Les matériaux de structure pérovskite de formule générale ABO3 sont les ferroélectriques les plus étudiés pour leurs propriétés intéressantes dans de nombreuses applications technologiques. Cependant leurs propriétés sont directement reliées à la structure et sont fortement conditionnées par les transitions de phases qui dépendent de la température, de la composition chimique et de la pression. Dans le manuscrit de thèse, le comportement sous haute pression de deux matériaux pérovskite SrTi1-xZrxO3 (STZ) et KNb1-XTaXO3 (KNT) est étudié et différentes techniques de frittage pour améliorer la densité des céramiques et optimiser les propriétés ferroélectriques des céramiques K(Nb0.40Ta0.60)O3 et (KxNa1-x)Nb0.6Ta0.4O3 sont examinées.Des analyses sous hautes pressions par spectroscopie Raman et diffraction des rayons X des poudres de SrTi1-xZrxO3 (x= 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) et KNb1-XTaXO3 (x=0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9) en enclume diamant ont été réalisées. Les spectres Raman montrent une augmentation des modes Raman avec la pression pour les poudres de STZ indiquant que la pression induit des transitions de phases vers des symétries plus basses de la maille dans ces composés.De plus, les expériences de spectroscopie Raman ont fait apparaître une décroissance des modes Raman lorsque la pression est augmentée, montrant bien que la pression induit des transitions de phases vers des structure plus symétriques. L'évolution du mode Raman principal pour les phases orthorhombique et quadratique a été suivi jusqu'à ce que la phase cubique apparaîsse, ce qui nous a permis de proposer un diagramme de phase pression-composition pour les composés KNT.Trois différentes techniques de frittage, utilisation d'additifs, frittage en deux paliers et SPS ont été étudiées pour les céramiques de K(Nb0.4Ta0.6)O3 et (KxNa1-x)Nb0.6Ta0.4O3 . La constante diélectrique et les pertes en fonction de la température des céramiques ont été améliorées par l'utilisation du KF comme additif de frittage et par le frittage en deux paliers. Les échantillons densifiés par SPS présentent une microstructure fine et possèdent les plus fortes densités. Ils ont les meilleurs propriétés ferroélectriques. Aucun changement significatif de la température de Curie ne semble être induit par le taux de Na, et on observe cependant une augmentation de la constante diélectrique et des propriétés ferroélectriques suivant le taux de Na. / Perovskite materials whose general chemical formula is ABO3 are one of the most study ferroelectrics due to the interesting properties that they have for technological applications. However, their properties are directly related to structural phase transitions that could depend of temperature, composition and pressure. In the studies presented here, we first examined the high-pressure behavior of two perovskite materials SrTi1-xZrxO3 (STZ) and KNb1-XTaXO3 (KNT), and we later continued to investigate different sintering techniques in order to improve the densification, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of K(Nb0.40Ta0.60)O3 and (KxNa1-x)Nb0.6Ta0.4O3 ceramics.High-pressure Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction investigations of SrTi1-xZrxO3 (x= 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) and KNb1-XTaXO3 (x=0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9) powders were conducted in diamond anvil cells. Raman scattering experiments showed and increased of Raman modes with pressure for the STZ samples, which indicates that pressure induced phase transitions towards lower symmetry for these compounds.Moreover, high pressure Raman spectroscopy experiments showed a decrease of the Raman modes as the pressure was increased for the KNT samples, showing that pressure induced phase transitions towards higher symmetries. The evolution of the main Raman modes for the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases were followed until the cubic phase was reach, and allowed us to propose a pressure-composition phase diagram for the KNT compounds.Three different sintering techniques, sintered aids, two step sintering and spark plasma sintering, were used on K(Nb0.4Ta0.6)O3 and (KxNa1-x)Nb0.6Ta0.4O3 ceramics. The use of KF as sintered aid and the two step sintering method showed an improvement of the dielectric constant and dielectric losses of these samples. SPS samples presented a fine microstructure with the highest density and the best ferroelectric behavior. We did not detect any changes on the Curie temperature due the amount of Na but and increase of the dielectric constant and the ferroelectric properties was observed due to the amount of Na.

