Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These are characterized by a chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Living with chronic illness meant that life changed significantly. Quality of life was affected for these individuals and was stressful in their lives.   Aim: The aim was to describe the experiences of living with inflammatory bowel disease.   Method: A qualitative literature review was chosen to analyze articles that were related to the aim of this study.   Results: Based on the chosen articles five themes were created; Commuting between hope and fear, symptoms of the disease and medication become everyday focus, struggling with  the new identity, desire to control the disease- do I control my illness or does it control me and social relationships are affected.   Conclusion: Inflammatory bowel disease is a distressing disease and can cause limitations in social life due to lack of knowledge by others about the disease. The affected felt a loss of control in their life due to the difficulty in managing the symptoms. They experienced a constant struggle and mixed emotions, such as anxiety, depression, stress, and denial of the disease, trying to feel like a healthy person.

Crohns sjukdom är en inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom som påverkar den drabbade personens dagliga liv i stor utsträckning. Syftet med studien var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med Crohns sjukdom. Studien är en litteraturstudie där tio artiklar analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier; att känna rädsla och oro, att känna sig begränsad och behöva anpassa livet, att självbild och livslust förändras, att andra personers attityder och förståelse har stor betydelse samt att acceptera sjukdomen och ta kontroll över livet. Resultatet visade att personer med Crohns sjukdom upplever en oro i det dagliga livet, att informationen om sin sjukdom är bristfällig, ett behov av att kompromissa med sin självidentitet och svårigheter att upprätthålla relationer. Slutsatsen är att en tillitsfull relation mellan vårdpersonal och patient är en förutsättning för god omvårdnad. Genom att arbeta personcentrerat och utveckla en förståelse för upplevelserna av att leva med Crohns sjukdom kan vård och omvårdnad anpassas efter personens behov. En vårdrelation kan vara en resurs för att samtala om jobbiga eller stigmatiserade ämnen och kan upplevas stödjande i transitionsprocessen till att lära sig leva med sjukdomen. Vidare forskning bör undersöka varför en del personer har lättare att acceptera sjukdomen än andra.

Bakgrund: Inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomar är samlingsnamnet för Crohns sjukdom och Ulcerös kolit. Insjuknandet sker i 20–30 års ålder och sjukdomen är vanligast i västvärlden. Skillnaden mellan varianterna är lokalisation, symtom och riskfaktorer. Sjukdomen är kronisk och därför har omvårdnaden en särskilt betydelsefull roll främst för att skapa goda förutsättningar för att leva med och inte kämpa emot sjukdomen. Syfte: Att beskriva personers upplevelser av inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom. Metod: Metoden som har använts är en litteraturöversikt som är baserad på originalartiklar från kvalitativa studier funna ur databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Vetenskapliga artiklar som svarade på litteraturöversiktens syfte har analyserats och syntetiserats för att svara på syftet. Resultat: De 10 valda vetenskapliga artiklarna resulterade i fyra kategorier vilka är: Sociala begränsningar och isolering, Relationernas betydelse, Ändå en mening med livet och acceptans samt Arbets-och studierelaterade konsekvenser. Sammanfattning: Till följd av sjukdomen upplevde personer med IBD ett begränsat vardagligt liv, socialt liv och ekonomiska problem. Planering av vardagen har varit mycket tids- & energikrävande. Personerna upplevde inte enbart negativa konsekvenser utan sjukdomen medförde att de fick se livet på ett positivt sätt, hittade mening med livet och förbättrade sin livskvalitet. Sjuksköterskans stödjande roll har varit att skapa en god vårdrelation utifrån ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och  tillgodose deras vårdbehov. / Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases are a term used to describe Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. Patients who develop IBD are usually diagnosed between the age of 20 - 30 years old and it is most common in western countries. The difference between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are the location in the bowels, symptoms and risk factors. IBD is a chronic disease and should therefore be treated accordingly to relieve symptoms and prevent them from returning. Aim: To describe the experience of inflammatory bowel disease. Method: The method that has been used is based on a literature review from original  articles of qualitative studies found in Cinahl complete and PubMed databases. The scientifical articles also responded to the purpose of the literature review which has been analysed and incorporated to answer the purpose. Results: The 10 different scientific articles have been selected to be used and then divided into four different categories which are the following: social limitations and isolation, importance of relationships, meaning of life and acceptance, and work- and study related consequences. Conclusion: As a result of the disease, people with IBD experienced a limited everyday life, social life and financial problems. Planning everyday life has been very time and energy consuming. The people not only experienced negative consequences, but the disease meant that they got to see life in a positive way, found meaning in life and improved their quality of life. The nurse's supportive role has been to create a good care relationship based on a person-centered approach and meet their care needs.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

