O presente trabalho versa sobre a possibilidade de redução de custos com a utilização de modais de transportes alternativos ao rodoviário, como o ferroviário e o hidroviário, para a obtenção de areia e brita, agregados para a construção civil de baixo preço, que têm volume de consumo bastante elevado, para sua disponibilização na cidade de São Paulo. As atividades de mineração assim como as demais atividades econômicas na era da globalização têm suas operações bastante semelhantes a níveis de custo, com pouca ou nenhuma possibilidade de redução, sem afetar diretamente a qualidade. O que se busca é identificar alternativas de ganho na competitividade por meio da redução de custos logísticos, única opção para atingir um melhor preço de venda. Para tanto, valeu-se de estudo das características e aplicabilidade das várias formas de transporte, como fator estratégico para a composição de custos adequados à competitividade desejada pelas empresas envolvidas na sua comercialização. Ao mesmo tempo, no emprego dessas alternativas de transporte, encontra-se a possibilidade de redução do congestionamento do tráfego e de melhoria na condição ambiental pela utilização de modais mais limpos. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza descritivo-exploratória do tipo quali-quantitativo com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista aberta, de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A discussão dos dados, oriundos das fontes primárias e da simulação permitiu chegar ao resultado que viabiliza a utilização do modal ferroviário a curto prazo e a utilização do hidroviário mais a longo prazo pela inexistência de infra-estrutura. O seu emprego resulta, além da redução de custos com frete, na melhoria do tráfego de veículos e na qualidade ambiental. / This work aims at focusing the possibility of cost reduction by the utilization of alternative means of transportation in relation to highways, railways and waterways in order to obtain sand and gravel, which are highly consumed, for civil construction at low added value to be available in São Paulo city. The mining activities as well as the other economic activities in the globalization era have very similar operations at cost level, having little or no possibility of reduction without directly affecting quality. What is searched is the identification of gain alternatives in competitiveness by reducing costs in logistics, it being the only option to reach a better sale price, by means of studying characteristics and applicability of various ways of transportation, as a strategic factor to compose adequate costs in relation to the competitiveness desired by the companies involved in their commerce. Likewise in the application of such alternatives of transportation there is a possibility of reducing traffic jams and improving the environmental condition by using cleaner means. It is a case study of descriptive-exploratory nature of the qualitative-quantitative type with collection of data in open interviews, documental and bibliographical research. The discussion of data coming from primary sources and from simulation made possible the result that makes viable the utilization of railway means in the short run and the utilization of waterway in the long run due to lack of infrastructure. Besides cost reduction in freight, its application brings improvement to traffic of vehicles and environmental quality.

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do planejamento urbano e regional realizado na região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo, no que se refere a exploração de minerais não metálicos usados na produção de agregados para a construção, mais especificamente as pedreiras. Adota como premissa a inexistência de uma política específica para esse setor da economia, e demonstra a inter-relação entre o desenvolvimento urbano e o consumo de brita, dando destaque para a necessidade de harmonizar o desenvolvimento social e econômico com a preservação ambiental. Constata a crescente demanda por rochas britadas e identifica os impactos ambientais advindos desse tipo de exploração mineral. Avalia os principais aspectos legais envolvidos na regulamentação dessa atividade extrativa, enfatizando as normas relativas à mineração e ao meio ambiente. Com relação à região da Grande São Paulo, identifica as origens da sua institucionalização e a implantação do planejamento regional integrado, bem como avalia os estudos e projetos realizados pela EMPLASA, principalmente durante a década de 1980, para organizar aquele setor da economia. Os estudos realizados constataram ser