T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) est une expérience d’oscillation de neutrinos muoniques sur une longue ligne de base, située au Japon. Elle est conçue pour mesurer le changement de saveur des neutrinos d’un faisceau produit à l’aide d’un accélérateur au laboratoire JPARC de Tokai. Les détecteurs proche et lointain sont placés légèrement hors axe par rapport au faisceau. Depuis la découverte en 2013 de l’apparition de neutrinos électroniques, T2K a inversé la polarité des cornes magnétiques intervenant dans la production du faisceau, afin de produire un faisceau d’antineutrinos et d’augmenter la sensibilité de l’expérience à la violation de la charge-parité dans le secteur leptonique. Le faisceau produit est alors dominé par les antineutrinos muoniques avec une composante mesurable de neutrinos muoniques. L’analyse simultanée, dans les données prises avec le faisceau de neutrinos et le faisceau d’antineutrinos, des interactions par courant chargé dans le détecteur proche ND280, permet de réduire l’impact sur les analyses d’oscillation des incertitudes liées au flux de (anti)neutrinos et à leur section efficace d’interaction. Les données de ND280 permettent également de mesurer les sections efficaces d’interaction des antineutrinos d’énergie proche de 600 MeV. La bonne connaissance du processus d’interaction des (anti)neutrinos avec les noyaux atomiques est cruciale pour interpréter les résultats de l’expérience en termes d’oscillations. De nombreux modèles théoriques ont été développés pour décrire les effets nucléaires lors des interactions des (anti)neutrinos, mais une vison globale cohérente n’a pas encore émergé. En particulier, des mesures variées de section efficace d’interaction par courant chargé sans production de pion dans l’état final suggèrent la possibilité pour les neutrinos d’interagir avec des paires de nucléons corrélés, entrainant l’éjection de plus d’un nucleon hors du noyau (composante dite “multi-nucléon”). Divers modèles ont proposé des estimations différentes de ce processus et une mesure précise et sans ambiguité n’est pas encore disponible. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur trois études. La première détaille la sélection des interactions de neutrinos muoniques par courant chargé dans le détecteur proche hors axe. Dans un premier temps l’échantillon de données était divisé en deux selon le nombre de traces chargées de l’événement, puis l’accumulation de davantage de données a permis la séparation de l’échantillon en trois lots selon le contenu en pions de l’événement. La seconde étude consiste en la mesure simultanée de la section efficace d’interaction des neutrinos et des antineutrinos muoniques par courant chargé, conduisant à un état final sans pion mesuré dans le détecteur ND280. Ces sections efficaces sont extraites en fonction de l’impulsion et de l’angle du muon issu de l’interaction, permettant ainsi d’évaluer la somme, la différence et l’asymétrie entre les sections efficaces des neutrinos et des antineutrinos. La somme permet d’isoler la composante d’interférence vecteur-axial de la section efficace, et la différence est sensible à la composante multi-nucléons. L’asymétrie permet d’estimer directement le biais éventuel sur la mesure de la phase de violation de CP dû à la modélisation des sections efficaces, dans l’analyse d’oscillation de neutrinos. La dernière partie de la thèse étudie la proposition d’utiliser la technologie dite de multi-PMT pour le detector Hyper-Kamiokande, version à plus grande échelle de Super-Kamiokande, ainsi que la possibilité d’étudier le flux de neutrinos avec un détecteur basé sur le rayonnement Cherenkov dans l’eau, et placé à environ 2 km de l’origine du faisceau de neutrinos. Un multi-PMT est une sphère de plastique contenant 26 tubes photomultiplicateurs, qui pourrait améliorer l’efficacité des futurs détecteurs basés sur le rayonnement Cherenkov dans l’eau. / T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment installed in Japan and designed to measure neutrino flavor oscillation using an off-axis neutrino beam produced at the J-PARC accelerator facility in Tokai. Since its discovery of electron neutrino appearance in 2013, T2K has switched its beam magnet polarities to run in antineutrino beam mode in order to enhance its sensitivity to the charge-parity violation in the leptonic sector. The beam is dominated by muon antineutrinos, but it also contains a sizable contamination from muon neutrinos. The analysis of both neutrino and antineutrino charged-current interactions in the off-axis near detector ND280, provides a significant reduction of the flux prediction and cross-section modeling systematic uncertainties in the oscillation analysis. ND280 data also gives us the opportunity to measure antineutrinos cross-sections at the energy around 600 MeV. Information on (anti)neutrino scattering is vital for the interpretation of neutrino oscillation. Many theoretical models have been developed to describe the nuclear effects in (anti)neutrino scattering, but a consistent picture has yet to emerge. In particular, various measurements of charged-current cross-section without production of pions in the final state have suggested the presence of