Var ambulanssjuksköterskan kompetent och erfaren kunde stressen minska för både patienten, ambulanssjuksköterskan och kollegor vilket i sin tur ökade patientsäkerheten. Ett gott samarbete mellan kollegor var en förutsättning för att ge specifik vård utifrån varje patientens behov. / What is specific about ambulance healthcare is that the ambulance nurse assesses, treats and cares for patients with critical conditions in all conceivable and unforseen environments. These can often be short-term healthcare meetings takes place under time pressure, far away from medical support and where resources are limited. In a chaotic and stressful environment, the ambulance nurse needs to have the ability to lead the care on her own and at the same time provide safety and calm to the patient. Patients who are in need of ambulance care may experience vulnerablility, loss of control and being in a position of dependence on the ambulance nurse. A good communication with both the patient and colleagues can create safe helathcare. The aim of the study was to describe the ambulance nurses experience of caring for patients with critical conditions in ambulance care. The method was a literature review with a systematic searchstrategy. The results were based on 15 scientific articles obtained from the CINAHL and PubMed databases. The articles were quality reviewed and analyzed on the basis of an integrated analysis. The results revealed four categories that corresponded to the aim of the study, Competence and experience matters, Stress over not handling the situation, The importance of colleagues and other healthcare professionals, Children – patientgroup of importance. The conclusion was that in the care of patients with critical condition, especially children, was challenging for the ambulance nurse. Good communication was the basis for patient-safe care and led to increased safety for both patient and ambulance nurse. Was the ambulans nurse competent and experienced, stress could be reduced for both the patient, the ambulance nurse and colleagues, which in turn increased patient safety. Good collaboration between colleagues was a prerequisite for providing specific care based on each patient´s needs.

På akutmottagningen möter akutsjuksköterskor dagligen utmaningen att bedöma och vårda patienter med tidskritiska tillstånd, en central kompetens för deras yrkesroll. Forskning pekar på flera förutsättningar som hämmar deras förmåga att göra vårdande bedömningar, där hela människans behov tillgodoses. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka tillgänglig vetenskaplig litteratur om förutsättningar som påverkar akutsjuksköterskans vårdande bedömning av patienter med tidskritiska tillstånd på akutmottagning. Genom en systematisk och integrativ analys av fjorton vetenskapliga artiklar med varierande forskningsmetoder, inklusive kvantitativa, kvalitativa och mixad metod med ursprung från olika delar av världen, identifierades flera förutsättningar som påverkar akutsjuksköterskans förmåga att göra vårdande bedömningar. Dessa förutsättningar presenterades i två huvudkategorier: “Förutsättningar för en balanserad bedömning” och "Förutsättningar för en korrekt bedömning", med ytterligare fyra underkategorier, vars innehåll består av bland annat förutsättningar som stress, emotionella påfrestningar, vilja, engagemang, erfarenhet och vårdmiljö. Studiens resultat understryker behovet av att förhålla sig till dessa förutsättningar för att förbättra akutsjuksköterskors bedömningsförmåga. Trots vetskapen om akutmottagningens behov av förändring saknas effektiva insatser till förbättring som kan underlätta akutsjuksköterskans arbete. För att säkerställa patienternas välbefinnande och att upprätthålla hög vårdkvalitet är det avgörande att akutsjuksköterskor gör både balanserade och korrekta bedömningar. / At the emergency department, emergency nurses face the daily challenge of assessing and caring patients with time-critical conditions, a central competency for their professional role. Research indicates several conditions that inhibits their ability to make caring assessments, addressing the holistic needs of individuals. The aim of this study was to review existing scientific literature on conditions influencing emergency nurses' caring assessment of patient with time-critical conditions in emergency departments. Through a systematic and integrative analysis of fourteen scientific articles employing various research methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods from different parts of the world, several conditions affecting emergency nurses' ability to make caring assessments were identified. These conditions were categorized into two main categories: "Prerequisites for a balanced assessment" and "Prerequisites for an accurate assessment", with an additional four subcategories, including conditions such as stress, emotional strain, will, commitment, experience, and the healthcare environment. The study's findings emphasize the need to address these conditions to improve emergency nurses' assessment capabilities. Despite awareness of the need for change in emergency departments, effective improvement interventions to facilitate emergency nurses' work are lacking. To ensure patient well-being and maintain high-quality care, it is crucial for emergency nurses to make both balanced and accurate assessments.

