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[pt] Esta tese procura explorar a experiência da subjetividade à luz das interpretações de Nietzsche sobre a história. O texto está desenvolvido em três partes. A primeira parte trata do papel do indivíduo no pensamento do jovem Nietzsche. A segunda propõe uma aproximação com a sua crítica da cultura por meio de uma leitura de Goethe e Dostoievski. A questão que orienta a terceira parte é baseada na sua autobiografia, Ecce homo, compreendida como uma atitude radical com relação à experiência da subjetividade. / [en] This thesis intends to explore the experience of subjectivity in the light of Nietzsche s interpretations about history. The text is developed in three parts. The first one is about the role of individual in Nietzsche s early thought. The second part proposes an approach to his critique of culture through a reading of Goethe and Dostoievski. The question that guides the third part is based on his autobiography, Ecce homo, as a radical attitude toward the experience of subjectivity.

Esta dissertação prevê, num primeiro momento, o estudo da trajetória de dois escritores brasileiros, Milton Hatoum e Chico Buarque. Num segundo momento, investigam-se os pontos de contato entre as posições e as tomadas de posição no campo literário. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a compreensão da formação e dos investimentos desses autores pode ajudar a compreender tanto as suas obras quanto a recepção crítica positiva que ambos obtiveram e continuam obtendo. A hipótese é a de que modos particulares de aquisição de capital cultural, além de uma nova configuração do campo literário brasileiro, contribuíram para que ambos os autores produzissem obras de qualidade e galgassem posições nesse campo. / Our goal in this project in the study of the trajectories of two Brazilian authors, Milton Hatoum and Chico Buarque. We believe that the comprehension both of their formation and investments may help us to comprehend not only theirwork but also the positive reception they had and stillhave from Brazilian critics. Our hypothesis is that specific ways of cultural capital acquisition, and also a new configuration of the Brazilian literary field, contributed both for the authors qualified production and, consequently, the attainment of high positions in the field.

Esta dissertação prevê, num primeiro momento, o estudo da trajetória de dois escritores brasileiros, Milton Hatoum e Chico Buarque. Num segundo momento, investigam-se os pontos de contato entre as posições e as tomadas de posição no campo literário. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a compreensão da formação e dos investimentos desses autores pode ajudar a compreender tanto as suas obras quanto a recepção crítica positiva que ambos obtiveram e continuam obtendo. A hipótese é a de que modos particulares de aquisição de capital cultural, além de uma nova configuração do campo literário brasileiro, contribuíram para que ambos os autores produzissem obras de qualidade e galgassem posições nesse campo. / Our goal in this project in the study of the trajectories of two Brazilian authors, Milton Hatoum and Chico Buarque. We believe that the comprehension both of their formation and investments may help us to comprehend not only theirwork but also the positive reception they had and stillhave from Brazilian critics. Our hypothesis is that specific ways of cultural capital acquisition, and also a new configuration of the Brazilian literary field, contributed both for the authors qualified production and, consequently, the attainment of high positions in the field.

In the 1940s, 50s and 60s the two youth movements of the beats and the hippies emerged in the United States. Disagreeing with the progressive positivism of the previous generations these youths were part of a counter culture that adhered to an ideal of living in the present. Alan Wilson Watts (1915–1973), most known for his popularization of eastern philosophy and religion in general and Zen-Buddhism in particular, became one of the most influential and well-read advocates of the new movements. Drawing upon eastern philosophy and religion as well as modern psychology, Watts challenged the western world view by rejecting the dualism of self and environment, arguing that man is one with God and nature and claiming that nothing exists but the present experience here and now. Based on Watts’ view of man and reality, and in the context of the emerging youth movements, this study examines Watts’ criticism of western culture and society as well as his view on happiness and the possibility of a better life for the individual living in the west. The study shows that, according to Watts, the root of the problem facing western society lies in man’s incapability of distinguishing concept from reality, preferring abstract ideas and symbols to the experience present in everyday life. As a result, man perceives himself as separate from nature, waging war on his environment in a futile attempt at finding happiness by constantly striving for ever greater achievements of which the main goal always seems to lie somewhere in the future but never in the present. His ideas inspired the youth movements, although they moved in a different direction than the one he would have wanted. Watts, suggesting that an altered understanding of oneself as one with the universe is central in maintaining a thriving society in union with nature, claims that the essence of happiness consists of this understanding here in the present rather than the pursuit and obtaining of a desired goal.

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