This study focuses on how children’s characteristics (number and age) and parental characteristics (e.g. employment status, education) and day of the week are linked to parents’ daily time allocations to primary child care, domestic labour, personal care, sleeping and leisure. Also, I compare gender and marital status differences in the determinants of parents’ daily time allocations to activities studied. I find that children’s characteristics are most important to parents’ primary child care time and to married mothers’ and single mothers’ domestic labour time. Day of the week and parental characteristics such as employment status are also associated with parents’ time allocations to the activities studied. As well, I find that Canadian married mothers spend much less time on sleeping than married fathers.

This thesis analyzes policy measures taken to curb the private sector credit growth in the period 2003-08. The thesis evaluates the excessiveness of the credit development in the CEE with respect to macroeconomic fundamentals. Based on the results, menu of policy options to counter adverse effects of the credit boom is reviewed. The analysis is based on a survey performed on eleven central banks in the region. The findings reveal high intensity of policy intervention: altogether 82 measures were taken in CEE in the period. Deriving from the country experiences, the thesis argues that in order to eliminate adverse impacts, policy measures should include combination of monetary and prudential tools with special emphasis on domestic environment and role of foreign banks in the CEE region.

This dissertation is an analysis of the way businessmen relate to money. Specifically, it analyzes the factors contributing to the business sector's demand for funds during the period 1964-1966 in order to determine the role this demand played in the financial panic of 1966.

The influence of ‘credit crunch’ on Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) has been of concern to the government, regulators, banks, the enterprises and the public. Using a large dataset of UK SMEs’ records covering the early period of the ‘credit crunch’, the influence of the ‘credit crunch’ on SMEs have been studied. It uses cross-sectional method, panel data models and GAM to provide a detailed examination of SMEs performance. Both newly established and matured SMEs, segmented by age, are considered separately. The data contains 79 variables which covered obligors’ general condition, financial information, directors’ portfolio and other relevant credit histories. The ‘credit crunch’ is a typical ‘black swan’ phenomenon. As such there is a need to examine whether the stepwise logistic model, the industries prime modelling tool, could deal with the sudden change in SMEs credit risk. Whilst it may be capable of modelling the situation alternatives models may be more appropriate. It provides a benchmark for comparison to other models and shows how well the industry’s standard model performs. Given cross-sectional models only provide aggregative level single time period analysis, panel models are used to study SMEs performance through the crisis period. To overcome the pro-cyclic feature of logistic model, macroeconomic variables were added to panel data model. This allows examination of how economic conditions influence SMEs during ‘credit crunch’. The use of panel data model leads to a discussion of fixed and random effects estimation and the use of explanatory macroeconomic variables. The panel data model provides a detailed analyse of SMEs’ behaviour during the crisis period. Under parametric models, especially logistic regression, data is usually transformed to allow for the non-linear correlation between independent variable and dependent variable. However, this brings difficulty in understanding influence of each independent variable’s marginal effects. Another way of dealing with this is to add non-parametric effects. In this study, Generalized Additive Models (GAM) allows for non-parametric effects. A natural extension of logistic regression is a GAM model with logistic link function. In order to use the data in their original state an alternative method of processing missing values is proposed, which avoids data transformation, such as the use of weights of evidence (WoE). GAM with original data could derive a direct marginal trend and plot how explanatory variables influence SMEs’ ‘bad’ rate. Significant non-parametric effects are found for both ‘start-ups’ and ‘non-start-ups’. Using GAM models results in higher prediction accuracy and improves model transparency by deriving explanatory variables’ marginal effects.