a experiência, na região metropolitana paulista, pioneira na tentativa de organização do setor da mineração em nível regional; confirmaram a premissa de que o Estado não dispõe de política para organizar esse setor, embora já tenha produzido uma quantidade significativa de dados e informações que hoje se encontram dispersos e carentes de atualização. Nos aspectos legais identificou superposição e conflitos de atribuições que, somados à imprecisão de conceitos, acabam por dificultar o atendimento aos objetivos pretendidos. Conclui observando que a experiência acumulada e documentada nos próprios órgãos do Estado pode fornecer os elementos básicos para a elaboração de uma política para esse setor da indústria extrativa, com resultados social e economicamente desejáveis / This study focus on a particular assessment of urban and regional planning developed for the Metropolitan Area of Great Sao Paulo (Brazil) associated with mineral exploitation to produce crushed stones. The research assumes the inexistence of an appropriate policy for this extractive sector, comparing the close relationship between urban development and crushed stone production, demonstrating the need to adequate social and economic development with environmental protection. The study identifies increasing demand for crushed stone and main environmental impacts from its exploitation, while evaluating the existing main legal framework in Brazil related to this subject, emphasizing those associated with mineral exploitation and environmental regulation. With regards to the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, this research identifies its origin and the regional planning statement and evaluates projects that had already been developed by EMPLASA in order to organize this sector of extractive industry. As a result, this study gathered evidence to present the lack of appropriate policies, in spite of several projects and data about the subject, mainly during the 80´s. However, most of such information remains, nowadays, lost or forgotten in several public organizations with no use. Concerned with legal aspects, this study identified existing overlap of laws and legal conflicts among duties of several public institutions, while discussing imprecise concepts that bring difficulties to reach the intended purposes. In conclusion, the experience and data, already collected by public sectors, are enough to establish a proper policy in order to organize the exploitation of raw materials used by the construction industry as aggregates, with desirable social and economic outcomes

Σκοπός της διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών στο Νομό Αχαΐας σχετικά με την αναζήτηση αδρανών υλικών για διάφορες χρήσεις. Εξετάζονται οι γενικές, γεωμετρικές, φυσικές και μηχανικές ιδιότητες των χαλαρών αποθέσεων του Νομού οι οποίες βρίσκονται σε αφθονία στην περιοχή και μπορούν να αποτελέσουν φυσικά κοιτάσματα απόληψης αδρανών υλικών χαμηλής ποιότητας και των ασβεστολιθικών σχηματισμών που χρησιμοποιούνται κατά βάση για την παραγωγή θραυστών αδρανών. Δημιουργήθηκε βάση δεδομένων με τη βοήθεια των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών όπου αποτυπώνονται σε χάρτες οι περιοχές που πληρούν τα κριτήρια για να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως πηγές λήψης αδρανών υλικών με στόχο την ορθολογική διαχείριση. Τα κυριότερα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζουν οι χαλαρές αδρομερείς αποθέσεις που εξετάστηκαν είναι το μεγάλο ποσοστό παιπάλης σε πολλές περιοχές καθώς και η παρουσία κερατολιθικού υλικού που φτάνει σε ποσοστό μέχρι και 23%. / In this thesis the engineering geological conditions in Achaia prefecture are examined, in order to find materials suitable for aggregates. The general, geometrical, physical and mechanical parameters of the sand and gravel deposits examined as they are in abundance in the wider area in order to locate areas suitable for the quarrying of low quality aggregates. Moreover limestone representative samples were examined as crushed stone aggregates. Issues such as location, abundance, type and quality and general characteristics of aggregate addressed using GIS technology, while because statutory regulations, technological capabilities and available funding change with time, the maps are designed to provide a resource data base that will be useful over the years. The main problems of the examined deposits are the localy high percentage of filler which deminish the results of the sand equivalent and the quite high percentage of chert content which deminish their density and increase their soundness.

