The purpose of this study was to develop an economic career choice instrument for grade 121earners, which conforms with the requirements of cultural fairness, validity and reliability. The various facets of adolescent development were analysed from the literature. Self-knowledge (identity) and career knowledge were analysed from various theoretical perspectives. The various facets of adolescent development had a direct influence on the career choice of learners. These facets served as a basis for the development of the different sections for the career choice instrument. In the empirical study a survey was conducted involving 321 grade 12 learners randomly selected from secondary schools in the Potchefstroom region. These learners completed the newly developed instrument. The reliability of the career choice instrument was determined by using the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. Factor analysis were used to determine the validity of each section of the instrument. In order to determine whether the career choice instrument was culturally fair, a series of one-way ANOVAS, followed by Tukey tests were performed, whereafter effect sizes were determined. In the study good reliability indices were obtained for all sections of the measuring instrument. The reliability indices obtained from the Cronbach Alpha Coefficients, coincided relatively well with the reliability indices obtained for the MB-10 (Meyer Interest Questionnaire), the Jung Personality questionnaire and the LISRES-Y. Concerning the cultural aspect, the different race groups, white, black and coloured learners, differed significantly in respect of social development and values. Recommendations for further research for the use of the instrument in teaching practice are formulated from the research results, in particular with reference to the designing of a career choice instrument. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop an economic career choice instrument for grade 121earners, which conforms with the requirements of cultural fairness, validity and reliability. The various facets of adolescent development were analysed from the literature. Self-knowledge (identity) and career knowledge were analysed from various theoretical perspectives. The various facets of adolescent development had a direct influence on the career choice of learners. These facets served as a basis for the development of the different sections for the career choice instrument. In the empirical study a survey was conducted involving 321 grade 12 learners randomly selected from secondary schools in the Potchefstroom region. These learners completed the newly developed instrument. The reliability of the career choice instrument was determined by using the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. Factor analysis were used to determine the validity of each section of the instrument. In order to determine whether the career choice instrument was culturally fair, a series of one-way ANOVAS, followed by Tukey tests were performed, whereafter effect sizes were determined. In the study good reliability indices were obtained for all sections of the measuring instrument. The reliability indices obtained from the Cronbach Alpha Coefficients, coincided relatively well with the reliability indices obtained for the MB-10 (Meyer Interest Questionnaire), the Jung Personality questionnaire and the LISRES-Y. Concerning the cultural aspect, the different race groups, white, black and coloured learners, differed significantly in respect of social development and values. Recommendations for further research for the use of the instrument in teaching practice are formulated from the research results, in particular with reference to the designing of a career choice instrument. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001

Cirkulär ekonomi bygger på principerna om att designa bort avfall, där avfall ses som en råvaruresurs. För att övergå till ett fossilfritt samhälle kommer material från förnyelsebara råvaror att behövas. Biobaserade material har oftast inte samma tekniska egenskaper och estetiska uttryck som befintliga material, biobaserade DIY-material utvecklade från okonventionell råvaruresurs kan väcka starka positiva och negativa reaktioner hos användarna. Studien har undersökt hur man i en Material driven designprocess genom form och kultur kan skapa acceptans för ett biobaserat DIY material från en okonventionell råvaruresurs. Studiens huvudsyfte har varit att bidra med ny kunskap för att underlätta för designers i en Material Driven Designprocess, att identifiera användningsområden och produktform som kan stärka materialacceptans hos användare. Fördjupningsområden i studien är teorier för Hållbar utveckling, Cirkulär ekonomi, Bioekonomi, Material Driven Design for Sustainability och Culture Sensitive Design. Huvudmetoden i studien har varit Material Driven design, vilket innefattas av ett flertal designmetoder. Studien visar på att den kulturella koppling mellan användarna och råvarans ursprung har i denna studie haft en signifikant betydelse för material acceptansen genom att skapa mening för användaren och att materialet primärt behöver applicerat i en produkt på ett sådant sätt att användaren känner tillit till dess prestanda. Resultatet presenteras i form av ett förslag på en användare studie och en produktprototyp. / A circular economy is based on the principles of designing away waste, where waste is seen as a raw material resource. To move to a fossil-free society, materials from renewable raw materials will be needed. Bio-based materials usually do not have the same technical characteristics and aesthetic expressions as existing materials, bio-based DIY materials developed from unconventional raw material resources can provoke strong positive and negative reactions among users. This study has investigated how a Material-driven design process through form and culture can create acceptance for a bio-based DIY material from an unconventional raw material resource. The study's main purpose has been to contribute with new knowledge to make it easier for designers in a Material Driven Design process to identify uses and product forms that can strengthen material acceptance among users. In-depth areas in the study are theories for Sustainable Development, Circular Economy, Bioeconomy, Material Driven Design for Sustainability and Culture Sensitive Design. The main method of the study has been Material Driven Design, which is covered by several design methods. The study shows that the cultural link between the users and the origin of the raw material has had a significant impact on material acceptance by creating meaning for the user and that the material primarily needs to be applied in a product in such a way that the user has confidence in its performance. The results are presented in the form of a proposal for a user study and a product concept.