another channel where neutrinos interact with pairs of correlated nucleons and more than one nucleon is knocked-out from the nucleus (multi-nucleon component). Various models have proposed different estimations of such process and a precise and unambiguous measurement is not yet available. This thesis work is focused on three different arguments. First the selections of CC interactions of muon neutrinos in antineutrino beam in the off-axis near detector. In a first iteration this sample has been divided into two sub-sample based on the track multiplicity, then with more statistic a separation into three sub-samples based on the pion content in each event was possible. Then on the simultaneous measurement of the double-differential muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross-section without pions in the final state using the off-axis near detector. The neutrino and antineutrino cross-sections will be simultaneously extracted as a function of muon momentum and angle with a likelihood fit, including proper estimation of the correlations, allowing the evaluation of the sum, difference and asymmetry between the two cross-sections. The sum isolates the axial-vector interference term of the cross-section, and the difference enhances the sensitivity to the multinucleon component. The asymmetry is a direct estimation on any possible bias due to mismodeling of (anti)neutrino interactions on the measurement of the CP violation phase in neutrino oscillation. The last topic concerns the proposal of the multi-PMT technology as detector for Hyper-Kamiokande, the upgrade of Super-Kamiokande, and the intermediate water v Cherenkov proposed to study the neutrino flux at ~2 $km$ from the beam production point. A multi-PMT is a plastic sphere filled with 26 photomultiplier tube that could improve the efficiency of the Cherenkov detectors foreseen in the future.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful technique for the study related to molecule. The work of tow major applications are introduced in this paper. The first application is the optimization of parameters in CCS. The accurate calculation of the collision cross section for multiple molecules is a long-time interested topic in the research for substances detection in micro scale. No reliable analytical approach to calculate the collision cross section has been established to date. Different approaches rely on different mechanism will provide different results in significant extent. This work introduce a method for the determination of parameters in the Lennard Jones potential. Experimental data combined with numerical computation was the fundamental strategy during the optimization of the parameters. In the experiment, electrospray is used as the ion source of IMS while a nebulizer was utilized to electrify the aromatic compounds. New parameters show no less accuracy and equal efficiency while can explain the physical meaning of the collision more clearly. The second application is the trace detection of explosives with very low concentration. The detection of explosives is an important topic in security, while the detection will be difficult due to the low vapor pressure of explosives. In this work, two types of devices are designed for the trace detection of explosives at an extremely low concentration. TNT is selected as the explosives in the experiment. The experiment succeed to reach a sensitivity of 1 part per quintillion, and even find out a linear relationship between the logarithm of TNT concentration and TNT vapor pressure.

The Sand Creek watershed, Choctaw County, Mississippi, constitutes a proposed site for a recreational and water management reservoir. Prior to the development of the site, the geology and hydrogeology of the watershed must be investigated to determine suitability for impoundment. Geological cross sections derived from geophysical logs and field exploration provides information regarding facies distributions within the proposed site area. Discharge characteristics of streams provide data concerning surface runoff that can then be related to the amount of water that is beneficial to the reservoir filling and remaining filled. All data collected and the characteristics of the reservoir are mapped using ArcGIS 9.1 software. The amount of sand located near the abutment of the levee and possible thin ridge with prospect of faulting to the southeast of the abutment is cause for concern. Analysis of the study area suggests that the proposed site is suitable for location of a reservoir.

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The charged pion production reactions d(gamma,pi⁺n), d(gamma,pi^-p), HD(gamma,pi⁺n)X were studied using linearly polarized gamma-rays with energies in the range from 260 MeV to 370 MeV at the Laser Electron Gamma Source (LEGS). A solid HD target was used in this experiment for the first time. The beam asymmetry data for the d(gamma,pi^-p) reaction significantly add to the previously available data. This gives new input to multipole analysis of pion production. A slight deviation from the beam asymmetry predicted for the free neutron is observed. The cross sections in the d(gamma,pi^-p) channel agree with previous measurements. / Ph. D.

