This work studied the effects of step size, angle, spindle speed, and feed rate on the external surface roughening, orange peel effect, observed in single point incremental forming (SPIF). Experimental results were used to estimate models to categorize the extent of orange peel roughening based on visual inspection and on surface roughness measurements. Tests were performed at very high rotational speeds and feed rates and showed various influences on surface roughness, thickness distribution, and grain size. Friction at the tool-sheet interface was also studied with a completely instrumented tool that measured and recorded torsion and forming forces through deformation strains. Coefficients of friction for each part were determined and through statistical analysis, the influence of each of the following forming parameters was established: material thickness, formed shape, tool size, step size, forming speeds (feed rate and rotational speed), and forming angle. Multidimensional response surfaces were generated to show when and under what condition friction was minimized. A new contact zone representation for SPIF was also established. This formulation used common forming parameters and geometric considerations to determine the contacting zone between the sheet and the tool. Area models were proposed for both the tangential and torsional component of friction in SPIF. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-02-01 16:47:17.249

<p>The general trend in gear industry, today, is an increased focus on gear transmission efficiency. Gear transmission efficiency losses arise from loaded and unloaded gear contacts, seals, lubricant and bearings. One way of minimising the losses is to lower the lubricant viscosity. This will reduce the speed dependent losses. However, the load dependent losses might increase. To avoid this, the ratio between lubricant film thickness and surface roughness must be maintained, which can be fulfilled by producing smoother gear surfaces. As a starting point for this realisation process, the present manufacturing processes, the design tools and the characteristics of the gear flank interface must be further investigated and developed. This must be achieved with an emphasis on economic production.</p><p>This thesis focuses on our understanding of how different gear manufacturing methods —particularly the contribution of the running-in process—affect the surface characteristics, with the view of increasing gearbox efficiency. The thesis consists of a summary and three appended papers.</p><p>Paper A and paper B discuss the relationship between design parameters and real gear wheel surfaces manufactured with different manufacturing methods. The research hypothesis was that the contact area ratio is a descriptive parameter for the contact condition. Paper A deals with the influence of manufacturing method on the initial contact conditions and also serves as a validation of the simulation program used. The emphasis in Paper B is the changes that occur during running-in, and to correlate these changes to design requirements. Paper C approaches the influences of manganese phosphate-coating and lubricants with respect to friction and the risk of scuffing at the initial contact.</p><p>The main conclusions of this thesis are that the contact area ratio presents a descriptive measure of how surface topography influences the contact, seen at both a global (form deviation) and local (roughness) level. The surface topography caused by the manufacturing method has a significant influence on the contact area ratio. This is an important result, since neither national standards nor commercially available gear evaluation programs handle surface topography on the local scale. Shaving was found to have the highest contact area ratio, and should therefore be the best choice if deviations from case hardening could be minimised. It is also confirmed that gear-like surfaces coated with manganese phosphate have a low coefficient of friction, and raise the limiting load for scuffing failure enormously compared to the ground equivalent.</p> / QC 20100518 / KUGG / Sustainable gear transmission realization

Neste trabalho estudou-se a variação da área de contato de hemiesferas de borracha contra uma superfície plana de vidro, variando-se a força de compressão aplicada, o tempo de aplicação da força e a força de separação das superfícies em contato. Os experimentos foram realizados com quatro borrachas de módulos de elasticidade 16,8, 5,77, 5,42 e 2,64 MPa e durezas de 87, 68, 57 e 44 Shore A, respectivamente. Para borrachas de dureza mais elevada, a variação da área de contato é menor para um mesmo carregamento de referência. Para borrachas com maior módulo viscoso, maior é a variação da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição e maior a força de separação entre as superfícies. Os resultados reafirmam o modelo de Jonhson, Kendall e Roberts para o contato com baixos carregamentos de esferas de borracha e contribui para o entendimento da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição ao carregamento, onde a variação chegou a 23% para a borracha de maior módulo viscoso. / Contact area variation and separation forces of rubber hemispheres against a flat glass plate were studied with increasing normal forces and load exposure time. The experiments were performed on four different rubbers with Youngs modulus of 16.8, 5.77, 5.42 e 2.64 MPa and hardness of 87, 68, 57and 44 Shore A, respectively. For higher hardness rubbers, the contact area variation is smaller for the same load parameters. For higher viscous modulus rubber, the contact area variation over time is higher and it is also higher the surface separation force required. The results found are in agreement with Johnson, Kendall and Roberts model for the contact at low loads of rubber spheres and it does a contribution for the understanding of contact area due to load exposure time where variation reached up to 23% for the higher viscous modulus rubber.

Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) has emerged as the central technology for polishing wafers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to make integrated multi-level devices. As the name suggests, both chemical and mechanical processes work simultaneously to achieve local and global planarization. In spite of extensive work done to understand the various components and parameters affecting the performance of this process, many aspects of CMP remain poorly understood. Among these aspects of CMP is the role of abrasives in the processes of conditioning and polishing. These abrasives are present in the chemical slurry between the wafer and the pad for polishing and play an important role during the conditioning to regenerate the clogged polishing pads. This thesis has focused on the study of abrasives, both in conditioning and polishing. The first part of the thesis concentrates on the effect of abrasive size for conditioning purposes. Diamond is being widely used as an abrasive for conditioning the polishing pad. Five different sizes of diamonds ranging from 0.25µm to 100µm were selected to condition the commercially available IC 1000 polishing pad. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis were carried out on the pad to study the effect of the abrasive size on the pad morphology. In-situ 'coefficient of friction' was also monitored on the CETR bench top Tester. The final impact was seen in the form of surface defects on the polished copper wafers. As pad morphologies resulting from different conditioning affect contact areas, the second part of the thesis focuses on developing a simple method to quantify the area of contact between the wafer and pad using optical microscopy. Optical images that were obtained were analyzed for the change in contact area with the change in operating conditions. Finally, the third part of the thesis details the synthesis and characterization of nano-zirconia for potential slurry applications. Nano-zirconia was synthesized using the plasma route and then characterized using different analytical techniques like TEM and XRD. These nanoparticles were then used to make abrasive slurry for oxide CMP and the polished wafers were analyzed for surface defects.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mazetto_fr_me_botfca.pdf: 1022011 bytes, checksum: 265f29fb21da2dc260b7ff72711bd637 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O desempenho operacional dos tratores agrícolas é dependente da interação dos rodados e a superfície de contato, sendo de extrema importância a seleção do tipo de pneu, pressão de inflação e lastragem para as diversas operações agrícolas, proporcionando maior eficiência de tração e menor compactação do solo, racionalizando assim, os custos operacionais do sistema produtivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e correlacionar as metodologias de determinação das áreas de contato e deformações elásticas de pneus agrícolas em superfícies rígida e deformável, em função das pressões de inflação e das cargas radiais, com a finalidade de identificar a metodologia mais acurada e prática para cada condição de ensaio estático de pneus. O experimento foi realizado no Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas (NEMPA) da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu, SP. Os pneus estudados foram do tipo R1 com as seguintes dimensões: pneu baixa pressão e alta flutuação (500/60-26.5) inflado com as pressões de 206,7 kPa, 103,3 kPa e 68,9 kPa; radial (14.9R26) com pressões de inflação de 186,1 kPa, 137,8 kPa e 68,9 kPa e diagonal (14.9-26) com pressões de 206,7 kPa, 137,8 kPa e 68,9 kPa; submetidos as cargas de 5 kN, 10 kN, 15 kN e 20 kN aplicadas por uma prensa hidráulica. As áreas de contato dos pneus agrícolas em superfície deformável foram obtidas em tanque de solo e em superfície rígida pelo método do pó, carbono e massa. Os valores das áreas de contato foram determinados por duas metodologias de cálculo: equação da elipse e digitalização das áreas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a metodologia de cálculo das áreas de contato através da equação da elipse é confiável e prática para obter as áreas de contato dos pneus agrícolas... / The agricultural tractor performance is depended of interaction among the tire and contact surface, and then, the selection of tire type, its inflation pressure and tractor ballast are very important to several conditions of agricultural operation, proportioning higher efficiency of machines and lower soil compaction, rationalizing the operations costs of crop systems. This present research had for main objective the evaluation and correlation of methodologies of tire/ground contact areas and elastic deformations of agricultural tires on rigid and deformable surfaces, in function of inflation pressures and ballasts, identifying the methodology most accuracy and practice for each condition of tire static test. The research was carried out at Agricultural Machinery and Tire Testing Center (NEMPA), Rural Engineering Department of Agronomic Science College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil. The studied tires were of R1 type with the following dimensions: low pressure and high fluctuation tire (500/60-26.5) inflated with pressures of 206,7 kPa, 103,3 kPa and 68,9 kPa; radial ply (14.9R26) with inflation pressures of 186,1 kPa, 137,8 kPa and 68,9 kPa and bias ply (14.9-26) with pressures of 206,7 kPa, 137,8 kPa and 68,9 kPa. Four ballast conditions were applied on the wheels by hydraulic press: 5 kN, 10 kN, 15 kN and 20 kN. The contact areas of the agricultural tires on deformable surface were obtained in soil bin and on rigid surface by powder, carbon paper and modelling mass methods. The contact area values were determined by two calculus methodologies: ellipse equation and areas digitalization. The results of methodologies used to calculate the contact areas permit to conclude that ellipse equation can estimate with precision and practice the contact areas of agricultural tires...