This diploma thesis deals with the credit crunch in the model of disequilibrium in the credit market. The basis of the empirical analysis is the application of methods of maximum likelihood on the modified time series. Using this method will be by estimated each function of supply and demand, on the basis of which will be determined by the individual disequilibrium. The results from the overall analysis will help us make recommendations for policy-makers

Koliba, T. Pokles dynamiky úvěrů v ČR po finanční krizi - Problém nabídky nebo poptávky peněz? Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2013. This diploma thesis focuses on the issue of credit crunch. It examines whether this phenomenon has striked the Czech credit market during the recession in 2008/2009. The empirical part of this work concentrates on time series analysis. Particularly, a linear regression model is created, that describes the determinants of credit supply and credit demand. Then, using Granger noncausality (exogenity), the work describes relationship between economic activity and credit volume. The outcome of this thesis is to recommend to the management of commercial banks, how to deal with decrease of credit volume in terms of a recession.

ABSTRACT: The use of multi-segment trunk models to investigate the crunch factor in golf may be warranted. The first aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the trunk and lower trunk for crunch factor-related variables (trunk lateral bending and trunk axial rotation velocity). The second aim was to determine the level of association between crunch factor-related variables with swing (clubhead velocity) and launch (launch angle). Thirty-five high-level amateur male golfers (Mean ± SD: age = 23.8 ± 2.1 years, registered golfing handicap = 5 ± 1.9) without low back pain had kinematic data collected from their golf swing using a 10-camera motion analysis system operating at 500 Hz. Clubhead velocity and launch angle were collected using a validated real-time launch monitor. A positive relationship was found between the trunk and lower trunk for axial rotation velocity (r(35) = .47, P < .01). Cross-correlation analysis revealed a strong coupling relationship for the crunch factor (R2 = 0.98) between the trunk and lower trunk. Using generalised linear model analysis, it was evident that faster clubhead velocities and lower launch angles of the golf ball were related to reduced lateral bending of the lower trunk.

