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The management of congestible recreation resources has been based largely on the concept of satisfaction. This concept is poorly defined and often does not reflect objectives for management of recreation resources. One way of addressing these problems is to define and use measurable objectives for management of recreation resources. One such objective is economic efficiency. The concept of efficiency is defined and economic theory developed to identify efficient allocations of congestible resources, the efficient capacities of resources under different allocation mechanisms, and the efficiency costs of use of lottery-based allocation mechanisms. The usefulness of this body of economic theory in allocation of backcountry recreational resources is addressed through investigation of ability to measure demand for congestible resources, and the problems associated with use of surrogate measures of demand. Theoretical models of efficient management of congestible resources cannot be applied with the current state of knowledge because existing non-market valuation methods are not able to identify Hicksian-compensated demand functions for congestible backcountry recreation. Use of Marshallian demand measures introduces the possibility of resource misallocations of unknown direction and magnitude.

Univ., Fak. für Wirtschaftswiss., Diss.--Magdeburg, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [269] - 296.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, August 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-27T14:02:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA204.pdf: 1612999 bytes, checksum: f5d52d475f7cbba62f4aaa7c3ecc2278 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T14:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA204.pdf: 1612999 bytes, checksum: f5d52d475f7cbba62f4aaa7c3ecc2278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-19 / Capes / The increase in plant density is an alternative to enhance maize grain yield. However, the increment of plant population also accentuates intraspecific competition, leading to a high percentage of stem lodging and breaking. The use of growth regulators can mitigate the negative effects derived from crowded sowings. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effects of the growth regulator ethyl trinexapac on maize response to the increase of plant density at different sowing dates. A field experiment was set in the city of Lages, SC, during the growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The randomized block design, disposed in split-split plots, was used. Two sowing dates were tested in the main plots: second half of October (recommended sowing date) and first half of December (late sowing date). Four plant densities were assessed in the split plots: 5, 7, 9 and 11 pl m-2. At the split-split plots the treatments with and without growth regulator trinexapac ethyl were evaluated. Ethyl trinexapac was sprayed over the canopy two times, when the crop was at the growth stages of V5 and V10, in a rate of 150 g i.a. on each application. The hybrid P30F53YH was sown under no-till system with a row spacing of 0,7m. Morphological traits, grain yield and its components were determined. The application of ethyl trinexapac decreased plant height an increase stem diameter at both growing seasons. The percentage of lodged 16 and broken plants was lower than 8% in all treatments. It was not affected by sowing date, plant density and growth regulator application. Grain yield ranged from 11,422 to 14,805 kg ha-1. It was higher when maize was sown in October than in December and increased in a quadratic trend with the elevation of plant density, regardless of the presence or absence of growth regulator. The application of ethyl trinexapac did not affect grain yield and decrease 1,000 kernels mass at both sowing times. The spraying of ethyl trinexapac was not an effective management strategy to enhance the response of maize grain yield to the increase in plant population, at the recommended and late sowing times / O aumento na densidade de plantas é uma alternativa para incrementar o rendimento de grãos do milho. Entretanto, densidades excessivas elevam a competição intraespecífica, resultando no aumento da percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas. A utilização de reguladores de crescimento pode mitigar os efeitos negativos advindos de semeaduras adensadas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac na resposta do milho ao incremento na densidade de plantas em duas épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi implantado a campo, no município de Lages, SC, durante os anos agrícolas 2014/15 e 2015/16. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas sub-subdivididas. Duas épocas de semeaduras foram testadas na parcela principal: segunda quinzena de outubro (recomendada) e primeira quinzena de dezembro (tardia). Quatro densidades de plantas foram avaliadas nas sub-parcelas: 5, 7, 9, 11 plantas m-2. Nas sub-subparcelas foram avaliados os tratamentos com e sem o regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac. O produto foi aplicado duas vezes, quando a cultura se encontrava nos estádios V5 e V10, na dose de 150 g i.a. em cada aplicação. O híbrido P30F53YH foi implantado, no sistema de semeadura direta, com espaçamento entre linhas de 0,7 m. Avaliaram-se características morfológicas, o rendimento 12 de grãos e os seus componentes. A aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac diminuiu a altura de plantas e incrementou o diâmetro de colmo nos dois anos de estudo. A percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas foi inferior a 8% em todos os tratamentos e não foi influenciada pela época de semeadura, densidade de plantas e aplicação do regulador de crescimento. O rendimento de grãos variou de 11.422 a 14.805 kg ha-1. Ele foi maior na semeadura de outubro do que na de dezembro e aumentou de forma quadrática com a elevação da densidade de plantas, independentemente da presença ou ausência do regulador de crescimento. A aplicação de etil trinexpac não interferiu no rendimento de grãos e diminuiu a massa de 1.000 grãos nas duas épocas de semeadura. A utilização do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac não foi uma estratégia de manejo efetiva para aumentar a reposta do rendimento de grãos do milho ao adensamento, tanto na época recomendada quanto na semeadura tardia

