No description available.

In the absence of a gold standard, this study illustrates the process involved in the cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the FOCUS© and its shortened version, FOCUS-34© (the Parent Form and Instruction Sheet, as well as the Clinician Form and Instruction Sheet), while also determining the social validity and clinical applicability of the translated measure. The target language used as example was Afrikaans, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa.

No description available.

Many features of the making of major managerial decisions have been covered by research - complexity, politicality, innovations, and so forth. Yet one - to which all others may be subject - remains almost untouched by research. It is the effects of societal culture on the way managers from different nations make, and implement, such decisions. This study compares the effects of a New World Latin dominated culture with those of an Old World Anglo-Saxon dominated culture, namely in Brazil and England respectively. It arises from the proposition that decision making, as well as other managerial practices, must be shaped by the cultures of the societies of which senior executives are part, in ways of which they themselves may be unaware. Methodologically, in response to the criticisms of earlier research which often attributed managerial and organizational differences to culture without direct evidence for that, this study began by composing portrayals of both cultures. The purpose of the portraits was to enable predictions of culturally affected elements in decision making, prior to empirical investigation. Data was collected by interview on twenty Brazilian and twenty English decisions in sixteen Brazilian and seventeen English organizations, ranging through a variety of manufacturing and service industries as well as universities. The examination of the results confirmed most of the predicted cultural characteristics. Differences although small on each variable were remarkably consistent across all variables. Brazilian strategic decision making was found to be dominated by a clique around the chief executive, who make fast decisions in a process strongly based on the social relationships between the participants. This style of decision making leads, in Brazil, to very informal processes, with little or no delays and, relatively speaking, less search for information. English decisions were found to be more consultative with more interests being involved in different stages of the process. Decisions in this country were characterized by caution and conservatism with some tendency to postpone decisions. Methodologically, the value of the prior conceptualization and description of societal culture is demonstrated since this gives meaning to the extensive differences found in all aspects of decision making. Theoretically, an attempt is made to elucidate the interconnectedness of societal culture and managerial behaviour.

No description available.

Despite the immense volume of depression literature, there are significant gaps of knowledge in depression research of ethnic minorities including Korean Americans. The primary purpose of this study was to enhance the theoretical and empirical understanding of the depressive experience of Korean Americans. A correlational-descriptive, cross-sectional design with multivariate analysis was employed to: (1) identify significant factors that influence the depression experience of Korean Americans, (2) test the psychometric properties of the Kim Depression Scale for Korean Americans, and (3) identify essential similarities and differences in manifestations of depression of Korean and Anglo Americans. A total of 305 subjects, 154 Korean Americans and 151 Anglo Americans participated in this comparison study of depression in Korean and Anglo Americans. The findings of this study identified some important mediators and moderators of the depression experience for Korean Americans. The results of the study also identified essential similarities and differences in depression manifestations of Korean and Anglo Americans. Among the most important outcomes of the study was the discovery of a clue that may help to delineate a cross-cultural boundary of depression. While understanding of the perceptions, antecedents, and outcomes of depression may need a culture-specific approach, the manifestation of depression seems to show more universal characteristics. These findings have implications for future cross-cultural depression research, the clinical management of depression, and potential preventive strategies against depression in immigrant populations such as Korean Americans.