This thesis is a study of tailoring amorphous Fe-B-Si based alloy to produce bulk glassy rods by adding Nb. We have prepared rapid quenched thin ribbons (thickness ~12 µm) by melt spinning, and glassy rods of diameter ~1mm by Cu-mold casting based on compositions (Fe0.78B0.13Si0.9)100-xNbx (x=0, 4, 8, 12), and studied their different physical properties. The melt-spun ribbons are found to be X-ray amorphous, whereas some nano-crystallinity is observed in the case of rods. All the ribbons show high saturation magnetization and low coercivity, which are the desirable characteristics of a soft ferromagnet. These ribbons are thus suitable for designing high frequency transformers, and sensors from an applications point of view. With increasing Nb content their saturation magnetization, ferromagnetic Curie temperature, and resistivity are found to decrease as expected. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity shows small positive temperature co-efficient that is expected for a metallic disordered material. We have also studied the modification of the properties on thermal annealing the (Fe0.78B0.13Si0.9)96 Nb4 ribbon at different temperatures in a neutral atmosphere.

The alloys FeMnSi and Fe2MnCrSi were obtained in arc furnace in a helium atmosphere at the water-cooled copper ingot mold with the double remelting. Homogenizing annealing of the samples was carried out in a vacuum furnace at 950°C. X-ray analysis was carried out for structure investigation of the alloys. The diffraction patterns were obtained on the X-ray diffractometer Bruker D8 Advance, measurement results were processed using software FullProf v.2.05. Measurement of magnetization isotherms and dependences of the magnetization of alloys on magnetic field were carried out with vibration magnetometer7407 VSM (Lake Shore Cryotronics) in magnetic fields up to 1.7 T at temperature 80 – 400 K. Changes in magnetic part of entropy in various magnetic fields from 0.01 to 1.7 T calculated from isotherms. For sample Fe1.75Mn1.25Si it is shown that at the Curie temperature dependence of the changes of entropy on the magnetic field is almost linear. Obtained dependence of the magnetization on the field at temperatures Tc - 50 K (Tc – the Curie temperature) for all investigated compounds showed that the magnetization of samples decreases with increasing concentration of manganese and chromium. The Curie temperature for alloys Fe3-xMnxSi decreases with increasing of manganese concentration. For alloys Fe2Mn1-xCrxSi the Curie temperature increase with with increasing of chromium concentration. ∆T-effect for all compounds was measured by direct method on an automated installation for measurement of the specific heat and magnetocaloric effect MagEq MMS SV3 (AMT&C) in magnetic field 1.7 T at temperature 85-370 К. The magnitude of the magnetocaloric effect of the investigated compounds kept constant in the investigated manganese and chromium concentration range including at room temperature. / В дуговой печи были получены сплавы FeMnSi и Fe2MnCrSi в атмосфере гелия на водоохлаждаемой медной изложнице с двухкратной переплавкой. Гомогенизирующий отжиг образцов проводился в вакуумной печи при температуре 950°С. Для исследования структуры всех сплавов был проведен рентгеноструктурный анализ. Дифрактограммы были получены на рентгеновском дифрактометре Bruker D8 Advance, результаты измерения были обработаны с использованием программного обеспечения FullProf v.2.05. На вибрационном магнитометре 7407 VSM (Lake Shore Cryotronics) в магнитных полях до 1.7 Тл в температурном интервале от 80 до 400 K проведены измерения изотерм намагниченности и измерена зависимость намагниченности сплавов от магнитного поля. Рассчитано по изотермам изменение магнитной части энтропии в различных полях от 0.01 до 1.7 Тл. Для образца Fe1.75Mn1.25Si показано, что при температуре Кюри зависимость изменения энтропии от величины поля почти линейна. Полученные зависимости намагниченности от поля при температурах Tc – 50 К (Tc – температура Кюри) для всех исследуемых соединений показали, что намагниченность образцов уменьшается при увеличении концентрации марганца и хрома. Температура Кюри сплавов Fe3-xMnxSi уменьшается с ростом концентрации марганца. При увеличении концентрации хрома в соединении Fe2Mn1-xCrxSi температура Кюри растет. На автоматизированной установке для измерения магнитокалорического эффекта и теплоемкости MagEq MMS SV3 (AMT&C) измерен прямым методом ∆T-эффект всех соединений в магнитном поле 1.7 Тл в диапазоне температур 85-370 К. Величина магнитокалорического эффекта изученных соединений сохраняется неизменной в исследованном диапазоне концентраций марганца и хрома в том числе и при комнатной температуре.