La presente ricerca è stata condotta per identificare le proprietà ambientali del veicolo pubblico che detengono il maggiore peso psicologico nel ridurre la percezione di affollamento, e quantificarne l'impatto sul benessere psicologico e sulla salute. L’affollamento rientra tra le esperienze negative più comuni associate all’utilizzo del trasporto pubblico. Ad oggi, accademici e policy makers concordano sull’importanza di ridurre l’esperienza di affollamento e le sue conseguenze, per migliorare l’esperienza di viaggio, e rendere il mezzo pubblico una soluzione di trasporto più sostenibile. La letteratura scientifica documenta il ruolo pervasivo giocato da alcune proprietà dell’ambiente fisico nel migliorare il funzionamento umano, ridurre la percezione di affollamento, e le sue conseguenze sulla salute e sul benessere psicologico: avere un livello di demarcazione dello spazio personale adeguato alle proprie esigenze, godere dell’accesso al contesto esterno, ed avere accesso ad uno scenario esterno con potenzialità rigenerative hanno dimostrato il peso più significativo. Nonostante ciò, è stato rivolto scarso interesse scientifico all’indagine delle strategie ambientali per ridurre l’affollamento nel contesto del trasporto pubblico. Sulla base di queste premesse, sono stati condotti tre studi sperimentali rivolti a: a) confermare il peso psicologico delle tre proprietà fisiche del veicolo pubblico considerate sulla percezione di affollamento e sul benessere psicologico; b) identificare i processi psicologici che spiegano l’impatto di ciascuna proprietà ambientale sulla percezione di affollamento; c) quantificare l’impatto delle condizioni ambientali più positive sul funzionamento umano durante brevi episodi di affollamento; d) verificare la validità di metodologie e tecnologie di simulazione per lo studio di condizioni sociali particolari, come l’affollamento. I risultati forniscono indicazioni interessanti per migliorare la progettazione di veicoli di trasporto pubblico, e per approfondire la conoscenza scientifica riguardante la congruenza uomo-ambiente in ambienti con specifiche funzioni: a) è confermato l’impatto protettivo delle tre proprietà fisiche considerate: avere a disposizione caratteristiche fisiche congruenti con il bisogno di coping per l’affollamento ha effetti concorrenti e conseguenti ad esperienze acute di densità sociale, anche brevi; b) emerge un effetto interattivo tra ambiente interno ed ambiente esterno al veicolo, che suggerisce di considerare le qualità fisiche dell’ambiente esterno per la progettazione di nuovi veicoli; c) nonostante alcune limitazioni emerse, le metodologie di simulazione impiegate in questa ricerca si sono rivelate un valido approccio per indagare l’impatto dell’ambiente fisico sul funzionamento psicologico in situazioni sociali particolari. / The present research was designed to identify the physical components of the public transport vehicle that help the most to reduce the perception of crowding, as well as to quantify their beneficial impact on human functioning. Crowding is among the primary determinants of adverse experiences on public transportation, thus, reducing its undesirable effects is a priority in both academic and practitioners’ agenda. The ubiquitous direct and indirect impact of the physical environment on human functioning, regarding affecting social perceptions, well-being and health are well documented. Among others, having a well-arranged demarcation of one’s personal space, and having access to the outdoor surrounding, especially when it has high regenerative potential, seem to have a primary importance. Nonetheless, no similar study has been conducted in the public transportation setting, so far. Accordingly, three experimental studies were carried out in order to: a) confirm the role of the three physical components herein examined in reducing the perception of crowding on public transportation; b) identify the psychological processes that explain the impact of each physical element on the perception of crowding; c) quantify the effect of the best environmental conditions on both health and well-being during short-term experience of crowding; d) verify the reliability of the methodological approach applied in these studies (i.e., well-controlled settings, simulator technologies) to investigate special social conditions, such as a social density situation. The results provided interesting suggestions to both advice practitioners in designing better public transportation services, and to deepen the scientific understanding of the person-environment fit in settings with specific functions: a) the beneficial impact of the three physical components examined on public transportation crowding was confirmed. Well-designed setting layout significantly buffers the aversive consequences of commuting crowding, even after short-term crowding experiences; b) A compensatory impact between the indoor and the outdoor physical attribute of the vehicle emerged, which leads to rethinking the spatial organization of public-transportation vehicle; c) despite the challenges associated with simulator technologies, the methodological approach applied in this research revealed to be a reliable contribution to the scientific investigation of the person-environment interaction during social interactions.