O nosso objetivo foi mensurar os níveis de Interleucina-6 (IL-6) no fluido gengival de pacientes com periodontite e doença inflamatória intestinal (DII), comparando-os com pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis, com periodontite. Como objetivo secundário será avaliada a IL-6 no soro desses pacientes. Foram selecionados 15 pacientes com doença de Crohn (DC, idade média 38.2, DP 11.4 anos), 15 com retrocolite ulcerativa idiopática (RCUI, 45.0 10.5 anos) e 15 pacientes saudáveis (C, 42.1 7.8 anos). A Profundidade de bolsa (PB), nível de inserção clínica (NI), presença de placa e de sangramento a sondagem foram avaliados em seis sítios por dente. O fluido gengival foi coletado de quatro sítios com periodontite (PP: PB ≥ 5mm, NI ≥ 3mm) e quatro sítios com gengivite (GP: PB ≤ 3mm e NI≤ 1mm), em dentes diferentes, com pontas de papel absorvente pré-fabricadas. O soro destes pacientes também foi coletado. A análise da IL-6 foi realizada pelo LUMINEX. A quantidade total e concentração da IL-6 estavam significantemente maiores no fluido gengival dos sítios PP do grupo RCUI quando comparados aos sítios PP do grupo controle (p=0.028; p=0.044, respectivamente). O grupo DC apresentou a quantidade total de IL-6 significantemente maior no sítio PP do que no GP (p=0.028). Já no soro, a IL-6 não diferiu entre os grupos. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que os indivíduos com retrocolite ulcerativa idiopática apresentavam níveis mais altos de IL-6 nos sítios com periodontite, o que pode indicar um importante papel dessa citocina no estabelecimento e progressão da doença periodontal nesses pacientes. / Our aim was to measure the levels of interleukin-6 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and compare with systemically healthy controls with periodontitis. Besides, was measured IL-6 level in serum. Fifteen patients with Crohns disease (CD, mean age 38.2 11.4 years), 15 with ulcerative colitis (RCUI, 45.0 10.5) and 15 controls (C, 42.1 7.8) participated in this study. Probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment loss (CAL), presence of plaque and presence of bleeding on probing, were assessed in six sites per tooth. In each subject, GCF from four sites with gingivitis (GP- PPD≤ 3mm and CAL ≤ 1mm) and from 4 sites with periodontitis (PP- PPD ≥ 5mm and CAL ≥ 3mm), on different teeth, were collected with filter strips. The serum of those patients was also collected. The IL-6 was analyzed in the Luminex. The total amount and the concentration of IL-6 in GCF was significantly higher in PP sites from RCUI than in controls (p=0.028 e p=0.044, respectively). The total amount of IL-6 was significantly higher in PP than GP sites in the DC group (p=0.028). In serum, IL-6 does not differ between groups. Therefore was concluded that subjects with ulcerative colitis showed higher levels of IL-6 in periodontitis sites, which might indicate an important role of this cytokine in the onset and progression of periodontal disease in such patients.

