I tested two pairs of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the informed forager paradigm: a subordinate saw the location of hidden bait, and then searched with a naïve dominant. This paradigm has tested what subjects know about others' states of knowledge, but my focus was to determine how subjects used different movement types and different gaze types to modify their competitive tactics. In particular, I investigated whether chimpanzees follow opponents' gaze to gain information. Learning more about how primates use visual information to predict others' behaviour can shed light on the continuing debate over to what degree apes possess theory of mind capacities. Previous published studies in this paradigm included narratives of ignorant competitors exploiting informed subjects by following their movement and gaze, and informed subjects avoided this exploitation by walking away from hidden food. The subordinate's behaviour can be considered tactical deception, which is a good place to seek strong evidence of second-order intentionality. Analyses with descriptive statistics, however, fail to capture the complexity of these interactions, which range from single decision-making points to larger patterns of following and misleading. I introduced a novel method of statistical analysis, cross correlations, that enabled me to examine behavioural patterns quantitatively that previous authors have only been able to describe in narrative form. Though previous studies on chimpanzees' understanding of gaze found that they were unable to use (human-given) gaze cues to locate hidden food, the subjects I tested followed their conspecific opponent's gaze, and used information gained from the gaze interaction to modify their own movement towards the hidden bait. Dominants adjusted their physical following of the subordinates as the interaction progressed, which reflected their changed states of knowledge. Subordinates used their movement and gaze differentially to manipulate dominants' behaviour, by withholding information and by recruiting towards a less-preferred bait.

Granulometria é o processo usado para medir objetos de diferentes tamanhos em imagens de material granular. Frequentemente algoritmos baseados em morfologia matemática ou detecção de arestas são utilizados para esta finalidade. Propomos uma nova abordagem para a granulometria utilizando correlações cruzadas com círculos de tamanhos diferentes. Esta técnica é primeiramente adequada para a detecção de objetos de formato circular, mas pode ser estendido para outras formas utilizando outros núcleos (kernels) de correlação. Experimentos mostram que o novo algoritmo é robusto ao ruído e pode detectar objetos com pouco contraste e/ou com sobreposição parcial. Este trabalho também apresenta características quantitativas estruturais da camada de silício poroso, obtidas aplicando o algoritmo proposto em imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O novo algoritmo, que chamamos Granul, calcula as áreas e frequências dos poros. Processamentos adicionais utilizando outros algoritmos classificam os poros em circulares ou quadrados. Relacionamos os resultados quantitativos obtidos com o processo de fabricação e discutimos o mecanismo de formação do poro quadrado no silício. O novo algoritmo mostrou-se confiável no processamento de imagens de MEV e é uma ferramenta promissora para controle no processo de formação dos poros. / Granulometry is the process of measuring the size distribution of objects in an image of granular material. Usually, algorithms based on mathematical morphology or edge detection are used for this task. We propose a entirely new approach for the granulometry using the cross correlations with circles of different sizes. This technique is primarily adequate for detecting circular shaped objects, but it can be extended to other shapes using other correlation kernels. Experiments show that the new algorithm is greatly robust to noise and can detect even faint objects and/or objects with partial superposition. This paper also reports the quantitative structural characteristics of the porous silicon layer based on the proposed algorithm applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The new algorithm, that we call Granul, computes the size distribution of pores and classifies the pores in circular or square ones. We relate these quantitative results to the fabrication process and discuss the square porous silicon formation mechanism. The new algorithm shows to be reliable in SEM images processing and is a promising tool to control the pores formation process.

