The research is a critical analysis of the operational aspects of doing environment business with China through cross-cultural networks. In particular the investigation involved establishing an intensively documented, longitudinal profile of a single network. This network comprised Australian Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Chinese players based in the People's Republic of China. This profile covers a period of two decades. The research adopted a broad multi-disciplinary and inductive approach, using action research, case study methods, and systems analysis techniques. An innovative approach used time values as a constant to analyse the relativity of player connections, activities and structural levels in the network. This approach drew its applied orientation from the environmental sciences, and its theoretical base from the social science disciplines of marketing and international business. The specific field of study was the structure and evolutionary dynamics of networks. The outcome of the research is a model Australian SMEs can use for doing environment business with China. This model sets environment business in the context of a wider trading network of Chinese, Australian, South East Asian, and Middle Eastern players. The cornerstone of this model is the corporate role of the academic sector in accessing the Chinese environmental market. The research shows in detail how Australian SMEs can, and do, use cross-cultural academic linkages for trade. Such linkages facilitate market research, negotiation, risk management, product development, and the establishment of distribution channels in Asian markets. The study also demonstrates the importance of using a number of parallel nets of Chinese players to facilitate trade and overcome interruptions or obstacles. The research has contributed to knowledge by establishing an Asia-oriented, empirically derived model that differs substantially from the mono-cultural models in current practice in the Australian environment industry. The intensive investigation of the network of SMEs and Chinese players has identified the entrepreneurial strengths of SMEs in the international marketplace. This finding contrasts with the prevailing view that SMEs must depend on larger players for export success. In addition, the research has established that this kind of network has a clan-like structure. This finding is central to the model. The research demonstrates that a clan-like structure is a flexible framework that is compatible with the independence and capacity of small firms to adapt to change and to make decisions. This characteristic of SMEs enables them to proceed without, and at times in spite of, the encumbrances of large and unwieldy corporate and institutional structures. This finding is directly contrary to the belief prevalent in the Australian environment industry that SMEs depend on larger players to enter international markets. The finding also challenges the established view that Chinese networks are relatively closed systems based on family ties. The research shows that Australian SMEs can become part of these systems either directly or through links, and have many common attributes with their Chinese counterparts. The research has made a key contribution to theory by using these findings to develop an organic network model that differs from the so-called contrived network. This empirically derived theoretical model represents the seven dimensions of cross-cultural collaboration. The four social dimensions are the personal, organisational, sectoral and regional levels of a person-centred network, composed of nets of individuals with extensive linkages to other individuals and to organisations. The three dynamic dimensions are the triadic, the temporal, and the trading levels of interaction between the players. This theoretical model also demonstrates the depth of cross-connection between the nets of individual, and the embeddedness of the network in other networks. The model emphasises the centrality of time as the key connector between the social dimensions of the network and the exchange processes that characterise clan-like interactions. The model also represents the layers of evolutionary development that characterise the exchange processes in the network. These layers include adaptive processes, short-term exchanges, and long-term exchanges, and exchanges that derive from particular arrangements of players and market openings at critical points in time. This model extends concepts that have emerged from the original International Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Interaction Model, and gives empirical credence to recent philosophical, but untested, views on the relevance of time as a context for interaction.

À travers un millier d’articles issus de quotidiens et de revues, cette enquête embrasse une période s’étendant de la guerre franco-prussienne au début de la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle a pour ambition de comprendre la réception des Scandinaves en France et d’en présenter son évolution au sein d’une époque marquée par une montée du protectionnisme culturel et du nationalisme. L’étude des champs lexicaux confirme ces tendances ainsi qu’un ressentiment envers l’Empire allemand qui est convoqué, en filigrane, dans de nombreux articles. Cette thèse démontre également un schisme net dans la critique, que révèlent, au demeurant, l’engouement d’une presse novatrice et cosmopolite et la résistance d’une autre, conservatrice et académique. L’analyse portera, en outre, sur les images véhiculées collectivement sur les pays du Nord et sur leurs représentations. En effet, les récits de voyage de la première moitié du XIXème siècle ont forgé un archétype « exotique » de la Scandinavie, et plus particulièrement de la Norvège, mystérieuse et brumeuse. Celui-ci exerce une forte influence sur la réception de cette aire artistique méconnue et périphérique. Outre la peinture, la littérature et la musique, il sera pertinent d’étudier plus précisément le théâtre, thématique centrale de notre corpus, et de constater si la décennie 1890 est, comme il l’est communément admis, synonyme de « vague scandinave » à Paris. De surcroît, cette analyse exposera l’importance des réseaux et des interactions entre traducteurs, critiques, journalistes, éditeurs, metteurs en scène, acteurs, mais également passionnés et mécènes, qui ont tous été des passeurs culturels entre les Scandinaves et la France. / Based on a thousand articles from newspapers and reviews, this survey takes place in a period from the franco-prussian war to the early WWI. It aims to understand the reception of Scandinavians in France and to set its evolution during a time marked by a rise of cultural protectionism and nationalism. The analysis of the lexical fields do confirm this point and also shows a real resentment against the german Empire which appears as a watermark in several articles. This work proves, as well, a split in the critic : one is cosmopolitan and innovative while the other is conservative and academic. Furthermore, the collective images of the northen countries will be studied and analysed. Indeed, the descriptions done in the early XIXth century by travellers built up exotic representations of Scandinavia and especially a mysterious and hazy Norway. They had a harmful effect on the reception of artists from this unlying geographical area. Besides painting, music and litterature, theater is the main thema of the corpus. This analysis will contribute to demonstrate the significance of cultural networks in Paris for Scandinavians at this time.