O presente trabalho versa sobre a possibilidade de redução de custos com a utilização de modais de transportes alternativos ao rodoviário, como o ferroviário e o hidroviário, para a obtenção de areia e brita, agregados para a construção civil de baixo preço, que têm volume de consumo bastante elevado, para sua disponibilização na cidade de São Paulo. As atividades de mineração assim como as demais atividades econômicas na era da globalização têm suas operações bastante semelhantes a níveis de custo, com pouca ou nenhuma possibilidade de redução, sem afetar diretamente a qualidade. O que se busca é identificar alternativas de ganho na competitividade por meio da redução de custos logísticos, única opção para atingir um melhor preço de venda. Para tanto, valeu-se de estudo das características e aplicabilidade das várias formas de transporte, como fator estratégico para a composição de custos adequados à competitividade desejada pelas empresas envolvidas na sua comercialização. Ao mesmo tempo, no emprego dessas alternativas de transporte, encontra-se a possibilidade de redução do congestionamento do tráfego e de melhoria na condição ambiental pela utilização de modais mais limpos. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza descritivo-exploratória do tipo quali-quantitativo com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista aberta, de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A discussão dos dados, oriundos das fontes primárias e da simulação permitiu chegar ao resultado que viabiliza a utilização do modal ferroviário a curto prazo e a utilização do hidroviário mais a longo prazo pela inexistência de infra-estrutura. O seu emprego resulta, além da redução de custos com frete, na melhoria do tráfego de veículos e na qualidade ambiental. / This work aims at focusing the possibility of cost reduction by the utilization of alternative means of transportation in relation to highways, railways and waterways in order to obtain sand and gravel, which are highly consumed, for civil construction at low added value to be available in São Paulo city. The mining activities as well as the other economic activities in the globalization era have very similar operations at cost level, having little or no possibility of reduction without directly affecting quality. What is searched is the identification of gain alternatives in competitiveness by reducing costs in logistics, it being the only option to reach a better sale price, by means of studying characteristics and applicability of various ways of transportation, as a strategic factor to compose adequate costs in relation to the competitiveness desired by the companies involved in their commerce. Likewise in the application of such alternatives of transportation there is a possibility of reducing traffic jams and improving the environmental condition by using cleaner means. It is a case study of descriptive-exploratory nature of the qualitative-quantitative type with collection of data in open interviews, documental and bibliographical research. The discussion of data coming from primary sources and from simulation made possible the result that makes viable the utilization of railway means in the short run and the utilization of waterway in the long run due to lack of infrastructure. Besides cost reduction in freight, its application brings improvement to traffic of vehicles and environmental quality.

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do planejamento urbano e regional realizado na região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo, no que se refere a exploração de minerais não metálicos usados na produção de agregados para a construção, mais especificamente as pedreiras. Adota como premissa a inexistência de uma política específica para esse setor da economia, e demonstra a inter-relação entre o desenvolvimento urbano e o consumo de brita, dando destaque para a necessidade de harmonizar o desenvolvimento social e econômico com a preservação ambiental. Constata a crescente demanda por rochas britadas e identifica os impactos ambientais advindos desse tipo de exploração mineral. Avalia os principais aspectos legais envolvidos na regulamentação dessa atividade extrativa, enfatizando as normas relativas à mineração e ao meio ambiente. Com relação à região da Grande São Paulo, identifica as origens da sua institucionalização e a implantação do planejamento regional integrado, bem como avalia os estudos e projetos realizados pela EMPLASA, principalmente durante a década de 1980, para organizar aquele setor da economia. Os estudos realizados constataram ser a experiência, na região metropolitana paulista, pioneira na tentativa de organização do setor da mineração em nível regional; confirmaram a premissa de que o Estado não dispõe de política para organizar esse setor, embora já tenha produzido uma quantidade significativa de dados e informações que hoje se encontram dispersos e carentes de atualização. Nos aspectos legais identificou superposição e conflitos de atribuições que, somados à imprecisão de conceitos, acabam por dificultar o atendimento aos objetivos pretendidos. Conclui observando que a experiência acumulada e documentada nos próprios órgãos do Estado pode fornecer os