Introdução: no Brasil e em vários países do mundo, observa-se o aumento progressivo do número de idosos, como resultado da melhoria das condições de vida das populações e dos avanços tecnológicos na área da saúde. Esse processo tem ocasionado alterações nos perfis de morbimortalidade, com aumento de doenças crônico-degenerativas, dentre elas, as demências. Cuidar de pessoas com demência representa uma sobrecarga para as famílias. O reconhecimento dos sintomas da doença pode diminuir a tensão decorrente do cuidado e contribuir para a qualidade de vida do paciente e seus familiares. Desde 2006, a avaliação para rastreamento de demência faz parte do Caderno de Atenção Básica a Saúde do Idoso: Envelhecimento e Saúde da Pessoa Idosa. No entanto, raramente é realizada na Atenção Básica. Muitos profissionais referem que não se sentem preparados e que não receberam formação ou treinamento para tal. Objetivo: disponibilizar para o Brasil o instrumento adaptado Atenció Sanitària de Les Demències: la visió de L\' Atenció Primarià nas versões para médicos e enfermeiros para a avaliação das necessidades de qualificação desses profissionais no atendimento a idosos com demência na Atenção Básica. Método: utilizou-se um protocolo de adaptação transcultural composto por seis etapas: tradução inicial feita por dois tradutores bilíngues do catalão para o português; síntese das traduções com aval dos dois tradutores; retrotradução feita por dois tradutores do português para o catalão; revisão por um comitê de juízes composto por médicos e enfermeiros especialistas no assunto; pré-teste com a aplicação do instrumento a 35 médicos e 35 enfermeiros atuantes em Unidades Básicas de Saúde com Estratégia Saúde da Família da região Sul do município de São Paulo, no período de 31 de março a 29 de abril de 2014, e aprovação do processo de adaptação pelo comitê de desenvolvedores do estudo. Todos os cuidados éticos foram observados. Resultados: após os processos de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções e retrotradução, os intrumentos foram submetidos ao comitê de juízes para a avaliação das equivalências semântica, idiomática, cultural/experimental e conceitual. Essa avaliação desencadeou a revisão dos itens que apresentaram índice de concordância inferior a 80% entre os juízes. Obtida a versão pré-final, a coleta de dados foi realizada pela pesquisadora e uma enfermeira previamente treinada para tal. A maioria dos médicos e enfermeiros era do sexo feminino, com idade média de 38,6 e 36,1 anos, respectivamente. As dificuldades apresentadas pelos profissionais ao responder os instrumentos limitaram-se a dúvidas de como responder as questões em que vários fatores devem ser identificados e classificados quanto a sua importância. Como tais dificuldades não foram apresentadas por 15% ou mais da amostra, as questões não foram alteradas. Conclusão: o instrumento Atenció Sanitària de Les Demències: la visió de L\' Atenció Primarià nas versões para médicos e enfermeiros foi adaptado ao contexto cultural brasileiro. As versões finais apresentam 28 questões para o instrumento direcionado aos médicos e 16, para o destinado aos enfermeiros, tal como as originais. / Introduction: in Brazil and in many other countries around the world, there is a progressive increase in the number of elderly people as a result of the improvement in the living conditions of the population and technological advances in healthcare. This process has led to changes in mortality profiles, with increased chronic degenerative diseases, including dementias. Caring for people with dementia is a burden on families. The recognition of the symptoms of this disease can decrease the tension resulting from care and contribute to the quality of life of patients and their families. Since 2006, the assessment for dementia screening is part of the Book of Basic Attention Health of the Elderly: Aging and the Elderly Health. However, it is rarely performed in the Basic Attention. Many professionals report that they do not feel prepared and have not received education or training to do so. Objective: make the adapted instrument Atenció Sanitària de Les Demències: la visió de L\' Atenció Primarià available in Brazil for physicians and nurses to the assessment of training needs of professionals in the care of elderly people with dementia in the Basic Attention. Method: cross-cultural adaptation protocol consisting of six stages: initial translation by two bilingual translators from catalan to portuguese; synthesis of these translations with the approval of both translators; back-translation by two translators from portuguese into catalan; review by a board of judges composed of expert physicians and nurses; pretest with the application of the instrument to 35 physicians and 35 nurses working at basic health units which operate with the family health strategy in the South of São Paulo State, in the period between March 31st and April 29th of 2014, and approval of the adaptation process by the developers of the study committee. All ethical guidelines were followed. Results: after the processes of initial translation, back-translation and synthesis of translations, the instruments were submitted to the judging board for the evaluation of semantics, idiomatic, cultural/experiential and conceptual equivalence. This assessment prompted the review of the items that had an index of less than 80% agreement among judges. Provided with the pre-final version, data were collected by the researcher and a nurse who had been previously trained. Most physicians and nurses were female, with the mean age of 38.6 and 36.1 years, respectively. The difficulties presented by the respondents were limited to issues regarding how to answer questions in which several factors had to be identified and classified as to their importance. As such difficulties were not submitted by 15% or more of the sample, the questions were not changed. Conclusion: the version of the instrument Atenció Sanitària de Les Demències: la visió de L\' Atenció Primarià for physicians and nurses was adapted to the Brazilian cultural context. The final versions have 28 questions for the instrument directed to physicians and 16, intended for nurses, just like the originals.