Les aquifères karstiques sont parmi les milieux souterrains les plus difficiles à caractériser. Ils sont connus pour avoir des réponses complexes aux événements pluvieux en raison de l’hétérogénéité de la porosité allant de la porosité matricielle (micro-porosité) à la porosité de conduits (macro-porosité). La porosité de conduits génère des vitesses de transfert élevées au sein de l’aquifère, à l'origine de la vulnérabilité des aquifères karstiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir les modalités du transfert de l'eau et des solutés au sein d'un aquifère karstique du Dogger situé en Bourgogne. Deux approches complémentaires ont été utilisées: (i) l'analyse de chroniques piézométriques et débitmétriques à partir d'outils de traitement du signal et (ii) une caractérisation géochimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines basée sur l'utilisation d'une large palette de traceurs, notamment des traceurs de datation. Ces deux approches ont été appliquées à différentes échelles temporelles: un suivi haute fréquence (jusqu'à 1h) lors de pics de crue pour étudier les transferts rapides et un suivi à long terme (pluri-annuel) pour caractériser les transferts lents et étudier la variabilité saisonnière des modalités d'écoulement. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence une très large distribution des temps de résidence de l’eau souterraine, de quelques heures, lors d’événements de crue souligné par des temps de réponse pluie-niveau piézométrique faible (inférieurs à 70 h) à quelques années pour l’écoulement de base mis en évidence par l’utilisation de traceurs de datation (39Kr, CFC-12 et SF6). En réponse aux précipitations, différentes masses d'eau ont pu être décrites: (i) une eau à vitesse d’écoulement lente, qui correspond à l’écoulement de base mis en évidence par l'utilisation des traceurs de datation; (ii) une eau de recharge rapide dont le temps de résidence au sein de l'aquifère varie, selon les porosités empruntées, de quelques heures à quelques jours soulignés grâce au suivi en continu de la conductivité électrique, des éléments majeurs et du tritium; et (iii) des eaux stockées au sein de la zone non saturée, remobilisées lors de pics de crue mises en évidence par la variation des compositions géochimiques en tritium et Ca2+ des eaux souterraines lors de pics de crue. Malgré une forte hétérogénéité des processus d'écoulement, une logique spatiale des écoulements rapides apparaît. Le temps de réponse du niveau piézométrique à un événement pluvieux et le temps de résidence augmentent vers l’aval du dôme hydrogéologique. L'étude temporelle de la réponse impulsionnelle par la méthode du corrélogramme croisé coulissant montre que le temps de réponse varie de façon saisonnière, et est plus court en été. La variation du temps de réponse pour un forage entre été et hiver est significative et peut atteindre une centaine d’heures. Cette variabilité temporelle s'explique en partie par une variabilité de l'intensité des pluies (plus importantes en été) qui induit une variation des mécanismes d'écoulement au sein de l'épikarst. Lors d'événements de pluie intense, la saturation de l'épikarst est plus importante provocant des transferts latéraux en son sein et permettant de transférer les eaux vers les conduits les plus ouverts. / Karst aquifers are among the most difficult to characterize. They are known for their complex hydrological responses to rainfall events due to the high heterogeneity of their porosity, going from matrix conduit porosity. The porosity of conduit induces a high transfer velocity in the aquifer which is the cause of the karst aquifer vulnerability. The objective of this study is to define the modes of water transfer and solute in a karst aquifer of Dogger in Burgundy. Two complementary methods are used: (i) the analyse of piezometric and debitmetric time series, and (ii) the geochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater based on the using of large panel of tracers, notably some dating tracers. These two methods are applied at different temporal scales: a high frequency monitoring (1 hour time step) during discharge event to study fast water transfer and a long time monitoring to characterize slow water transfer and study the seasonal variability of water transfer processes. This study highlights a large distribution of residence time of groundwater, from several hours during a recharge event, underlined by short response time rainfall-piezometric level (less to 70 hours) to several years for the baseflow showed by the using of dating tracers (39Kr, CFC-12 et SF6). In response to rainfall events, several water bodies are described. The first one, with slow transfer velocity, corresponds to the baseflow and is showed by dating tracers. The second one, with a direct recharge and a residence time in the karst aquifer that varies with the porosity from several hours to several days, is described by a continous monitoring of electrical conductivity, majors elements and tritium. Finally, the water stored in the unsaturated zone, remobilized during recharge events, is revealed by the variation of geochemical composition in tritium and Ca2+ in groundwater during recharge events. Despite of the high heterogeneity of water transfer processes, the fast water transfer is spatially organized. The response time of piezometric level to rainfall events and the residence time increase toward the hydrogeological downhill. The temporal study of the impulse response using the method of the sliding-window cross-correlation shows that the response time varies seasonally, being shorter during the summer. The variability of the response time is significant, up to a hundred hours. This temporal variability could be explained in part by a variability of the rainfall intensity which induces a variability of water flow processes in the epikarst. During intensive rainfall, the saturation of the epikarst is higher which induces lateral transfers and allows transferring water toward large conduits.

