Os diferentes modelos culturais do consumidor (utilitário, oposicionista e relacional) tendem a influenciar seu comportamento de retaliação após experiências insatisfatórias. Para melhor entender essa relação de influência, foi desenvolvido um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa que contou com 18 informantes que apresentaram comportamento retaliatório. Os dados foram coletados com base na técnica storytelling e foram trabalhados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que os consumidores, influenciados pelos seus modelos culturais, apresentaram diferentes ações de retaliação (diretas e indiretas), diferentes objetivos (econômicos e relacionais), diferentes emoções (raiva, ansiedade, tristeza e desamparo, entre outras) e diferentes papéis diante da empresa responsável pelo duplo desvio (vingador, altruísta e vítima). Especificamente, consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural oposicionista apresentaram comportamentos diretos e indiretos contra o provedor, motivados por objetivos essencialmente econômicos. Esses consumidores demonstraram emoções como raiva e indignação e, por isso, a tendência foi adotar o papel de vingador. Para esses consumidores, o papel de vingador representou uma alternativa para demonstrar que possuíam o controle da situação. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural utilitário preferiram comportamentos indiretos de retaliação, demonstrando emoções como raiva e desamparo. Esses indivíduos, orientados por objetivos econômicos, adotaram o papel de vingador para obter uma compensação causada pelo duplo desvio. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural relacional adotaram primordialmente o papel de vítima e seus objetivos foram predominantemente relacionais. Para esses consumidores, o engajamento em ações de retaliação ocorreu para obter do provedor o reconhecimento de que são importantes para a manutenção do negócio. Tais consumidores optaram por ações diretas e indiretas e relataram emoções de raiva, tristeza e ansiedade. / The different types of consumer cultural models (i.e., utilitarian, oppositional and relational) tend to have an influence on consumer’s retaliation behavior after dissatisfying experiences. To better understand this influence, an exploratory and qualitative study was developed, which relied on 18 informants who have engaged in retaliatory behavior. The data was collected based on storytelling technique and analyzed from a content analysis perspective. Findings indicate that consumers, influenced by their cultural models, engage in different retaliation actions (direct and indirect), present different objectives (economic and relational), different emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness, helplessness, among others), as well as different roles towards the provider (avenger, altruist and victim). Specifically, consumers with the oppositional cultural model engage in direct and indirect behaviors against the provider, motivated essentially by economic objectives. These consumers demonstrate emotions such as anger and indignation, and, because of that, they report a tendency to adopt the role of avenger, which represents an alternative to show they have the control over the situation. Consumers with the utilitarian cultural model prefer indirect retaliation behaviors and report emotions like anger and helplessness. They are oriented by economic objectives and adopt the avenger role primarily to obtain a compensation caused by the double deviation. Consumers influenced by the relational cultural model adopt mainly the victim role and their objective is basically relational. The engagement in retaliation behavior is motivated by the recognition from the provider that they are important for the maintenance of the business. Clients who act influenced by this cultural model tend to adopt direct and indirect retaliation and they report emotions such as anger, sadness and anxiety.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No século XXI podemos caracterizar as relações por sua complexidade, o que se expressa em diferentes aspectos, como nas relações familiares, sociais, valores, crenças. Sendo assim, fatores como gênero, transgeracionalidade e a coexistência de antigos padrões e novas demandas relacionais, compõem a construção dos papéis contemporâneos. E dentre um dos mais importantes papéis desempenhados pelo homem, podemos citar o de pai, com isto. Dessa forma, com base nas necessidades e na carência de literatura sobre o papel atribuído a este novo pai, o presente trabalho pretendeu investigar os aspectos semelhantes e diferentes nas crenças de homens e mulheres de gerações distintas. Participaram desta pesquisa 100 pessoas residentes na cidade de Magé (estado do Rio de Janeiro), divididas em quatro grupos (25 por contexto: gênero e idade, grupos de 25 a 35 anos e 55 a 65 anos). O estudo incluiu questionário sociodemográfico, questionário sobre Função Paterna, aplicação da Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna (ECPP) e Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna Pretéritas (ECPP-P). Os resultados mostraram concordâncias e divergências, tanto entre os gêneros quanto entre as gerações, mas acreditamos que discussões como estas propiciam novos entendimentos acerca das práticas parentais paterna. / In the twenty-first century we can characterize the relations of its complexity, which is expressed in different ways, such as family and social relations, the values and beliefs. Thus, factors such as gender, transgenerationality and coexistence of old patterns and new relational demands, compound the construction of contemporary roles. And among the most important roles played by man, the fathers one deserves. Therefore, based on the needs and the shortage of literature about the role attributed to this "new" father, this paper was intended to investigate the similarities and differences in men and women beliefs of distinct generations. This study counted with the participation of 100 people living in the city of Magé (state of Rio de Janeiro), divided into four groups (25 per context: sex and age group, 25-35 years and 55-65 years). The study included sociodemographic questionnaire, Paternal Function questionnaire and the application of Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale and Past-Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale. The results show agreement and disagreement, both between genders and generations, but we believe that discussions such as these provide new understandings of paternal parenting practices.