Neste trabalho estudou-se a variação da área de contato de hemiesferas de borracha contra uma superfície plana de vidro, variando-se a força de compressão aplicada, o tempo de aplicação da força e a força de separação das superfícies em contato. Os experimentos foram realizados com quatro borrachas de módulos de elasticidade 16,8, 5,77, 5,42 e 2,64 MPa e durezas de 87, 68, 57 e 44 Shore A, respectivamente. Para borrachas de dureza mais elevada, a variação da área de contato é menor para um mesmo carregamento de referência. Para borrachas com maior módulo viscoso, maior é a variação da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição e maior a força de separação entre as superfícies. Os resultados reafirmam o modelo de Jonhson, Kendall e Roberts para o contato com baixos carregamentos de esferas de borracha e contribui para o entendimento da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição ao carregamento, onde a variação chegou a 23% para a borracha de maior módulo viscoso. / Contact area variation and separation forces of rubber hemispheres against a flat glass plate were studied with increasing normal forces and load exposure time. The experiments were performed on four different rubbers with Youngs modulus of 16.8, 5.77, 5.42 e 2.64 MPa and hardness of 87, 68, 57and 44 Shore A, respectively. For higher hardness rubbers, the contact area variation is smaller for the same load parameters. For higher viscous modulus rubber, the contact area variation over time is higher and it is also higher the surface separation force required. The results found are in agreement with Johnson, Kendall and Roberts model for the contact at low loads of rubber spheres and it does a contribution for the understanding of contact area due to load exposure time where variation reached up to 23% for the higher viscous modulus rubber.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22420号 / 工博第4681号 / 新制||工||1731(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸田 潔, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 肥後 陽介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The major objective of this study is to correlate the rocking foundation performance parameters with their capacity parameters and earthquake demand parameters using the results obtained from 142 centrifuge and shaking table experiments. It is found that seismic energy dissipation and permanent settlement of rocking foundations correlate well with rocking coefficient and Arias intensity of the earthquake, whereas the maximum moment and peak rotation of the foundation correlate well with peak ground acceleration. A numerical model, using the contact interface model available in OpenSees, is developed to simulate the performance of rocking foundations, and it is validated using experimental results. Though the numerical model predicts the moment capacity, seismic energy dissipation, and tipping-over stability of rocking foundations reasonably well, the model appears to overpredict the settlement of foundations. Furthermore, a parametric study showed that settlement reduces as initial vertical stiffness increases and is directly proportional to peak ground displacement.