Transcultural nursing refers to the provision of nursing care to patients whose values, beliefs and life-style differ from those of the nurse. To enable nurses to honour their ethical obligation to provide quality care, they must have the necessary knowledge to nurse patients across cultural boundaries. This study was conducted to determine the nurse's knowledge of and attitudes towards the culturally different patient. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Although nurses see it as a challenge to nurse patients from different cultures, it was found that they do not have the necessary knowledge to provide culture-sensitive care. Other factors, such as the nurse's attitude towards culturally different patients, communication problems, mistrust, prejudice and a lack of understanding of cultural uses and traditions, contribute to the lack of culture-sensitive care. The nursing profession should pay attention to these problems. / Health Studies / Van Tonder, Sally / M.A. (Nursing)

Transcultural nursing refers to the provision of nursing care to patients whose values, beliefs and life-style differ from those of the nurse. To enable nurses to honour their ethical obligation to provide quality care, they must have the necessary knowledge to nurse patients across cultural boundaries. This study was conducted to determine the nurse's knowledge of and attitudes towards the culturally different patient. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Although nurses see it as a challenge to nurse patients from different cultures, it was found that they do not have the necessary knowledge to provide culture-sensitive care. Other factors, such as the nurse's attitude towards culturally different patients, communication problems, mistrust, prejudice and a lack of understanding of cultural uses and traditions, contribute to the lack of culture-sensitive care. The nursing profession should pay attention to these problems. / Health Studies / Van Tonder, Sally / M.A. (Nursing)

Research studies have revealed that male circumcision (MC) reduces the transmission of HIV infection from infected women to circumcised men by up to 60% (UNAIDS 2007:2), hence the adoption of MC as an HIV-infection prevention strategy by the United Nations (WHO 2007:2). Botswana, a sub-Saharan African (SSA) country, has HIV as a leading health and developmental challenge. The government adopted male circumcision as one of the strategies to combat the infection. Apparently, not all tribes in Botswana practise male circumcision as part of their culture. The purpose of this study was to develop and describe a model for HIV-infection prevention using MC. Three theory-generating research objectives were used to develop the model, namely to explore and describe perceptions of men regarding the use of MC, to develop and describe a model for MC service delivery, and to develop and describe guidelines for service providers to facilitate delivery of MC. A theory-generating research design which is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual was used to develop the model in three phases. Phase 1 involved concept identification, concept definition, and concept classification. Data was collected using focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews among 38 men aged 18-49 years and analysed according to recommendations made by Tesch (1990), as cited in Creswell (2009:186). Four themes emerged in the study, namely perceived effects on values, perceived source and provision of information, perceived knowledge of benefits of male circumcision, and perceived risks of male circumcision. The concept of “culture congruence” was derived from the themes as the main concept for the development of a “culture-congruent MC model for HIV prevention”. Phase 2 involved a description of the structure and the process of the model, by organising the concepts in relation to one another. The model was also evaluated. Phase 3 of the model involved the development of guidelines to support health service providers to provide MC services in a culture-congruent way in preventing HIV infection. Recommendations made were incorporation of transcultural health care instruction in nursing and medicine curricula, research on secondary audiences, such as women, and application of a culture-congruent MC model among diverse cultures. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of the study was to determine professional nurses’ knowledge of culture- competent care at selected medical and oncology wards and outpatient departments in Mopani District, Limpopo Province. A quantitative descriptive design was used and data collected from one hundred and five professional nurses by means of a structured questionnaire. The study found that cultural knowledge needs to be nurtured through continuing education and mentoring and that culture-competent care should be included in the curriculum. Furthermore, cultural knowledge is not effective if there is no correlation of theory and practice and early clinical placement of student nurses during their basic training / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Research studies have revealed that male circumcision (MC) reduces the transmission of HIV infection from infected women to circumcised men by up to 60% (UNAIDS 2007:2), hence the adoption of MC as an HIV-infection prevention strategy by the United Nations (WHO 2007:2). Botswana, a sub-Saharan African (SSA) country, has HIV as a leading health and developmental challenge. The government adopted male circumcision as one of the strategies to combat the infection. Apparently, not all tribes in Botswana practise male circumcision as part of their culture. The purpose of this study was to develop and describe a model for HIV-infection prevention using MC. Three theory-generating research objectives were used to develop the model, namely to explore and describe perceptions of men regarding the use of MC, to develop and describe a model for MC service delivery, and to develop and describe guidelines for service providers to facilitate delivery of MC. A theory-generating research design which is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual was used to develop the model in three phases. Phase 1 involved concept identification, concept definition, and concept classification. Data was collected using focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews among 38 men aged 18-49 years and analysed according to recommendations made by Tesch (1990), as cited in Creswell (2009:186). Four themes emerged in the study, namely perceived effects on values, perceived source and provision of information, perceived knowledge of benefits of male circumcision, and perceived risks of male circumcision. The concept of “culture congruence” was derived from the themes as the main concept for the development of a “culture-congruent MC model for HIV prevention”. Phase 2 involved a description of the structure and the process of the model, by organising the concepts in relation to one another. The model was also evaluated. Phase 3 of the model involved the development of guidelines to support health service providers to provide MC services in a culture-congruent way in preventing HIV infection. Recommendations made were incorporation of transcultural health care instruction in nursing and medicine curricula, research on secondary audiences, such as women, and application of a culture-congruent MC model among diverse cultures. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of the study was to determine professional nurses’ knowledge of culture- competent care at selected medical and oncology wards and outpatient departments in Mopani District, Limpopo Province. A quantitative descriptive design was used and data collected from one hundred and five professional nurses by means of a structured questionnaire. The study found that cultural knowledge needs to be nurtured through continuing education and mentoring and that culture-competent care should be included in the curriculum. Furthermore, cultural knowledge is not effective if there is no correlation of theory and practice and early clinical placement of student nurses during their basic training / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)