O nosso objetivo foi mensurar os níveis de Interleucina-6 (IL-6) no fluido gengival de pacientes com periodontite e doença inflamatória intestinal (DII), comparando-os com pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis, com periodontite. Como objetivo secundário será avaliada a IL-6 no soro desses pacientes. Foram selecionados 15 pacientes com doença de Crohn (DC, idade média 38.2, DP 11.4 anos), 15 com retrocolite ulcerativa idiopática (RCUI, 45.0 10.5 anos) e 15 pacientes saudáveis (C, 42.1 7.8 anos). A Profundidade de bolsa (PB), nível de inserção clínica (NI), presença de placa e de sangramento a sondagem foram avaliados em seis sítios por dente. O fluido gengival foi coletado de quatro sítios com periodontite (PP: PB ≥ 5mm, NI ≥ 3mm) e quatro sítios com gengivite (GP: PB ≤ 3mm e NI≤ 1mm), em dentes diferentes, com pontas de papel absorvente pré-fabricadas. O soro destes pacientes também foi coletado. A análise da IL-6 foi realizada pelo LUMINEX. A quantidade total e concentração da IL-6 estavam significantemente maiores no fluido gengival dos sítios PP do grupo RCUI quando comparados aos sítios PP do grupo controle (p=0.028; p=0.044, respectivamente). O grupo DC apresentou a quantidade total de IL-6 significantemente maior no sítio PP do que no GP (p=0.028). Já no soro, a IL-6 não diferiu entre os grupos. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que os indivíduos com retrocolite ulcerativa idiopática apresentavam níveis mais altos de IL-6 nos sítios com periodontite, o que pode indicar um importante papel dessa citocina no estabelecimento e progressão da doença periodontal nesses pacientes. / Our aim was to measure the levels of interleukin-6 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and compare with systemically healthy controls with periodontitis. Besides, was measured IL-6 level in serum. Fifteen patients with Crohns disease (CD, mean age 38.2 11.4 years), 15 with ulcerative colitis (RCUI, 45.0 10.5) and 15 controls (C, 42.1 7.8) participated in this study. Probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment loss (CAL), presence of plaque and presence of bleeding on probing, were assessed in six sites per tooth. In each subject, GCF from four sites with gingivitis (GP- PPD≤ 3mm and CAL ≤ 1mm) and from 4 sites with periodontitis (PP- PPD ≥ 5mm and CAL ≥ 3mm), on different teeth, were collected with filter strips. The serum of those patients was also collected. The IL-6 was analyzed in the Luminex. The total amount and the concentration of IL-6 in GCF was significantly higher in PP sites from RCUI than in controls (p=0.028 e p=0.044, respectively). The total amount of IL-6 was significantly higher in PP than GP sites in the DC group (p=0.028). In serum, IL-6 does not differ between groups. Therefore was concluded that subjects with ulcerative colitis showed higher levels of IL-6 in periodontitis sites, which might indicate an important role of this cytokine in the onset and progression of periodontal disease in such patients.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis, are long term conditions which follow a relapsing and remitting pattern. The rising incidence of IBD in adults and children has implications for the lifelong burden of disease and the provision of specialist services. Patients are predominantly managed by secondary care and follow a traditional, scheduled follow-up cycle, which is unsustainable and unsatisfactory. Patients with IBD should have access to specialist care which is delivered according to their values and needs. However few studies have examined patients’ views of follow-up care. There is also concern in the UK that services for patients with long term conditions are not orgnised to promote independence with silo working in primary and secondary care.These may be brought together formally through the development of models of care. Utilization of current out-patient spaces to regularly review stable patients is inappropriate and is challenged by commissioners. The question remains as to what models of follow-up are we able to offer patients which are acceptable and what is the role of the general practitioner (GP) and primary care within this. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated, acceptable, model of follow-up care for patients with IBD.Methods The study follows the development phase of the MRC Framework for complex interventions. A best evidence synthesis was undertaken to identify the follow-up care models in IBD. A meta-synthesis of the health and social care needs of patients with IBD was conducted to explore the impact of living with IBD. Qualitative interviews with 24 IBD patients (18 patients had CD, and 6 UC, age range 27-72 years, disease duration range 2 – 40yr) and 20 GPs purposively selected from across NW England were carried out. Patients were asked about their experience, values and preference of follow-up care. The GPs were questioned about their current and potential role in IBD. Analysis was undertaken using Framework Analysis. The best evidence synthesis, meta-synthesis and interviews were synthesised by an expert panel, Consultant Gastroenterologist, patient, GP, IBD Nurse, to develop the model of follow-up care.Results There were similarities and commonalities between the patient and general practitioner interviews. Patients did not want to be seen when well, GPs wanted more involvement in care and there is scope for an IBD outreach nurse at the interface of primary/secondary care. Discharging quiescent patients into enhanced GP care, to ensure equitable treatment, was acceptable to all, as was the concept of ‘virtual’ clinics. Patients would initiate self referral within the ‘virtual’ arm whilst patients under GP care would be referred back into secondary care as a rapid referral < 7days and not using a new patient tariff. Complex IBD patients would remain under secondary care. A stratified model of follow-up care was developed.Conclusion This study provides an acceptable integrated model of follow-up for patients with IBD. It takes into account the growing incidence of IBD and UK policy to reduce inappropriate follow-up. It emphasises role of self management, the integration of primary and secondary care, placing the patient closer to home whilst allowing secondary care to concentrate on complex patient management.

