Menhaden oil, corn oil, olive oil or animal fat (1, 3, 5 or 8% of diet) effects on egg yolk fatty acids and hepatic lipogenic enzymes were studied in 35 week-old laying hens. Except for significantly lowered egg weights by menhaden oil, performance was unaffected. Yolk saturated fat remained constant (33-38% of yolk fat) regardless of fat source. Maximum o-3 fatty acid incorporation (.31 g/yolk) was reached with a deposition efficiency of 36.3% by feeding 5% menhaden oil. Yolk lipid contained.3% linolenic (C18:3o3), 1.0% eicosapentaenoic (C20:5o3), and 3.8% docosapentaenoic (C22: 5o3) acids. Maximum o-6 fatty acid incorporation (1.65 g/yolk) occurred with 17% efficiency when 8% corn oil was fed, primarily by increasing linoleic acid to 25.5%. Yolk oleate was inversely related to dietary linoleate. Only the highest menhaden oil levels significantly affected lipogenic enzymes: fatty acid synthetase and ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) activities were inhibited, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity was 2-3 times that of hens fed the basal diet. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) activity was not significantly influence by dietary fat.

The objective of this study was to determine potential propagation of Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) from cuttings for use in riparian revegetation projects. Cuttings gathered from trees in Superior, Arizona during Fall 1988 and Spring 1989, and from Madera Canyon near Tucson, Arizona in Fall 1989 were treated with various concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA). In all studies, numbers of rooted cuttings decreased when concentrations of greater than 5,000 ppm IBA were used. Cuttings from young trunk sprouts in Fall 1988 had a higher rooting frequency than cuttings from other source trees and produced the greatest number and the longest roots in Spring 1989. In Fall 1989, plastic pots with a 1:1 perlite:vermiculite media resulted in higher rooting frequencies than when peat was incorporated into the media. While cuttings in all studies successfully rooted in the greenhouse, no plants survived outplanting on a 160 m elevation floodplain. Propagation of Arizona sycamore is more difficult than that of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) of Goodings willow (Salix goodingii) but cuttings will root with careful attention in the greenhouse.

Amaferm, a fermentation extract of Aspergilluz oryzae, was fed as a top dressing to dairy cows at 0, 1.5, 3, 6g/d. in two lactation trials. Trial I, conducted during winter-spring, 1989, for 80d, used forty cows in early lactation. Trial II, with twenty-four mid-lactation cows, received similar treatments for 60d in the summer of 1989. Measurements for both trials included milk yield, feed intake, body weight and rectal temperature. Respiration rates were determined for trial II and digestion coefficients for CP, NDF and DM were determined using Cr2O3 as a digesta marker for trial I. In trial I, cows fed 1.5g and 3g Amaferm/d had a higher DMI (P < .06) than cows receiving 0 or 6g Amaferm/d. Respiration rates were significantly higher (P < .05) for 3g Amaferm/d cows. Other parameters were not affected by treatment. These results contrasted previous studies in which 3g Amaferm/d stimulated milk production.

Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, diets were supplemented with blood, fish and soybean meals (HQ) or corn gluten meal (LQ) for similar CP and UIP, but differed in Lys%(HQ =.91; LQ =.59). Diets were fed to evaporatively cooled (EC) or non-cooled (S) cows. Milk yield was higher for HQ than LQ and for EC than S. Compared to S, EC cows tended to consume more feed and had lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Experiment 2 consisted of a metabolic and an in situ trial. Ruminal, postruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM on HQ and LQ diets did not differ, while postruminal digestibility of CP was higher for HQ than LQ. The pattern of EAA flowing to the duodenum was not affected by diets; however, after 24 h incubation in the rumen, residual Lys tended to be higher, but Leu and Phe lower for HQ than LQ. Rumen bypass of Lys is increased by feeding diets high in UIP and Lys, resulting in increased milk yields. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Twenty-four multiparous and twelve primiparous Holstein cows were assigned at calving to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Factors were: (1) grain processing: dry rolled sorghum (D) vs. steam flaked sorghum (S); (2) rumen inert fat: supplemented (F) vs. non supplemented (C). The F diets were supplemented at 2.5% of dry matter (DM) as Ca-soaps. The S diets increased (P<.02) milk production 12%, while F diets decreased (P<.28) milk 5%, due to a 16% decrease (P<.01) in feed intake. However, F diets increased (P<.01) efficiency of feed utilization 15%, partially sustained by greater (P<.08) body weight losses. The DF diet decreased milk protein 0.21% compared to the DC diet, but the S diets had similar milk protein content regardless of fat supplementation. Milk protein yields were higher (P<.01) for S diets. The S diets decreased (P<.03) milk fat percentages but yields were not affected. The S diets had higher (P<.01) digestibilities for DM, CP, GE, and starch than D diets. Digestibilities of CP and GE were higher (P<.05) for F than C diets. Steam flaked sorghum grain maintained milk protein percent in lactation diets supplemented with Ca-Soaps of fatty acids.

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