Remote detection and tracking of wingtip generated wake vortices is important for hazard avoidance especially near airports. Aircraft that fly through these hazardous vortices experience sudden induced roll. Experiments have demonstrated that there is sufficient radar cross section for remote detection at frequencies ranging from VHF to C band (100 MHz to 5 GHz). The mechanism that yields this radar cross section is Bragg scattering from the index of refraction variations due to the atmospheric water vapor and potential temperature fields being mixed by the wake vortex system. Refractive index variations of the size that correspond to half the operating radar wavelength produce the observed radar return. Previous analysis has postulated turbulence within the wake vortex to be the generator of the index of refraction variations. In this work, a new mechanism is identified that does not assume turbulence within the wake vortex system. This "laminar flow mechanism" causes refractive index structuring that stretches into successively smaller spirals over time as the wake vortex system swirls and descends through the stratified atmosphere. The results are quantitatively consistent with experimental data. Results indicate that this new mechanism has a sharply peaked doppler spectrum which is encouraging for coherent detection by doppler radar. / Ph. D.

nÃo hà / O presente trabalho contribui na discussÃo do modelo de previdÃncia social brasileiro com foco no comportamento das famÃlias brasileiras em relaÃÃo Ãs contribuiÃÃes destinadas à previdÃncia complementar; mais especificamente, na modalidade do Plano Gerador de BenefÃcio Livre â PGBL, em face de sua importÃncia na tentativa de garantir o poder de compra e manutenÃÃo do padrÃo de qualidade de vida dos indivÃduos no futuro quando da reduÃÃo de sua capacidade laboral e sua contribuiÃÃo à economia brasileira, enquanto poupanÃa privada nacional. O estudo buscou identificar como as variÃveis econÃmicas nÃvel de renda per capta, Ãndice de pobreza da populaÃÃo, Ãndice de concentraÃÃo de renda, Ãndice de pobreza e quantidade de anos de estudo influenciam na captaÃÃo per capta mÃdia de contribuiÃÃes para a previdÃncia complementar, modalidade PGBL, utilizando-se de anÃlise de dados em painel. / This paper offers contribution to discussion of the Brazilian social welfare model with a focus on the behaviour of Brazilian families in relation to contributions for private pension plan, more specifically in the free benefit generator plan mode, in face of its importance in an attempt to ensure the purchasing power and maintaining the standard of quality of life of individuals in the future when there is a reduction in their labour capacity and in their contribution to the Brazilian economy while national private savings. The study aims to identify how economic variables such as per capita income level, poverty index of population, income concentration index, poverty rate and number of years of study influence on the funding per capita average of private pension contributions, free benefit generator plan mode, using panel data analysis.

Examensarbetet behandlar ett brotvärsnitt som inte entydigt kan betraktas som ett balktvärsnitt eller plattvärsnitt. Med de måttdefinitioner som används vid broprojektering ska en plattkonstruktion ha en bredd som är fem gånger höjden, annars ska konstruktionen ses som en balk där även balkens längd definieras att vara större än tre gånger höjden. Brotvärsnittet som studeras i detta examensarbete kan alltså definieras både som ett plattvärsnitt och som ett balktvärsnitt. Målet med arbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt att finna en metod att konstruera denna typ av tvärsnitt som befinner sig i gränslandet mellan två definitioner. Skillnaderna mellan en plattas och en balks verkningssätt ligger i att plattan antas bära last i två riktningar medan en balk enbart bär last i en riktning. Examensarbetet är genomfört i sammarbete med WSP Bro- och vattenbyggnad i Örebro, som konstruerade en bro med just detta tvärsnitt. Bro 344 över parkstråk i trafikplats Rinkeby å ramp mot Ärvinge, är 181 m lång bro i 9 spann och finns belägen vid trafikplats Rinkeby som är en del utav Trafikverkets projekt, E18 Hjulsta – Kista. Lasterna som används i analyserna är betongens egentyngd, utbredd last av beläggning och vertikala trafiklaster. I ett första skede i arbetet analyseras modellerna med rörliga trafiklaster. Det framkom dock under arbetets gång att förenklingar vad gäller trafiklasterna måste göras då arbetet skulle bli för omfattande annars. En statisk boggilast placeras ut i ett spann mitt i mellan dess tredjedelspunkt och halva spannlängden. Beräkningar utförs i en mjukvara där modellen både byggs upp av skalelement som en långsträckt platta där snittkrafter kommer ut som enhet per meter och med balkelement som en halvinspänd balk där snittkrafter kommer ut i enhet per balk. Mjukvaran som används är