Lors du déclenchement d’un incendie en milieu clos, la quantité d’oxygène du local décroît, entrainant une combustion incomplète. Des gaz chauds imbrûlés peuvent alors s’accumuler dans le local ou dans les gaines de ventilation et un accident thermique peut survenir suite à un apport d’air frais. Ce travail, réalisé pour AREVA, vise à quantifier et d’analyser ce risque, afin de pouvoir le prédire et le prévenir. Tout d’abord, une étude bibliographique a été réalisée afin de définir les paramètres d’auto-inflammation à partir du modèle de Frank-Kamenetskii. Celui-ci permet, après un bilan d’énergie, l’établissement d’un paramètre critique, δC, d’auto-inflammation du mélange. δC réunit la géométrie, la température (et la température ambiante) et la composition du mélange à l’auto-inflammation.Puis, la dégradation thermique du Polyéthylène Haute Densité en fonction de la densité surfacique de flux incident à la surface du matériau et de la sous-ventilation a été caractérisée (cinétique de dégradation, productions gazeuses). Le Cône Calorimètre à Atmosphère Contrôlée a été employé.Ce travail expérimental a permis d’obtenir plusieurs mélanges gazeux suivant les conditions. La dernière partie de l’étude a permis, à partir de δC, de poser le volume de mélange via le rayon comme critère d’auto-inflammabilité des mélanges. En imposant une température, en faisant varier la fraction volumique de chaque gaz combustible entre sa LII et LSI le risque d’accident thermique a été défini. / After the beginning of a fire in a closed room, the oxygen rate in the atmosphere decreases. This implies an incomplete combustion and unburnt gases production. These ones may accumulate in the room or in ventilation pipes, and, after mixing with fresh air, auto-ignite. This could trigger a thermal accident such as backdraft. This present work, conducted for AREVA, aims to analyse this hazard and provide some methods to predict and prevent it. First, a bibliographical research, was carried on to define a mixture’s auto-ignition parameters. This study was based on Frank-Kamenetskii’s model: after establishing the energetics balance between the heat produced by combustion, and the one consumed by conduction, an auto-ignition critical parameter, δC, was defined. It reunites the system’s geometry, temperature (or the room temperature) and composition.Then, the High Density Polythene degradation in a Controlled Atmosphere Cone Calorimeter was studied. The effect on the material’s degradation of under-ventilation and of the energy brought has been tested through the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere and the incident heat flux.During this work many different gas mixtures were analyzed. On the ground of δC formula, the final step was to set the volume, through the radius (characteristic size of the system), as an auto-ignition parameter. Making the concentration of each combustible varying between the LFL and UFL and imposing the temperature allowed to predict this hazard.

Différentes techniques de chromatographie liquide des polymères ont été étudiées selon leur principe d’élution et le comportement conformationnel des polymères suscité au sein de la phase stationnaire. De part leur capacité à caractériser des copolymères à blocs, la Chromatographie Liquide aux Conditions Critiques (LC CC) et la Chromatographie Liquide aux Conditions Limites de Désorption (LC LCD) ont été utilisées pour déterminer la composition chimique de copolymères à blocs à base de poly(oxyde d’éthylène) et de polystyrène. La LC LCD s’est distinguée par sa capacité à séparer de manière efficace les copolymères à blocs de leurs homopolymères parents. Cette méthode chromatographique a ensuite été optimisée afin d’être appliquée à une plus large gamme de masses molaires. / Several advanced techniques of liquid chromatography of polymers were studied according to their elution principle and the conformational behaviour of polymers along the stationary phase. Because of their potential to characterize block copolymers, Liquid Chromatography under Critical Conditions (LC CC) and Liquid Chromatography under Limiting Conditions of Desorption (LC LCD) were employed to determine the chemical composition of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Polystyrene based block copolymers. Interestingly, LC LCD was proved to be particularly efficiently to separate block copolymers from both their parent homopolymers. LC LCD method was then optimized to extend the applicable molar masses ranges.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heider Cristian Moura Quintao.pdf: 4191526 bytes, checksum: 3053fbdd9113f05514fce93fc176aa9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15 / When equipment failure occur in complex industrial plants, the automation and control system generates a great amount of alarms that can confuse the operators and lead them to take wrong decisions - the time for decision taking is very short and the amount of generated information is higher, being impossible for the operator read all of them before taking the correct decision. The new industrial systems have presented functionalities that try to minimize this deficiency presenting some support to the user, but still in an inefficient form. This work presents a proposal of an Alarm Management System based on Action Recommendation - SIGARA, a knowledge-based tool which aims supporting users of industrial control systems, when abnormal events occur. SIGARA is an action recommender multi-agent system, shaped on the basis of the described tasks and phases of the ONTORMAS ontology and MAAEM methodology. Beyond searching the solution of a problem of the real world in the industries, the proposed SIGARA presents some additional features not present on existing systems, as the application of information filtering techniques in different processing phases, and also the use of MAAEM and ONTORMAS in this new domain. / Quando ocorrem falhas de equipamentos em plantas industriais complexas, o sistema de automação e controle gera uma grande quantidade de alarmes que podem confundir os operadores e induzi-los a tomar decisões erradas. O tempo para a tomada de decisão é muito curto e a quantidade de informação gerada é muito grande, sendo impossível que o operador consiga ler todas antes de tomar a decisão correta. Os novos sistemas industriais têm apresentado funcionalidades que buscam minimizar essa deficiência apresentando algum suporte ao usuário, mas ainda de forma ineficiente. O presente trabalho apresenta como proposta um Sistema Informatizado de Gerenciamento de Alarmes baseado na Recomendação de Ações (SIGARA). É uma ferramenta baseada em conhecimento que objetiva suportar usuários de sistemas industriais de automação e controle, quando da ocorrência de alguma anomalia. O SIGARA é um sistema multiagente de recomendação de ações, modelado com base nas tarefas e fases descritas na ontologia ONTORMAS ( Ontology for Reusing Multi-agent Software ), conforme a metodologia MAAEM ( Multi-Agent Application Engineering Methodology ). Além de buscar a solução de um problema do mundo real presente nas indústrias, o SIGARA proposto apresenta alguns diferenciais frente aos existentes no mercado, como o uso de técnicas de filtragem de informação em várias etapas do processamento das informações, e também a aplicação da MAAEM e ONTORMAS que ainda não haviam sido utilizadas nesse domínio.