Os diferentes modelos culturais do consumidor (utilitário, oposicionista e relacional) tendem a influenciar seu comportamento de retaliação após experiências insatisfatórias. Para melhor entender essa relação de influência, foi desenvolvido um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa que contou com 18 informantes que apresentaram comportamento retaliatório. Os dados foram coletados com base na técnica storytelling e foram trabalhados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que os consumidores, influenciados pelos seus modelos culturais, apresentaram diferentes ações de retaliação (diretas e indiretas), diferentes objetivos (econômicos e relacionais), diferentes emoções (raiva, ansiedade, tristeza e desamparo, entre outras) e diferentes papéis diante da empresa responsável pelo duplo desvio (vingador, altruísta e vítima). Especificamente, consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural oposicionista apresentaram comportamentos diretos e indiretos contra o provedor, motivados por objetivos essencialmente econômicos. Esses consumidores demonstraram emoções como raiva e indignação e, por isso, a tendência foi adotar o papel de vingador. Para esses consumidores, o papel de vingador representou uma alternativa para demonstrar que possuíam o controle da situação. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural utilitário preferiram comportamentos indiretos de retaliação, demonstrando emoções como raiva e desamparo. Esses indivíduos, orientados por objetivos econômicos, adotaram o papel de vingador para obter uma compensação causada pelo duplo desvio. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural relacional adotaram primordialmente o papel de vítima e seus objetivos foram predominantemente relacionais. Para esses consumidores, o engajamento em ações de retaliação ocorreu para obter do provedor o reconhecimento de que são importantes para a manutenção do negócio. Tais consumidores optaram por ações diretas e indiretas e relataram emoções de raiva, tristeza e ansiedade. / The different types of consumer cultural models (i.e., utilitarian, oppositional and relational) tend to have an influence on consumer’s retaliation behavior after dissatisfying experiences. To better understand this influence, an exploratory and qualitative study was developed, which relied on 18 informants who have engaged in retaliatory behavior. The data was collected based on storytelling technique and analyzed from a content analysis perspective. Findings indicate that consumers, influenced by their cultural models, engage in different retaliation actions (direct and indirect), present different objectives (economic and relational), different emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness, helplessness, among others), as well as different roles towards the provider (avenger, altruist and victim). Specifically, consumers with the oppositional cultural model engage in direct and indirect behaviors against the provider, motivated essentially by economic objectives. These consumers demonstrate emotions such as anger and indignation, and, because of that, they report a tendency to adopt the role of avenger, which represents an alternative to show they have the control over the situation. Consumers with the utilitarian cultural model prefer indirect retaliation behaviors and report emotions like anger and helplessness. They are oriented by economic objectives and adopt the avenger role primarily to obtain a compensation caused by the double deviation. Consumers influenced by the relational cultural model adopt mainly the victim role and their objective is basically relational. The engagement in retaliation behavior is motivated by the recognition from the provider that they are important for the maintenance of the business. Clients who act influenced by this cultural model tend to adopt direct and indirect retaliation and they report emotions such as anger, sadness and anxiety.