ett tredimensionellt finit element program, SOFISTIK, som likt många andra FE-program erbjuder användarvänliga modelleringsmiljöer, hanterar rörliga laster och har en mängd inbyggda moduler och funktioner. Beräkningarna som sedan utvärderas och jämförs är dels SOFISTIKs olika resultat för skalmodellen och balkmodellen. Där dimensionerande armeringsmängder beräknas för max fältmoment och max stödmoment. Dessa resultat från SOFISTIKs skalmodell respektive balkmodell jämförs också med resultat från de mjukvaror som användes vid dimensioneringen från början, vilket var för skalmodellanalysen Brigade Standard och för balkanalysen Strip Step 3. Armeringsmängderna jämförs slutligen genom att studera tre fall: •   Skalmodell SOFISTIK - Brigade Standard •   Balkmodell SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3 •   SOFISTIK skalmodell – balkmodell Jämförelserna visar att både skalmodellerna från de olika programmen (SOFISTIK – Brigade Standard) och balkmodellerna från de olika programmen (SOFISTIK – Strip Step 3) ger likvärdiga armeringsmängder vilket ger en trygg verifiering av modellerna. Vidare visar jämförelse mellan skal- och balkmodell i SOFISTIK att balkmodellen ger avsevärt högre armeringsmängder, både i fält och över stöd. ar / The aim of this Master thesis is to study a cross section of a bridge that cannot be unambiguously considered to be defined as a beam cross-section or a slab cross-section. With the given definitions used in bridge engineering, a slab construction has to have a width wider than five times the height, otherwise it should be regarded as a beam construction. The length of a beam construction is also defined to be three times longer than the height. The cross section in this thesis can thus be treated as both a slab cross-section and as a beam cross-section. The aim of this work is to investigate whether it is possible to find a method to construct this type of cross-section that falls within both these two definitions. The difference in mode of action between a plate and a beam is that the plate is assumed to carry loads in two directions while a beam only carries load in one direction. The work done in this report has been performed in cooperation with the consulting company WSP Bridge & Hydraulic Design in Örebro who has constructed a bridge with the studied section, Bro 344 över parkstråk i trafikplats Rinkeby å ramp mot Ärvinge. This bridge is 181 m long in 9 spans and are located at the traffic interchange Rinkeby which is part of the Swedish Transport Administration project, E18 Hjulsta - Kista. The loads, which are discussed and analyzed are the deadweight of the concrete, distributed load of road surface and vertical traffic loads. In the first stage of the work the models are being analyzed with moving traffic loads, it appears, however, during the process that simplifications in terms of the moving traffic loads must be made, when the work would be too wide otherwise. A static bogie-load is deployed in one of the spans, in between the third point and half the span length. Calculations are performed using a computer software, in which the bridge is modeled both by shell elements and by beam elements. The shell-model is created as an elongated plate section in which the force comes out as unit per meter. The beam-model is considered as a semi-restrained beam in which the section forces come out in unit for the whole beam. Software used is a three-dimensional finite element program, SOFISTIK. As many other FEprograms SOFISTIK provide a user-friendly modeling workspace, it handles variable and moving loads and has a variety of embedded modules and functions. The calculations which are being evaluated and compared, is at the first hand the different results in between the shell-model and the beam-model from the models made in SOFISTIK. The amounts of designing reinforcement are calculated for the maximum bending moment and for the minimum bending moment. Those results, also compares with results from other software, the software used in the design from the beginning, which for the shell-analyze the software Brigade Standard and for the beam-analyze the software Strip Step 3. The amounts of design reinforcement are finally compared by studying three cases: •   The Shell-model from SOFISTIK - Brigade Standard •   Beam-model from SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3 •   SOFISTIK the shell-model – the beam-model The comparisons show that both the shell-models from the two different programs (SOFISTIK and Brigade Standard) and the beam-models from the different two programs (SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3) give equivalent amounts of reinforcement which provides a secure verification of the models. Furthermore the comparison between the shell-model and the beam-model, in SOFISTIK , shows that the beam-model provides significantly higher amounts of reinforcement in both the field and at the support.