171f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-09T17:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Leite.pdf: 1770736 bytes, checksum: 6ac295a123241f82f32ea931955e1a2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-10T20:51:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Leite.pdf: 1770736 bytes, checksum: 6ac295a123241f82f32ea931955e1a2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-10T20:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Leite.pdf: 1770736 bytes, checksum: 6ac295a123241f82f32ea931955e1a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Nesta dissertação, desenvolvo um estudo de caso acerca do Mercado Cultural, evento anual realizado pelo Instituto Cultural Casa Via Magia, desde 1999, em Salvador, que se direciona à valorização das produções artísticas e culturais independentes, aquelas não diretamente vinculadas às estratégias de difusão e circulação das indústrias culturais. Parto da sua singularidade enquanto um acontecimento da cultura para efetuar uma análise em torno da trajetória que foi sendo trilhada ao longo das suas sete edições, considerando as oscilações e redimensionamentos da proposta difundida pela organização do evento e focando nas aproximações e deslocamentos entre o evento e a articulação das redes de cultura, já que o Mercado Cultural foi fruto do engajamento da Casa Via Magia com as referidas redes. Valho-me, para o desenvolvimento de tal análise, dos estudos acerca da centralidade que o campo cultural vem assumindo, na contemporaneidade, nos quais são evocadas noções como as provenientes de análises dos Estudos Culturais, a relação entre a cultura e as teorias sobre o desenvolvimento, os impactos da globalização em nossas sociedades e os paradoxos engendrados com o surgimento das tecnologias da comunicação e informação, em que se encaixam as contradições existentes entre os aspectos normativos e a praxis das redes de cultura, particularmente daquelas que atuam na perspectiva da produção artística e da promoção e distribuição culturais. Tendo a proposta inicial do Mercado Cultural se confundido com as perspectivas dessas redes, isto é, sendo focada na promoção e distribuição da produção cultural independente, a partir do intercâmbio e da cooperação internacional como uma alternativa à lógica hegemônica de dominação e de dirigismo cultural, o evento conseguiu agregar um conjunto de fatores que o instituíram como evento representativo, servindo como um atestado de qualidade para os grupos que dele participavam e cumprindo com a missão de estabelecer pontes de conexão entre produções culturais diversas num contexto internacional. Ao longo das suas duas últimas edições, no entanto, o foco de atuação do evento foi deslocado para uma perspectiva mais localizada e menos internacional, atuando, de maneira sistemática, com as populações locais e voltando-se às atividades de formação e capacitação culturais em detrimento da sua proposta inicial. Nesse contexto, analiso os fatores que desencadearam tais mudanças, pondo em relação o histórico das ações desenvolvidas pela Casa Via Magia; a atual conjuntura das redes de cultura com as quais o Mercado Cultural dialogava; as demandas geradas pelas suas agências financiadoras e o surgimento de outras iniciativas com uma missão semelhante àquela que construiu inicialmente a identidade do evento. Palavras-chave: Mercado cultural. Cultura e desenvolvimento. Dinâmicas contemporâneas. Redes de cultura. Sociedade em rede. / Salvador

The purpose of this study is to understand the lack of inclusion of young adults from resource-poor areas when it comes to public cultural institutions, e.g., visits to art exhibitions, theaters and libraries. Previous research has shown that the Swedish culture is socioeconomically divided when it comes to the cultural participation (Lundquist 2017; Myndigheten för kulturanalys 2019; Magnusson & Wärnlöf Bové 2019). There are still inequalities – not all residents have the same opportunity to participate in cultural contexts. With the help from six young adults from resource-poor areas in the city of Gothenburg, semi-structured interviews are held to evaluate the reasons of why the cultural participation is low. By applying key concepts from Pierre Bourdieu's (Bourdieu 1962 see Broady 1988) theory such as cultural capital and habitus, the findings suggests that there is a place-bound identity creation of the informants that not only creates their identity, but also limits them as individuals. Another key finding is that the multiethnic environment in these areas are also sociocultural conditions for participations in new contexts. Additionally, the informants cultural capital turned out to be low, yet different for every informant of why their cultural participation is low.