Bakgrund: Ulcerös kolit och Crohns sjukdom är de vanligaste förekommande inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomarna (IBD), vilka är kroniska och går i skov. Sjukdomarna är mest utbredda i västvärlden, drabbar främst yngre människor samt har en ökande incidens. Symtombilden för sjukdomarna är mångfasetterad och består företrädesvis av diarré, buksmärta, trötthet och viktminskning. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa upplevelsen av hur det är att leva med IBD i det dagliga livet. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som baserades på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier och fem subkategorier uppenbarades; upplevelse av emotionell påverkan (upplevelse av förändrad kroppsbild, en känsla att inte bli betrodd, medicinens emotionella påverkan), upplevelse av social påverkan (påverkan på familj- och arbetsliv och socialt obehag i samband med elimination), upplevelse av fysisk påverkan samt upplevelse av att tvingas förändra livet. Konklusion: IBD visade sig lämna avtryck på det dagliga livet i flera avseenden, då det synliggjordes att hela människan berördes. Det framkom att individen upplevde att sjukdomen förknippades med skam och pinsamhet samt att det rådde en bristande förståelse hos utomstående. / Background: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn´s disease are the most common inflammatory bowel diseases, which are chronic with relapses. The diseases mainly occur in the Westerns world, mostly affect younger people and are increasing. The symptoms are multifaceted and consist of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss. Aim: The purpose was to illuminate the experience of living with IBD in daily life. Method: A systematic literature review based on ten qualitative scientific articles. Results: Four main categories and five subcategories arose; experience of emotional impact (experience of changed body image, a feeling of not being trusted, the emotional impact of the medicine), experience of social impact (influence on family and work life, social discomfort in case of elimination), experience of physical impact and experience of being forced to change life. Conclusion: IBD turned out to affect daily life in several aspects, it appeared that the whole human being was concerned. It emerged that the individual experienced that the disease was associated with shame and embarrassment and a lack of understanding among third party was found.

Bakgrund: I Sverige blir varje år ca 500 personer diagnosticerade med Crohns sjukdom och anledningen till varför man drabbas av denna sjukdom är ännu okänd. Sjukdomen kan drabba människor i alla åldrar och är vanligast förekommande i industrialiserade länder med västerländsk livsstil. Patienter med Crohns sjukdom förekommer inom alla vårdavdelningar och vårdenheter, vilket innebär att den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan många gånger kan komma att stöta på dessa i arbetslivet. För att dessa patienter ska kunna få en bra omvårdnad krävs det att det finns en förståelse för hur upplevelserna av att leva med sjukdomen kan vara.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienters upplevelser av det dagliga livet vid Crohns sjukdom.Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på elva artiklar med kvalitativ studiedesign hämtade från två databaser inriktade på omvårdnad. Med hjälp av metoden innehållsanalys analyserades artiklarna.Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier och sju underkategorier identifierades. Huvudkategorierna var: Begränsningar, Psykisk påverkan, Hantering och coping och Bristande stöd och information.Konklusion: Crohns sjukdom påverkade patienterna både psykiskt och socialt i det dagliga livet. Det visade sig vara en sjukdom som krävde mycket planering inför aktiviteter och påverkade patienternas självbild och sociala relationer. Resultatet visade också att de som accepterade sin sjukdom hade en mer positiv inställning till livet och var öppnare för att lära sig mer om sjukdomen än de som hade svårt att acceptera sin diagnos. Många patienter med Crohns upplevde att de inte fick tillräckligt med information från vården och önskade mer information om hur de skulle hantera sin sjukdom i vardagen. För att som sjuksköterska kunna ge rätt vård krävs det att hen har en förståelse för hur patienter med Crohns sjukdom upplever det dagliga livet. / Background: Approximately 500 people in Sweden gets diagnosed with Crohn’s disease every year and the reason why people get this disease is still unknown. The disease can affect people at all ages and is most common in industrialized countries with a western lifestyle. Patients with Crohn’s disease are found at all wards and care units, which means that the nurse many times might encounter these patients at work. To be able to give good care to these patients it is required to have understanding for how the experience of living with the disease can be.Aim: The aim with this study was to illuminate patients’ experience of daily life with Crohn’s disease.Method: A literature review based on eleven articles with qualitative study design retrieved from two databases focused on nursing. The articles were analyzed with the help of content analysis method. Result: Four main categories and seven subcategories were identified. The main categories were: Limitations, Psychological impact, Management and coping and Lack of support and information. Conclusion: Crohn’s disease affected the patients both mentally and social in their daily life. It turned out to be a disease that required much planning before activities and affected the patients’ self-image and social relationships. The result also showed that the patients that accepted their disease had a more positive attitude to life and were more open to learn more about the disease than those who had it hard to accept their diagnosis. Many patients with Crohn’s disease experienced that they did not get enough information from the healthcare units and wanted more information about managing their disease in daily life. To be able to give the right care as a nurse you have to have understanding för how patients with Crohn’s disease experience their daily life.

<p>Engelsk undertitel på försättsblad: a litterature review</p>