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No século XXI podemos caracterizar as relações por sua complexidade, o que se expressa em diferentes aspectos, como nas relações familiares, sociais, valores, crenças. Sendo assim, fatores como gênero, transgeracionalidade e a coexistência de antigos padrões e novas demandas relacionais, compõem a construção dos papéis contemporâneos. E dentre um dos mais importantes papéis desempenhados pelo homem, podemos citar o de pai, com isto. Dessa forma, com base nas necessidades e na carência de literatura sobre o papel atribuído a este novo pai, o presente trabalho pretendeu investigar os aspectos semelhantes e diferentes nas crenças de homens e mulheres de gerações distintas. Participaram desta pesquisa 100 pessoas residentes na cidade de Magé (estado do Rio de Janeiro), divididas em quatro grupos (25 por contexto: gênero e idade, grupos de 25 a 35 anos e 55 a 65 anos). O estudo incluiu questionário sociodemográfico, questionário sobre Função Paterna, aplicação da Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna (ECPP) e Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna Pretéritas (ECPP-P). Os resultados mostraram concordâncias e divergências, tanto entre os gêneros quanto entre as gerações, mas acreditamos que discussões como estas propiciam novos entendimentos acerca das práticas parentais paterna. / In the twenty-first century we can characterize the relations of its complexity, which is expressed in different ways, such as family and social relations, the values and beliefs. Thus, factors such as gender, transgenerationality and coexistence of old patterns and new relational demands, compound the construction of contemporary roles. And among the most important roles played by man, the fathers one deserves. Therefore, based on the needs and the shortage of literature about the role attributed to this "new" father, this paper was intended to investigate the similarities and differences in men and women beliefs of distinct generations. This study counted with the participation of 100 people living in the city of Magé (state of Rio de Janeiro), divided into four groups (25 per context: sex and age group, 25-35 years and 55-65 years). The study included sociodemographic questionnaire, Paternal Function questionnaire and the application of Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale and Past-Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale. The results show agreement and disagreement, both between genders and generations, but we believe that discussions such as these provide new understandings of paternal parenting practices.

Os diferentes modelos culturais do consumidor (utilitário, oposicionista e relacional) tendem a influenciar seu comportamento de retaliação após experiências insatisfatórias. Para melhor entender essa relação de influência, foi desenvolvido um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa que contou com 18 informantes que apresentaram comportamento retaliatório. Os dados foram coletados com base na técnica storytelling e foram trabalhados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que os consumidores, influenciados pelos seus modelos culturais, apresentaram diferentes ações de retaliação (diretas e indiretas), diferentes objetivos (econômicos e relacionais), diferentes emoções (raiva, ansiedade, tristeza e desamparo, entre outras) e diferentes papéis diante da empresa responsável pelo duplo desvio (vingador, altruísta e vítima). Especificamente, consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural oposicionista apresentaram comportamentos diretos e indiretos contra o provedor, motivados por objetivos essencialmente econômicos. Esses consumidores demonstraram emoções como raiva e indignação e, por isso, a tendência foi adotar o papel de vingador. Para esses consumidores, o papel de vingador representou uma alternativa para demonstrar que possuíam o controle da situação. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural utilitário preferiram comportamentos indiretos de retaliação, demonstrando emoções como raiva e desamparo. Esses indivíduos, orientados por objetivos econômicos, adotaram o papel de vingador para obter uma compensação causada pelo duplo desvio. Consumidores influenciados pelo modelo cultural relacional adotaram primordialmente o papel de vítima e seus objetivos foram predominantemente relacionais. Para esses consumidores, o engajamento em ações de retaliação ocorreu para obter do provedor o reconhecimento de que são importantes para a manutenção do negócio. Tais consumidores optaram por ações diretas e indiretas e relataram emoções de raiva, tristeza e ansiedade. / The different types of consumer cultural models (i.e., utilitarian, oppositional and relational) tend to have an influence on consumer’s retaliation behavior after dissatisfying experiences. To better understand this influence, an exploratory and qualitative study was developed, which relied on 18 informants who have engaged in retaliatory behavior. The data was collected based on storytelling technique and analyzed from a content analysis perspective. Findings indicate that consumers, influenced by their cultural models, engage in different retaliation actions (direct and indirect), present different objectives (economic and relational), different emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness, helplessness, among others), as well as different roles towards the provider (avenger, altruist and victim). Specifically, consumers with the oppositional cultural model engage in direct and indirect behaviors against the provider, motivated essentially by economic objectives. These consumers demonstrate emotions such as anger and indignation, and, because of that, they report a tendency to adopt the role of avenger, which represents an alternative to show they have the control over the situation. Consumers with the utilitarian cultural model prefer indirect retaliation behaviors and report emotions like anger and helplessness. They are oriented by economic objectives and adopt the avenger role primarily to obtain a compensation caused by the double deviation. Consumers influenced by the relational cultural model adopt mainly the victim role and their objective is basically relational. The engagement in retaliation behavior is motivated by the recognition from the provider that they are important for the maintenance of the business. Clients who act influenced by this cultural model tend to adopt direct and indirect retaliation and they report emotions such as anger, sadness and anxiety.

Abstract This study examines indices of Finnishness in the production of second- and third-generation Finnish-American authors. Its aim is to analyse the common ethnic traits of Finnishness proposed by ethnographic research in relation to the literary texts presented by the selected authors. The research is literary in nature, investigating both societal and social arguments that are depicted in the central works of five chosen authors: namely, Lauri Anderson's Heikki Heikkinen And Other Stories of Upper Peninsula Finns; Mary Caraker's Growing Up Soggy and Elina, Mistress of Laukko; Joseph Damrell's Gift; Lynn Laitala's Down from Basswood; and Paula Robbins's Below Rollstone Hill. One of the most important disciplines within the field of Comparative Literature – where the function of critical scrutiny is to examine cultural identity, and various cultural models – has been imagological literary research. For the purposes of the present thesis, the theoretical basis of this research has been taken as the cognitive theory of cultural meaning in Comparative Literature, with its imagological approach. Raija Taramaa's theoretical model of Finnishness provides a supportive framework which helps to analyse Finnishness in the works of the five selected writers (who have no developed ability in the Finnish language). Through these means it is hoped that the present research will open up to its readers a deeper understanding of the cultural models describing