elementos básicos para a elaboração de uma política para esse setor da indústria extrativa, com resultados social e economicamente desejáveis / This study focus on a particular assessment of urban and regional planning developed for the Metropolitan Area of Great Sao Paulo (Brazil) associated with mineral exploitation to produce crushed stones. The research assumes the inexistence of an appropriate policy for this extractive sector, comparing the close relationship between urban development and crushed stone production, demonstrating the need to adequate social and economic development with environmental protection. The study identifies increasing demand for crushed stone and main environmental impacts from its exploitation, while evaluating the existing main legal framework in Brazil related to this subject, emphasizing those associated with mineral exploitation and environmental regulation. With regards to the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, this research identifies its origin and the regional planning statement and evaluates projects that had already been developed by EMPLASA in order to organize this sector of extractive industry. As a result, this study gathered evidence to present the lack of appropriate policies, in spite of several projects and data about the subject, mainly during the 80´s. However, most of such information remains, nowadays, lost or forgotten in several public organizations with no use. Concerned with legal aspects, this study identified existing overlap of laws and legal conflicts among duties of several public institutions, while discussing imprecise concepts that bring difficulties to reach the intended purposes. In conclusion, the experience and data, already collected by public sectors, are enough to establish a proper policy in order to organize the exploitation of raw materials used by the construction industry as aggregates, with desirable social and economic outcomes

Introduction. Stone crushing in Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania is largely an informal occupational activity, with approximately 7000 workers exposed to varying level of respirable dust. A highly marginalized, self employed, informal stonecrusher is prone to multiple work related risks, particularly dust related respiratory diseases. Aim. This study, the first to be done among informal stone crushers in Southern Africa, aimed at determining the prevalence of dust related respiratory outcomes and relationships between these health endpoints and exposure to respirable dust in this sample of stonecrushers. Methods. This was primarly a cross-sectional descriptive study with analytic components. This study analysed a subset of data collected in a health survey of stone crushers in Kigamboni informal stone quarry in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in 2007. All 200 workers working in the quarry were interviewed. A subset of 86 and 59 workers underwent exposure assessment and health assessments (spirometry and chest radiography) respectively. Associations were investigated between exposure measures and respiratory outcomes. Results. The average age of the workers was 36.3 years with 51.5% males participating in the study. Smoking was common with 30.1% male, 8.25% female smokers, with 2% ex-smokers. Personal dust sampling showed varying dust levels ranging from 0.5-2.8mg/m3 with geometric mean of 1.2gm/m3. The exposure duration of workers in the quarry ranged from 1-62 years with mean of 7.8 years. No single worker was found to use personal protective equipment at work. Reported prevalence of doctor diagnosed respiratory diseases was low: pulmonary tuberculosis (2%), chronic bronchitis (2%), asthma (3%), pneumonia (3%). In contrast, there was high prevalence of respiratory symptoms: chronic cough (13.5%), phlegm production (14.5%), productive cough (10%), wheezing (14%), mild breathlessness (9.5% ) and coughing blood (7.5%). Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) adjusted for age, height and sex was 2.6L/min and 3.7 L respectively, among males and 2.1L/min and 3.0L respectively among females. Adjusted exposure odds ratios for symptoms were statistically significant for mild and moderate breathlessness with odds ratios of 3.4 and 3.1 respectively. Linear regression showed statistically significant decline of 2.3mls in FEV1 with years of exposure while controlling for sex, age, height , doctor diagnosed TB and smoking showing that with prolonged exposure in the quarry, workers are at a risk of developing obstructive lung disease. This trend was not evident for FVC. The majority of films were normal (60.9%), with 19.6% read as 1/0 and 19.9% as 0/1. Discussion. This study identified adverse respiratory outcomes among informal stonecrushers, particularly a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and clinically important lung function deficits. These are in keeping with other environment studies where workers were exposed to respirable dust. Recommendations. Urgent policy initiatives for developing cost effective hazard control, engineering interventions to protect these marginalized self-employed informal sector stonecrushers are needed. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.