Le présent travail de thèse a pour but d'automatiser la détection des défauts de tissage, à l'aide d'un système informatisé fondé sur le traitement d'image. La structure du tissu, de par sa fabrication, est périodique par répétition de l'armure (dessin d'entrecroisement). L'apparition d'un défaut dans le tissu entraîne la destruction de cette périodicité. de ce fait, le défaut de tissage peut être détecté par la surveillance en continu de la structure du tissu pendant le tissage. Dans notre travail, les techniques de transformée rapide de Fourier et la corrélation croisée sont d'abord mises en œuvre, afin d'examiner les caractéristiques de régularité de la structure de l'image du tissu dans le domaine fréquentiel. Dans un deuxième temps, afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la technique et d'éviter le problème d'erreur de détection, une opération de seuillage a été implémentée en utilisant un filtre de sélection de niveau. Au moyen de ce filtre, la technique mise en place est capable de détecter uniquement les défauts réels et de mettre en évidence leurs dimensions exactes. L'ensemble de cette procédure a été implémentée au moyen du progiciel Matlab ou Scilab. Puis l'ensemble des procédures a été mis en œuvre sur un tissu simulé, afin de comprendre le comportement du spectre de fréquences, de déterminer et d'optimiser les paramètres de détection les plus importants. Dans toutes ces procédures, le niveau de bruit a bien sûr été pris en compte. L'efficacité des procédures ayant été testée sur des tissus simulés dans un premier temps, elles ont été appliquées aux tissus sortant de machines à tisser. Ainsi, des échantillons contenant divers défauts ainsi que des échantillons écrus, unis ou de diverses couleurs ont pu être testés. Les techniques proposées ont aussi dans ces divers cas montré leur efficacité. En conclusion, un prototype fondé sur un dispositif de vision pour l'inspection des tissus sur métier à tisser en temps réel est proposé. / The purpose of this thesis is to automate the online detection of weaving defects by a computerized system based on image processing software. Obviously, fabric inspection has an importance to prevent risk of delivering inferior quality product. Until recently, the visual defect detection is still under taken offline and manually by humans with many drawbacks such as tiredness, boredom, and, inattentiveness. Fortunately, the continuous development in computer technology introduces the online automated fabric inspection as an effective alternative. Because the defect-free fabric has a periodic regular structure, the occurrence of a defect in the fabric breaks the regular structure. Therefore, the fabric defects can be detected by monitoring fabric structure. In our work, Fast Fourier Transform and Cross-correlation techniques, i.e. linear operations, are first implemented to examine the structure regularity features of the fabric image in the frequency domain. To improve the efficiency of the technique and overcome the problem of detection errors, further thresholding operation is implemented using a level selection filter. Through this filter, the technique is able to detect only the actual or real defects and highlight their exact dimensions. A software package such as Matlab or Scilab is used for this procedure. It is implemented firstly on a simulated plain fabric to determine the most important parameters during the process of defect detection and then to optimize each of them even considering noise. To verify the success of the technique, it is implemented on real plain fabric samples with different colours containing various defects. Finally, a vision-based fabric inspection prototype that could be accomplished on-loom to inspect the fabric under construction with 100% coverage is proposed.

No description available.

Traditional naval vessels with steel structures have the benefit of large safety factors and a distinct material endurance limit. However, as performance requirements and budget constraints rise, the demand for lighter weight vessels increases. Reducing the mass of vessels is commonly achieved by the use of aluminum or composite structures, which requires closer attention to be paid to crack initiation and propagation. It is rarely feasible to require a lengthy inspection process that removes the vessel from service for an extended amount of time. Structural health monitoring (SHM), involving continuous measurement of the structural response to an energy source, has been proposed as a step towards condition-based maintenance. Furthermore, using a passive monitoring system with an array of sensors has several advantages: monitoring can take place in real-time using only ambient noise vibrations and neither deployment of an active source nor visual access to the inspected areas are required. Passive SHM on a naval vessel is not without challenge. The structures of ships are typically geometrically complex, causing scattering, multiple reflections, and mode conversion of the propagating waves in the vessel. And rather than a distinct and predictable input produced by controlled active sources, the vibration sources are hull impacts, smaller waves, and even onboard machinery and activity. This research summarizes findings from data collected onboard a Navy vessel and presents recommendations data processing techniques. The intent is to present a robust method of passive structural health monitoring for such a vessel using only ambient vibrations recordings.