Finnishness in the production of second- and third-generation Finnish-American authors, leading them into a detailed exploration of the ways in which the ethnic indices of Finnishness have remained in the cultural memories of these chosen authors. The research has indicated that cultural indices endure from generation to generation in an unfamiliar environment even at the time when the identity of the person in question has been changed during the former generation, for example, with respect to his or her native language. The study also reveals that a number of the indices representing the original culture have become simplified over the years, and that the cultural cohort of individuals exhibiting those traits has developed certain stereotypes that have faded in past decades but not yet disappeared. The ethnicity of a minority group of Finnish Americans surrounded by several other more dominant ethnicities has developed into symbolic ethnicity with limited commitments to ethnic cultural activities. The ethnic activities of the symbolic identifiers are likely to have an occasional character and to be acceptable in a multiethnic setting. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on tarkastella toisen ja kolmannen polven amerikansuomalaisten kirjailijoiden tuotantoa suomalaisuuden näkökulmasta. Tarkoitus on tuoda esille niitä suomalaisuuden etnisiä piirteitä, jotka tänä päivänä ovat sellaisiksi tunnistettu sekä suomalaisten että amerikkalaisten etnografien tutkimuksissa. Työni sijoittuu kognitiivisen kirjallisuudentutkimuksen kenttään. Se sisältää yhteiskunnallisia ja sosiaalisia argumentteja siinä määrin kuin niitä esiintyy tutkimuksen kohteena olevissa teoksissa. Tutkimukseni kirjailijat sekä heidän teoksensa ovat: Lauri Anderson, Heikki Heikkinen And Other Stories of Upper Peninsula Finns, Mary Caraker, Growing up Soggy sekä Elina, Mistress of Laukko, Joseph Damrell, Gift, Lynn Laitala, Down from Basswood, ja Paula Robbins, Below Rollstone Hill. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kulttuurimalleja sekä skeemoja analysoitaessa imagologista lähestymistapaa, joka kirjallisuudentutkimuksen alalla on muodostunut yhdeksi tärkeimmistä lähestymistavoista nimenomaan kulttuuri-identiteettiä sekä eri kansallisuuksien kulttuurimalleja tutkittaessa. Kehittämäni teoreettinen malli suomalaisuuden eri piirteistä tukee fiktiivisten sekä osittain ei-fiktiivisten teosten analysointia luo sen viitekehikon, jonka mukaisesti olen tarkastellut suomalaisuutta valitsemieni viiden amerikansuomalaisen kirjailijan tuotannossa. Tutkimus pyrkii selvittämään missä määrin suomalaisuutta ilmentävät kulttuurimallit ovat säilyneet toisen ja kolmannen polven suomen kieltä osaamattomien amerikansuomalaisten kirjailijoiden kulttuurisessa muistissa sävyttäen heidän kerrontaansa suomalaisuuden eri etnisiä piirteitä tietoisesti tai tiedostamatta kuvaavina. Tutkimus osoittaa, miten kansalliset kulttuurilliset erikoispiirteet säilyvät sukupolvelta toiselle vieraassa kulttuuriympäristössä myös silloin, kun kulttuurin kokijan identiteetti on jo aiemman sukupolven aikana esimerkiksi kielen osalta muuttunut toiseksi. Moni suomalaista identiteettiä ilmentävä peruspiirre on vähitellen yksinkertaistunut tai saanut uusia vaikutteita mutta säilyttänyt kuitenkin siitä tietoisen ryhmän keskuudessa erilaisia suomalaisuudeksi luokiteltavia stereotyyppisiä käyttäytymisen malleja, jotka vuosikymmenten kuluessa ovat haalistunut, mutta eivät vielä hävinneet. Pienen amerikansuomalaisen vähemmistön identiteetti monien hallitsevampien etnisyyksien puristuksessa on vähitellen muodostunut symboliseksi etnisyydeksi, jolloin yksilöillä on vapaus valita sitoutumisensa aste kyseessä olevan kulttuurin vaatimuksiin. Näin ollen amerikansuomalaisuutta ilmentävät tavat ja tunnusmerkit ovat suomalaisuuteen liitettyinä saaneet osaksensa sellaisia arvoja ja toimintamalleja, jotka sekä symbolisen että epäsäännöllisen luonteensa vuoksi ovat helpommin hyväksyttäviä monikulttuurisessa ympäristössä.