INTRODUÇÃO: Tarefas de compreensão de sentenças exigem grandes demandas de processamento linguístico e consistem em uma ferramenta útil para investigar diferenças entre o desempenho de crianças de diferentes grupos. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a existência dos efeitos crosslinguísticos, sócio-econômicos e do Distúrbio Específico de Linguagem (DEL) nas habilidades de compreensão de sentenças de crianças pequenas. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo 269 crianças de 4 a 6 anos, divididas em quatro grupos: 1) Brasileiras de escola pública; 2) Brasileiras de escola privada; 3) Inglesas de escola pública; e 4) Brasileiras com DEL, de escola pública. As sentenças utilizadas neste estudo exigiam a compreensão de duas variáveis lingüísticas: a ordem das palavras e o morfema gramatical de número. RESULTADOS: O efeito sócio-econômico foi caracterizado por uma dificuldade específica em processar a informação morfológica de número. Houve um pequeno efeito crosslinguístico, especialmente relacionado à compreensão da ordem das palavras. A principal diferença entre os grupos foi encontrada para as crianças com DEL: enquanto as mais novas apresentaram padrões atípicos de resposta, as mais velhas tiveram um desempenho semelhante ao das crianças mais novas, em desenvolvimento normal de linguagem, pertencentes a baixos níveis sócio-econômicos. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados indicaram que o desempenho de crianças de 4 a 6 anos nesta prova de compreensão foi diferente de acordo com o grupo estudado, evidenciando efeitos sócio-econômicos, crosslinguísticos (embora em menor extensão) e do DEL. Esta prova foi particularmente útil para discriminar as crianças com DEL das demais, contribuindo para o diagnóstico da patologia. / INTRODUCTION: Sentence comprehension tasks require high linguistic processing demands and constitute an useful tool for investigating differences between various groups of children. The aim of this thesis was to verify the existence of crosslinguistic, socio-economic and Specific Language Impairments (SLI) effects on young childrens sentence comprehension abilities. METHODS: Participated on this study 269 children aged 4 to 6 years-old, divided into four groups: 1) Brazilian children from state schools; 2) Brazilian children from private schools; 3) English children from state schools; and 4) Brazilian SLI children from state schools. The sentences used in this study required the comprehension of two linguistic variables: word order and the number grammatical morpheme. RESULTS: The socioeconomic effect consisted on a significant difficulty in processing number morphological information. There was a small crosslinguistic effect, particularly related to word order comprehension. The main difference between groups was found for SLI children: while the youngest group showed atypical patterns of response, the oldest one performed similarly to younger children within normal language development, from low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that 4- to 6-yearold childrens performance on this sentence comprehension test varied regarding group, demonstrating socio-economic, crosslinguistic (although in less extent) and SLIs effects. This test was particularly useful to discriminate between SLI and normally developing children, contributing to differential diagnosis.

The CIDI is a fully standardised diagnostic interview designed for assessing mental disorders based on the definitions and criteria of ICD-1Oand DSM-IlI-R. Field trials with the CIDI have been conducted in 18 centres around the world, to test the feasibility and reliability of the CIDI in different cultures and settings, as well as to test the inter-rater agreement for the different types of questions used. Of 590 subjects interviewed across all sites and rated by an interviewer and observer, 575 were eligible for analysis. The CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was appropriate for use in different kinds of settings. Many subjects fulfilled criteria for more than one diagnosis (lifetime and six-month). The most frequent lifetime disorders were generalised anxiety, major depression, tobacco use disorders, and agoraphobia. Percentage agreements for all diagnoses were above 90% and the kappa values were all highly significant. No significant numbers of diagnostic disconcordances were found with lifetime, six-month, and four-week time frames.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.