The general trend in gear industry, today, is an increased focus on gear transmission efficiency. Gear transmission efficiency losses arise from loaded and unloaded gear contacts, seals, lubricant and bearings. One way of minimising the losses is to lower the lubricant viscosity. This will reduce the speed dependent losses. However, the load dependent losses might increase. To avoid this, the ratio between lubricant film thickness and surface roughness must be maintained, which can be fulfilled by producing smoother gear surfaces. As a starting point for this realisation process, the present manufacturing processes, the design tools and the characteristics of the gear flank interface must be further investigated and developed. This must be achieved with an emphasis on economic production. This thesis focuses on our understanding of how different gear manufacturing methods —particularly the contribution of the running-in process—affect the surface characteristics, with the view of increasing gearbox efficiency. The thesis consists of a summary and three appended papers. Paper A and paper B discuss the relationship between design parameters and real gear wheel surfaces manufactured with different manufacturing methods. The research hypothesis was that the contact area ratio is a descriptive parameter for the contact condition. Paper A deals with the influence of manufacturing method on the initial contact conditions and also serves as a validation of the simulation program used. The emphasis in Paper B is the changes that occur during running-in, and to correlate these changes to design requirements. Paper C approaches the influences of manganese phosphate-coating and lubricants with respect to friction and the risk of scuffing at the initial contact. The main conclusions of this thesis are that the contact area ratio presents a descriptive measure of how surface topography influences the contact, seen at both a global (form deviation) and local (roughness) level. The surface topography caused by the manufacturing method has a significant influence on the contact area ratio. This is an important result, since neither national standards nor commercially available gear evaluation programs handle surface topography on the local scale. Shaving was found to have the highest contact area ratio, and should therefore be the best choice if deviations from case hardening could be minimised. It is also confirmed that gear-like surfaces coated with manganese phosphate have a low coefficient of friction, and raise the limiting load for scuffing failure enormously compared to the ground equivalent. / <p>QC 20100518</p> / KUGG / Sustainable gear transmission realization

One of the most complicated issues the aerospace and aviation industries are dealing with is aircraft icing. The impact and freezing process of a water droplet on a cold surface has been investigated over time in order to develop preventative methods for avoiding icing. In the present study, we examined the behavior of a water droplet impacting on an aluminum plate with a surface roughness of 0.01µm and surface temperature variation from room temperature to 0oC, −5oC, −10oC and −15oC. The effect of droplet impact Reynolds number along with surface temperature variation on non-dimensional parameters like spread factor, retraction rate, and spread velocity is analyzed. The increase in impact Reynolds number and droplet spread factor is observed with a rise in the initial height of the droplet. At a higher Reynolds number, inertial forces are dominant over viscous and capillary forces, while at a lower Reynolds number, surface temperature shows a significant effect. The graphical representation of droplet retraction rate indicates a decrease with lower surface temperature and a rise with higher Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the spread velocity of the droplet is higher with an increased Reynolds number, and surface temperature does not have a notable effect on it. A rapid transition of momentum from vertical to horizontal direction occurs, and droplet dissipates energy in overcoming the viscous effects. The effect of surface roughness variation coupled with surface temperature is investigated in detail for three different surface roughness of aluminum and glass. The increase in surface roughness and temperature enhance hydrophobic behavior by repelling the droplet, while reduced surface temperatures show hydrophilic behavior by causing adhesion of the droplet on surface. / Master of Science / The supercool water droplets exist in the atmosphere and whenever these droplets come in contact with a cold surface, ice is formed. This ice accretion phenomena is observed not only on aircraft's control surfaces, but also on jet engines, power transmission lines and wind turbine blades. Research is on going to understand the impact and freezing process of water droplets on different cold surfaces and subsequently devise methods for avoiding this phenomena. In the current research work, the droplet impact is analyzed on an aluminum plate with surface roughness of 0.01µm. The spread factor of the droplet indicates the liquid surface contact area, and an increase is observed at larger heights in spread factor, impact velocity, and Reynolds number due to high inertia. Then, the surface temperature is varied from 0oC to −5oC, −10oC and −15oC, and it is observed that as the viscous effects are higher at lower surface temperatures, the droplet dissipates more energy in overcoming the high viscous effects and the spread factor decreases . Moreover, the spread velocity of the droplet is the measure of rate at which the liquid-solid contact area increases. Initially the droplet has vertical momentum, and on impact it shifts from vertical to horizontal direction, as the velocity rises drastically after impact. Surface roughness is another important factor that affects the ability of a surface to repel (hydrophobic) and attract (hydrophilic) the droplet by affecting its spread rate. The more the surface roughness, the droplet spread factor reduces and droplet rebounds indicating the hydrophobic nature. While adhesion is observed at the lower surface temperature, even with high roughness, showing the hydrophilic nature.