This dissertation presents three studies that examined the effects of diverse cultural backgrounds on maternal socialization strategies and how these were related to the development of their pre-school aged children. Specifically, the investigations focused on mother-child discourses about past events when children were three and four years of age. The present work systematically applied the ecocultural approach by investigating relatively homogenous samples, which were selected based on population parameters and sociodemographic characteristics. These sociocultural contexts represented three different cultural models: (1) the model of psychological autonomy (urban middle-class families from Western societies), (2) the model of relational adaptation (rural farming families from no-Western societies), and (3) the model of autonomy-relatedness (urban middle-class families from non-Western societies). We could demonstrate that the three cultural models manifest in mother-child reminiscing: both, how mothers and children reminisced -the structure- and what they talked about -the content. Mothers of the psychological autonomous contexts structured conversations with many elaborations and evaluations in order to actively involve the child to participate. On the content level, conversations were child-centered, with many child references and talk about personal judgments and opinions. Consequently, children were more expressive and self-centered in these contexts. Thus, conversations mirror the socialization strategy and social roles associated with the cultural model of psychological autonomy: The mother treats the child as a quasi-equal interlocutor and reinforces the child to express her- or himself. Mothers of relational adapted contexts structured conversations rather rigidly by using many repetitions, and few elaborations and evaluations. On the content level, they focused more on social contexts than on the child compared to the autonomous contexts. Accordingly, children contributed less information to conversations and showed a greater focus on social contexts. Thus, conversations mirror the socialization strategy and social roles associated with the cultural model of relational adaptation: The mother is the expert and the child the adaptive apprentice. There was greater heterogeneity for conversational structure and content of mothers and children from autonomous-related contexts. However, overall they mirrored the hybrid orientation in their cultural emphases. The different reminiscing styles and thematic foci were thus meaningful within the different sociocultural environments and fostered children’s cultural development of becoming a competent societal member. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate variations within the elaborative style of mothers all valuing autonomy. Thus, when looking at more specific categories, differences also existed among cultural contexts with the same cultural model. Children’s internalization of the respective cultural orientation was also mirrored in another, adult independent task we conducted: children’s self-drawings. Children of autonomous contexts drew themselves bigger -pronounced and space-demanding- whereas children of the relational contexts drew themselves smaller -mirroring greater self-effacement. Drawings of children from the autonomous-related contexts were intermediate in size. Correlation patterns among maternal and child variables varied across the different cultural contexts. Thus, the studies support the notion that psychological processes have to be considered and interpreted in relation to the sociocultural context in which they unfold. This refers to level-oriented (mean differences) as well as functional (correlation based) analyses: Becoming a competent member of a specific cultural context requires very different skills within universal domains, such as mother-child discourse. Additionally, in this process the effect of socialization strategies on the adults’ part may vary across different sociocultural contexts. Results are also discussed in light of practical implications for culture sensitive intervention programs.

This study is interested in investigating discursive practices in early mother-infant interactions in diverse cultural settings and relating them to prevalent cultural models of child care. It examines mother-infant interactions from two cultural contexts previously described as prototypically independent (German white middle class families in the city of Muenster) and interdependent (farming Nso families in the Western Grassfields of Cameroon). The data corpus consists of video material and transcriptions of 20 Nso and 20 Muenster mother-infant dyads at the infant s age of 12 weeks. The data are analyzed using strategies from discourse analysis, conversation analysis and documentary method. Systematically different patterns of co-constructing mother-infant interactions were found: whereas the Münster mother-infant interactions comprise (1) co-operative, (2) narrative-biographical, (3) individual-centered repertoires, the Nso interactions are characterized by (1) hierarchical, (2) rhythmic synchronous, (3) socially oriented discursive strategies. The results point to the possibility of innate characteristics of protoconversation as well as culture-specific manifestations of their phenotype. The results are discussed with regard to the specificities of the relevant local socio-cultural contexts and possible implications for the development of culture-specific world views and self-construals. The thesis concludes by arguing that infants narrative envelope is a powerful medium to transmit cultural knowledge, even in interactions with pre-verbal infants. Main implications of the study s findings for theory and practice are discussed. It is suggested that what is healthy and pathological development needs to be (re-)defined for each specific cultural context. Further studies from socio-cultural contexts that have so far been neglected in academic research are needed that systematically relate infant-care practices with cultural models of child care.

Mental illness is a complex phenomenon that is social and psychological as well as biological. But since the creation of the DSM-III in the 1980s, the landscape of mental health research and treatment in the United States has been heavily influenced by the biomedical model. The thoughts and beliefs of the lay public about mental illness are often ignored despite the push for greater cultural understanding among biomedical professionals. This disconnect, coupled with the poor mental health infrastructure, has left Mississippi with an inadequate ability to help Mississippians address mental illness. This research uses cognitive anthropological methods and biocultural theory to begin to address this disconnect. A shared cultural model of mental illness by causes, symptoms, and treatments was found. There were systematic differences between the two groups’ knowledge of causes of mental illness. Understanding these will assist in providing more culturally appropriate care for the mentally ill.

No description available.