Many industrial processes use biological agents as catalysts. In this context, the study of the cellular metabolism becomes relevant for planning the best strategies (environmental and/or genetic modifications) to manipulate the cell in order to maximise the production of a metabolite of interest and minimise the by-products one. This increases the yield of the fermentation and reduces the cost of product recovery; thereby the profitability of the process is improved. The intracellular reactions are carried out in a complex, crowded and heterogeneous medium composed by solid components (macromolecules, ions, enzymes, small solutes, etc.) in a fluid phase called cytoplasm, all of them enclosed within the cellular membrane. The interactions among the intracellular components (as well as with the extracellular environment) determine the behaviour of the organism. The modelling and simulations of these interactions help the understanding of the metabolism. The aim of this thesis is to provide generic tools for the analysis and simulation of metabolic systems under the intracellular environmental conditions. In particular, this research focuses on the estimation of metabolic fluxes and the simulation of the diffusion process. The stoichiometric models have been widely used for the calculation of unmeasured fluxes in a metabolic network, assuming the system is at steady state. The addition of thermodynamic constraints allows only the prediction of fluxes that go in the direction of the Gibbs free energy drop. The Gibbs free energy change ( ) depends on the (intracellular) environmental conditions and determine the direction, feasibility and reversibility of the reactions involved in the pathways. The thermodynamically constrained stoichiometric model proposed here allows the estimation of the range of fluxes of a metabolic network, where the information about the presence of the enzymes that catalyse the reactions can be incorporated (if available). The effect of considering a zero flux reaction as blocked or at equilibrium on the flux predictions was investigated, as well as the environmental conditions ionic strength, temperature and pH. Additionally, since the solid components within the cell occupy about 40% of its total volume, these crowding conditions could alter the thermodynamic feasibility of the pathways. For this reason, the thermodynamically constrained stoichiometric model is extended to incorporate the crowding effect. The case study used in this work is the central carbon metabolic network of Actinobacillus succinogenes for the production of succinic acid from glycerol, a by-product in the biodiesel manufacture. Moreover, the crowding conditions also affect the diffusion of the molecules. The prokaryotic cells have been widely used in fermentation processes for the production of metabolites of interest. In this type of cells the diffusion is the primary mean of the particles’ motion, so that the diffusion reduction due to the crowding conditions could affect the possibility of encounter among the reactants, decreasing the reactions’ rate and therefore the yield of the process. A methodology based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the Scaled Particle Theory (SPT) is presented in this thesis for fast simulations of the diffusion of hard-disk molecules in 2D crowded systems, which also allows evaluating the effect of the molecules’ size on their diffusion.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the economic impact of the Olympic Park Lipno. First of all, it describes the so-called mega sport events and their impacts, especially the economic ones. Furthermore, the ex-ante and ex-post studies and crowding out effect are characterised in the research. In addition, two analyzes which are described in detail in the thesis were prepared by KPMG. The research method is a questionnaire survey with all information gained at the Olympic Park Lipno. The questionnaires and the collection of secondary data allowed us to proceed to comparison of the researched studies and, in particular, to the calculation of the economic impact.

Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project.

Bakgrund: Arbetsmiljön i akutsjukvården, som många gånger är krävande och hektisk, kan vara påfrestande för ledningssjuksköterskan då de innehar en nyckelposition för hela sjukhuset. När det råder crowding på akutmottagningen och resurserna inte räcker till för att möta patienters vårdbehov är det är direkt livsavgörande att personalen som omhändertar kritiskt sjuka patienter besitter hög kompetens och känner sig trygga i sitt arbete. För att säkerställa och bibehålla en patientsäker vård är det av stor vikt för personalen att de har en ledningssjuksköterska som verkar för gott samarbete, ger stöd och handledning. Syfte: Att undersöka ledningssjuksköterskans erfarenheter och hantering av crowding på akutmottagningar. Metod: Studien utfördes på två akutmottagningar i Sverige och kvalitativ metod innehållande enskilda intervjuer valdes då ambitionen var att undersöka ledningssjuksköterskors erfarenheter och hantering av crowding på akutmottagning. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes vid analys av textmaterialet. Resultat: Studiens fynd omfattade fyra kategorier och dessa var; Patientosäkerhet vid crowding, Strukturella förutsättningar, Upplevelsen av crowding och Att leda vid crowding. Diskussion: Ledningssjuksköterskor på akutmottagningen blir ofta utsatta för hög arbetsbörda och tidspress då det råder crowding. Kollegors kompetens och stöd från arbetsgruppen är av stor vikt för att klara av att upprätthålla patientsäkerheten. Ett förbättrat stöd från ledningen, erfarenhet och adekvat utbildning ger ledningssjuksköterskan bättre förutsättningar för att hantera crowding. / Background: The working environment within the emergency department, which in many cases are demanding and hectic; can be strenuous for the charge nurses as they hold a key position in the hospital. When there is crowding in the emergency department and the resources are not sufficient to meet the patients' care needs it is directly vital that the personnel who take care of critically ill patients must possess high qualifications and feel secure in their work. To ensure and maintain patient safe care it is of utmost importance for the personnel to have a charge nurse who initiates good collaboration, gives support and guidance. Aim: To investigate the charge nurse experiences and management of crowding at the emergency department. Method: The study was performed at two emergency departments in Sweden. A qualitative method consisting of separate interviews was used as the ambition was to investigate the charge nurses' experience and management of crowding at the emergency department. A qualitative analysis of content was used for the analysis of the body of the interviews. Results: The findings of the study comprise four categories: patient insecurity during crowding, structural prerequisites, experiences of crowding and to lead during crowding. Conclusion: The charge nurses at the emergency department are often exposed to extensive workload and time pressure due to crowding. The colleagues' competence and support from the team are of utmost importance to maintain the safety of the patients. Improved support from the management and adequate training give the charge nurse enhanced prerequisites to deal with crowding.