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation optique et électrique ainsi que la modélisation mathématique du contournement d’isolateurs pollués en tenant compte de la forme de tension appliquée, de la répartition ainsi que de la constitution chimique du dépôt polluant. Sous tension de choc de foudre (1,2/50μs), la morphologie des décharges ainsi que les courants associés dépendent de la tension (forme, amplitude, polarité),de la répartition de la pollution et de sa conductivité. Les vitesses moyennes de la décharge mesurées dépendent de la polarité appliquée à la pointe et de la conductivité de la pollution. Le temps critique correspondant aux conditions critiques est de l’ordre de 9/10 du temps total de contournement quelles que soient la polarité de la tension et la conductivité de la pollution. La constitution chimique de la couche de pollution a peu d’effet sur la tension critique contrairement aux courants critiques. Les valeurs des constantes caractéristiques n et N sont fonction de la nature chimique des dépôts et de la polarité de la tension. Le modèle élaboré montre que les constantes caractéristiques de la décharge n et N sont des paramètres dynamiques et dépendent des éléments du circuit électrique équivalent du système et des paramètres thermiques de la décharge. Les relations des conditions critiques du contournement développé relient les paramètres électriques et thermiques du circuit équivalent et la condition de propagation de la décharge. L’application de ce modèle, pour différentes formes de tension et pour plusieurs types de pollution, donne des résultats satisfaisants. L’hypothèse selon laquelle la colonne de la décharge ne contient que de la vapeur d’eau et de l’air constitue une bonne approximation des grandeurs critiques. Sous tension de choc de foudre, les courants et les tensions critiques dépendent de la configuration de la pollution et de la polarité de la tension. Le courant circule à travers une section effective de la pollution. L’introduction de la notion d’épaisseur critique effective et son application au calcul des grandeurs critiques donne de bons résultats pour les cas de figures étudiés. L’épaisseur effective du dépôt est proportionnelle la résistivité de la pollution et dépend dela configuration de la pollution et de la polarité de la pointe. Dans le cas de dépôt de pollution discontinue et/ou non uniforme, les conditions de propagation des décharges sont locales et leurs paramètres caractéristiques varient selon la configuration et la conductivité du dépôt ainsi que la polarité de la tension appliquée. Le modèle développé pour ce cas de figure donne de bons résultats. / This work aimed on optical and electrical characterization and mathematical modeling of flashover of polluted insulators, taking into account the applied voltage waveform, the distribution and chemical composition of pollutant deposit. Under lightning impulse voltage (1.2 /50μs), the morphology of the discharge and the associated currents depend on voltage (shape, amplitude, polarity), the distribution ofpollution and its conductivity. The measured average velocity of the discharge depends on the polarity applied to the tip and the pollution conductivity. The critical time corresponding to the critical conditions is about 9/10 of total flashover duration regardless of the polarity of the voltage and the pollution conductivity. The chemical composition of the pollution layer has little effect on the critical voltage unlike the critical currents. The values of the characteristic constants n and N depend on the chemical nature of the deposits and the voltage polarity.The developed model shows that the discharge constant characteristics n and N are dynamic parameters and depend on the elements of the equivalent electrical circuit system and thermal parameters of the discharge. The developed relationships of critical conditions of flashoverlink the electrical parameters and thermal equivalent circuit and the propagation condition of the discharge. This approach allows us tounderstand the effect of the chemical constitution of pollution on the values of n and N. The application of this model for various voltage waveforms and for several types of pollution, gives satisfactory results. The assumption that the column of the discharge contains only watervapor and air is a good approximation of the critical conditions. Under lightning impulse voltage, the current circulate into a effective section of the pollution surface. The introduction of the concept of critical effective thickness of pollution and its application to the calculation ofcritical parameters gives good results compared with the experimental values. We have also shown that the effective thickness of the depositis proportional to the resistivity of the pollution and depends on voltage polarity and pollution configuration. In the case of discontinuous deposit of pollution and / or non-uniform propagation conditions of discharges are local and their characteristic parameters vary dependingon the configuration and the conductivity of the deposit and the polarity of the applied voltage. The developed model gives good results

The thesis deals with the problem of large-capacity manipulation of large forgings with forging manipulator. It describes current techniques, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Based on the analysis of these techniques, the thesis introduces design of the connection of the hydraulic circuit for the drive of the traveling traction wheels of the forging manipulator QKK 100 by ŽĎAS a.s. focusing on simplicity, trouble-free operation, efficiency, economy, change of speed and torque, and possibility of modification according to the current load.