The spatial patterns of bimaterial interfaces along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) and central section of the Calaveras Fault are systematically investigated with large data sets of near-fault waveforms. Different from the usage of direct P and S waves in traditional tomographic studies, a particular seismic phase named fault zone head wave (FZHW) is used to image the bimaterial fault interfaces. The results show clear variations of seismic velocities contrast both along-strike and along-depth directions in both regions, which is in general consistent with local geological setting at surface and existing 3D tomography results. In the Parkfield section of SAF, the result of velocity contrast is used to test the relationship between preferred rupture directions of M6 Parkfield earthquakes and bimaterial interface. Strong velocity contrast (~5-10%) near Middle Mountain (MM) could control the rupture directions of nearby earthquakes to SE, such as the case for 1966 M6 Parkfield earthquake. In comparison, weak velocity contrast (~0-2%) near the epicenter of the 2004 Parkfield M6 earthquake (i.e., Gold Hill) probably has no influence on controlling its rupture direction, which is consistent with the bilateral rupture of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. In the central Calaveras Fault, a detailed analysis of the moveout between FZHWs and direct P waves revealed the existence of a complicated fault structure with velocity contrast increasing from NW to SE of station CCO. The high velocity contrast SE of station CCO could be caused by a low-velocity zone SE of station CCO. The spatio-temporal variations of seismic velocity around the central Calaveras Fault and its nearby region are investigated based on the waveform analysis of 333 repeating clusters following the 1984 ML6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake. Clear reduction of seismic velocity is shown for all repeating clusters immediately after the mainshock, followed by a logarithmic recovery. The coseismic change mostly occurs at shallow layers (top few hundred meters) for the region away from the rupture area of the mainshock, but extends much deeper around the rupture zone of the Morgan Hill earthquake. The estimated depth of the damage zone is up to 6 km in the fault based on the repeating clusters directly beneath station CCO. Finally, temporal changes around the Parkfield section of SAF are studied using recently developed ambient noise cross-correlation technique. The extracted daily empirical Green functions (EGFs) from 0.4-1.3 Hz noise records are used to estimate subtle temporal changes associated with large earthquakes from local to teleseismic distances. The results show clear coseismic reduction of seismic velocities after the 2004 M6 Parkfield earthquake, similar to the previous observation based on repeating earthquakes. However, no systematic changes have been detected for other four regional/teleseismic events that have triggered clear tremor activity in the same region. These results suggest that temporal changes associated with distance sources are very subtle or localized so that they could not be detected within the resolution of the current technique (~0.2%).

This thesis aims at the methodological developments in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The methodological developments in NMR has a long and successful history. The present thesis attempts to contribute some novel methods in this direction. This thesis restricts itself to two methodological developments, namely, (1) effects of cross-correlations between the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and dipole-dipole interactions in the relaxation of various nuclei and experiments which utilize spatial encoding. The cross-correlation has been successfully utilized to investigate the anisotropic motions of liquid crystals, and to understand the chemical shift anisotropy of fluorine atoms of Fluorine substituted ring compounds. Spatial encoding schemes have been developed to facilitate single scan measurements of longitudinal spin lattice relaxation times and implementations of parallel search algorithms.

No description available.

Le but initial de ce travail de thèse est de proposer une technique (basée sur la Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy, FCS) pour améliorer la sensibilité dans la discrimination de deux molécules ayant des constantes de diffusion proches. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons étudié la FCCS (Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy). A défaut d'améliorer la sensibilité de la Spectroscopie à Correlation de Fluorescence nous avons proposé trois géométries de FCCS pour élargir le champ d'application de la corrélation de fluorescence.