The phenomenon of crunch is well established in the computer game industry, but is still unfamiliar in other areas. Crunch represents a period in the work phase that is characterized by a high and intense workload in connection with deadlines and upcoming game releases that exist in order to speed up a project. This period is most often characterized by being unpaid (Cote &amp; Harris, 2020, p. 161; Cote &amp; Harris, 2021, p. 1). The purpose of this study is to broaden and deepen the understanding of the phenomenon of crunch in the computer game industry from the perspective of computer game developers. The focus of the thesis will be on answering why crunch still exists in the computer game industry, what drives computer game developers to perform a crunch and what effects crunch has on computer game developers. The study's theoretical frame of reference presents five different themes that form the basis for the study's results: passion, motivation, working conditions, culture and work-life balance. A qualitative approach is the chosen method for this study where the empirical material has been collected through eight digital interviews with computer game developers. All interviews were recorded with the approval of the respondents and subsequently transcribed. Furthermore, a thematic analysis was performed on the collected material. The conclusions of the study are that crunch still exists in the computer game industry due to the computer game developers long-standing passion for work, prevailing working conditions and the maintenance of a crunch culture where computer game developers give in to informal demands. Furthermore, there are different factors that drive a computer game developer to carry out a crunch, of which social connectedness, creativity, self-realization, autonomy, competence, personal development, honor and fame are driving forces. The emotions that computer game development generates as well as goal completion are also contributing factors to what drives computer game developers to carry out a crunch. Finally, crunch can lead to many different effects on computer game developers, ranging from physical and mental effects to lack of productivity and creativity, where one’s private life may be affected. The effects of crunch presented in the study are of a negative nature which impacts the health and well-being of computer game developers. Concluding the study is a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses with the thesis including suggestions for future research. / Inom dataspelsindustrin är fenomenet crunch väletablerat, men utanför är begreppet fortfarande främmande. Crunch representerar en period i arbetsfasen som kännetecknas av hög och intensiv arbetsbelastning i samband med deadlines och kommande spelsläpp som existerar i syfte för att skynda på ett projekt. Denna period kännetecknas oftast av att vara obetald (Cote &amp; Harris, 2020, s. 161; Cote &amp; Harris, 2021, s. 1). Syftet med studien är att bredda och fördjupa förståelsen om fenomenet crunch inom dataspelsindustrin utifrån dataspelsutvecklares perspektiv. Fokus i uppsatsen kommer att ligga på att besvara varför crunch fortfarande existerar inom dataspelsindustrin, vad som driver dataspelsutvecklare att genomföra en crunch samt vad crunch har för effekter på dataspelsutvecklare.  Studiens teoretiska referensram presenterar fem olika teman som ligger till grund för studiens resultat. De fem teman som behandlas i studien är passion, motivation, arbetsförutsättningar, kultur och Work-life balance. Den valda metoden för studien är en kvalitativ ansats där det empiriska materialet har samlats in via åtta digitala intervjuer med dataspelsutvecklare. Samtliga intervjuer har spelats in med godkännande av respondenterna och därefter transkriberats. Vidare så utfördes en tematisk analys på det insamlade materialet.  Slutsatserna i studien är att crunch fortfarande existerar inom dataspelsindustrin på grund av dataspelsutvecklarnas långvariga passion till arbetet, rådande arbetsförutsättningar och upprätthållandet av en crunch-kultur där dataspelsutvecklare ger vika för informella krav. Vidare finns det flera olika faktorer som driver en dataspelsutvecklare att genomföra en crunch, varav den sociala tillhörigheten, kreativitet, självförverkligande, autonomi, kompetens, personlig utveckling, ära och berömmelse är drivkrafter. Även de känslor som dataspelsutvecklandet genererar och tillfredsställelsen av att uppnå ett mål är bidragande faktorer till vad som driver en dataspelsutvecklare till att genomföra en crunch. Slutligen kan crunch leda till många olika effekter på dataspelsutvecklare, allt från fysiska och psykiska effekter till bristande produktivitet och kreativitet, där även den privata sfären drabbas. Effekterna av crunch som presenterats i studien har varit av negativ karaktär och haft inverkan på dataspelutvecklares hälsa och välbefinnande. Studien avslutas med styrkor av svagheter med uppsatsen samt förslag på framtida forskning.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In this thesis, we first review the traditional pre-credit crunch approach that considers a single curve to consistently price all instruments. We review the theoretical pricing framework and introduce pricing formulas for plain vanilla interest rate derivatives. We then review the curve construction methodologies (bootstrapping and global methods) to build an interest rate curve using the instruments described previously as inputs. Second, we extend this work in the modern post-credit framework. Third, we review the calibration of the SABR model. Finally we present applications that use interest rate curves and SABR model: stripping implied volatilities, transforming the market observed smile (given quotes for standard tenors) to non-standard tenors (or inversely) and calibrating the market volatility smile coherently with the new market evidences. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Geen Afrikaanse opsomming geskikbaar nie

<p> </p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>Business world has met uncertainty, which settled everywhere: from global financial markets and national economies, to organizations and employees’ minds. As every crisis, this situation came unexpectedly, almost out of a clear blue sky. Sweden, being highly dependent on international development, has faced negative effects in all aspects of business life. SMEs have emerged as an engine of economic and social development throughout the world.  As well as more than 99 percent of all enterprises in Sweden are classified as SMEs, the impact of economic crisis may be more than significant.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of the current economic crisis and recession on the Small and Medium Enterprises in Sweden.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In order to fulfill our purpose we combined both techniques – qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. We used a quantitative analysis tool – survey to collect primary data from the SMEs. In its turn, qualitative analysis was implemented to see how the data from earlier studies and our findings can be interconnected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found, that companies are facing mostly negative effects. The perception of currently facing economic challenges can be assessed as anxious, which means that companies see the further development in a tough way. Damaged business confidence can be also recognized in pessimistic forecasts for profitability in 2009. However, the crisis can be considered as a driver for change. On the positive way, every downturn and faced challenge, e.g. stressful situation, stimulate organisations to analyze, look for new effective solutions and make decisions in the way they would never thought about. It was found out that importance of crisis planning is distinctly risisng during current times of uncertainty. Futhermore, companies tend to react on the faced challenges by designing, following crisis plans and creating special crisis teams.</p><p>Our research may help the businesses to understand what difficulties the majority is facing, and thus not only to prevent same risks but also turn them into opportunities.</p><p> </p>