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Translation is all about finding the similar word and expression in the target language ́s culture and to try to obtain the same message as the source text. What a translator does with a translation project from the source language to the target language includes a process where several elements interact: finding the correct terminology in the target culture and be able to transfer the connotation and the message to the reader in the target language. The aim of this investigation is to identify and analyze the difficulties that may appear in the process of translating cultural aspects between Swedish and Spanish. The source text is a Swedish study Mediebilden av Sverige efter Stieg Larsson och Millennium (Sweden beyond the Millennium and Stieg Larsson) by Joakim Lind (2012) that has been translated into Spanish. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the translation techniques neutralization and the cultural equivalent are most suitable to use in the translation of cultural elements. The results of the study showed what was expected from the beginning, that it was mostly these two translation techniques that were used: neutralization and the cultural equivalent, but in several cases it was necessary to use other techniques like literal translation. The process of translation cannot only depend on one or two translation techniques and the translator must be able to recognize when the appropriate technique should be used. In several cases it has to be a combination of two or three translation techniques to be able to reach a good final result of the translated text.

In questo lavoro si cerca di applicare i principi teorici e i metodi del filosofo e traduttologo franco-canadese Antoine Berman a uno studio comparativo di quattro traduzioni (tedesca, inglese, danese ed italiana) del volume di racconti El Llano en llamas, di Juan Rulfo. L'applicazione della griglia analitica di Berman mira ad identificare i processi di trasformazione linguistica e culturale - ai quali i traduttori devono cedere nell'affrontare un'opera di pensiero e lingua stranieri, e le negoziazioni necessarie per travasare lo stile e i micro-universi testuali di Rulfo alle quattro lingue di arrivo. L'obiettivo è di misurare l'operatività di questa metodologia per un'analisi comparativa che mira a stabilire come e in che misura i testi rulfiani siano stati trasposti. Di fronte alle tendenze che mettono al centro la leggibilità di una traduzione e la considerazione delle competenze e attese del lettore di arrivo, Berman offre una prospettiva di tipo ermeneutico che si basa sulla nozione di 'ospitalità linguistica': l'obiettivo della traduzione non è quello di rendere comprensibile, di annettere, l'estraneo, bensì quello di accoglierlo in quanto estraneo per arricchire l'orizzonte di arrivo. / This work seeks to apply the theoretical principles and methods of the French-Canadian philosopher and translation theorist Antoine Berman to a comparative study of four translations (German, English, Danish and Italian) of Juan Rulfo's El Llano en llamas. The application of Berman's analytical grid aims at identifying the processes of linguistic and cultural transformation to which the translators cede when dealing with a work conceived and written in a foreign language. The analysis thus focuses on describing the negotiations needed to transfer Rulfo's style and his textual micro-universes to the four target languages. The main objective is to measure the efficacy of this methodology for a comparative analysis aimed at establishing how and to what extent Rulfo's texts have been transposed. In contrast to theoretical approaches where the readability of a translation and the consideration of the target reader's competences and expectations are the main focus, Berman offers a hermeneutical perspective based on the notion of 'linguistic hospitality': the aim of translation is not that of making the foreign comprehensible, of annexing it, but rather that of hosting it as something foreign in order to enrich the target horizon.

El presente trabajo examina las estrategias traductoras utilizadas en la traslación al español de los topónimos y los conceptos referentes al patrimonio cultural y la naturaleza, es decir, los culturemas del relato sueco El maravilloso viaje de Nils Holgersson a través de Suecia escrito por Selma Lagerlöf. Dos traducciones surgidas en diferentes contextos sociohistóricos en España son contrastadas con el objetivo de determinar de qué manera divergen. Los resultados muestran que la primera traducción en gran medida adapta los conceptos específicos para Suecia al ambiente sociohistórico y natural reconocibles para el lector español. La segunda traducción, al contrario, lleva al lector hispanohablante conceptos que le podrían resultar exóticos. Los topónimos son adoptados sin grandes modificaciones. Aun así, ninguno de los traductores se ajusta a seguir una línea coherente de traducción, el hecho que se puede explicar por la pertenencia del relato al género de la literatura juvenil cuyos objetivos son tanto educar como entretener. / The present study examines the patterns used in the translation into Spanish of some Swedish place names and cultural and natural characteristics in Selma Lagerlöf’s novel The wonderful adventures of Nils. Two translations that emerged in different socio-historical contexts in Spain are compared in order to determine how they diverge. The results show that the first translation largely adapts the Sweden-specific concepts to the notions that are recognizable by the Spanish reader. The second translation, on the contrary, offers to a greater extent culture-specific phenomena to its readers. Place names are mainly adopted without modifications. Despite this, both translators rather use a strategy mix in order to adjust the text to its juvenile audience and to preserve both the didactic and the entertaining values of the Swedish text.

The aim of this paper is to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the semantic and pragmatic aspects of a translation from Spanish into Swedish. Taking advantage our extensive knowledge of the local area we selected a book about the cultural heritage of Seville. Owing to the differences in the two cultures we expected to find numerous foreign cultural words – that we call culturemes – throughout the book that have no direct equivalence in Swedish. Our intention was to detect them and describe by means of several examples the translation techniques we used in order to adapt the target text to the Swedish reader. At the end we also carried out a quantitative analysis of the 252 culturemes we found, with a table showing which translation techniques dominate, and the frequency of occurrence of other techniques. We aimed to transfer as many culturemes as possible in order to give the target text some local color. This is the strategy called foreignization, recommended by Venuti. Throughout the translation and analysis process we concluded that the translator must have a sound linguistic and cultural knowledge of both the source and target languages in order to successfully resolve cultural differences and create an idiomatic and pragmatic translation.