In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials. A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles. A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.     Four different carbides, Cr7C3, Mo6C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.     TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.     MX and M23C6in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h. The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen. Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M23C6by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %. <b>Keywords:</b>Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M23C6, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature

<p>In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials.</p><p>A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles.</p><p>A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.</p><p>    Four different carbides, Cr₇C₃, Mo₆C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.</p><p>    TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.</p><p>    MX and M₂₃C₆in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h.</p><p>The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen.</p><p>Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M₂₃C₆by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M₂₃C₆, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature</p>

This paper discusses the search of an FeNi25-based alloy with a face-centered cubic crystal structure exhibiting a Curie point around room temperature, for magnetocaloric applications. Fe was substituted in various amounts with FCC-stabilising elements Mn and Co as these elements respectively decrease and increase the Curie Temperature, thus enabling to tune the Curie point. Three characterization methods were carried out on the samples: Magneto- thermo-gravimetry (MTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and finally, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements were performed. All samples displayed several Curie points, each corresponding to various FCC phases. Also, the last sample, FeNi25Mn6Co2, had an FCC phase fraction of almost 99% and presented two Curie points in the continuity of one another one at -35°C and another at 91°C. Hence, at room temperature, the sample underwent a magnetic phase transition passing from its ferromagnetic state to a paramagnetic one. / Detta arbete består i att utröna möjligheterna att med utgångspunkt från den binära sammansättningen FeNi25 erhålla en ytcentrerad kubisk fas (fcc) med en Curie punkt vid rumstemperatur. Syftet är att använda dessa legeringar i magnetokaloriska tillämpningar. Strategin är att både Mn och Co är fcc stabliliserande grundämnen, och att Mn sänker och Co ökar Curie temperaturen. Tre olika karakteriseringsmetoder användes; röntgendiffraktometri (struktur), Magneto-Termo-Gravimetri (magnetisering vs temperatur) och konventionell magnetometri vid rumstemperatur (magnetisering vs magnetiskt fält, Vibrating Sample Magnetometry VSM). Resultaten visar att även om kristallstrukturen i det närmaste är fullständigt fcc, så ger de magnetiska mätningarna vid handen att flera olika faser är vid handen med avesvärt olika Curie temperaturer. Som en illustration av detta förhållande kan nämnas att sammansättningen FeNi25Mn6Co2 uppvisar en fcc-fraktion på i det närmaste 99%, men har vid en M(T) mätning ett förlopp som enklast förklaras med en Curie punkt vid ca -35C och en ytterligare vid ca 90°C. Denna observation signalerar att de magnetiska egenskaperna torde vara mer beroende av exakt distribution av de ingående atomslagen i fcc strukturen än vad de röntgendiffraktometriska undersökningarna kan detektera.

Les travaux de cette thèse proposent le développement d’un procédé de fabrication de composants micro-structurés à base d’unmatériau magnétocalorique. A plus long terme, ces composants de type lame mince seront intégrés à des dispositifs deréfrigération magnétique. Leur réalisation par les procédés conventionnels tels que l’usinage n’est pas envisageable dansl’optique d’une industrialisation. La solution envisagée est basée sur la mise en forme de composants par réplication d’uncomposite magnétocalorique. Ce micro-composite est défini par le mélange des poudres magnétocaloriques hydrogénées detype La(Fe,Si)13 dans une matrice thermoplastique (PP, LDPE). Cette technique permet de bénéficier des avantages desprocédés de mise en forme des polymères comme l’extrusion ou le moulage par injection. Le développement d’un tel procédéest divisé en deux parties. La première partie concerne l’élaboration et la caractérisation du micro-compositemagnétocalorique. Les tests réalisés en mélangeur ont permis de proposer plusieurs formulations micro-compositesmagnétocaloriques selon différents taux de charge. Cette première partie du développement étudie les différents aspects dumatériau micro-composite comme la rhéologie et les propriétés magnétocaloriques des mélanges. La caractérisationrhéologique basée sur les tests au rhéomètre capillaire est réalisé afin d’évaluer la capacité de mise en forme des mélangesassociée au procédé d’extrusion-conformage. Les propriétés propres aux matériaux magnétocaloriques telles que la variationde température adiabatique (ΔT) et la température de Curie (Tc) sont investiguées. Le contrôle de la Tc par mesure DSC a misen évidence des problématiques de déshydrogénation des poudres liées à la température d’élaboration. L’impact du taux decharge en poudre est étudié par la mesure des ΔT permettant d’estimer les performances finales du micro-composite. Ladeuxième partie traite du développement du procédé de mise en forme par extrusion-conformage. Une ligne d’outillages dédiéeà l’extrusion-conformage des lames micro-structurées a été réalisée et validée à l’échelle du laboratoire. La stabilité de latempérature de Curie a été vérifiée tout au long du processus d’élaboration des composants micro-structurés. Les paramètresd’extrusion tels que la température d’extrusion ont pu être définis afin d’éviter la déshydrogénation des poudresmagnétocaloriques. Les composants extrudés sont caractérisés en termes d’homogénéité du taux de charge en poudre et detolérances géométriques aboutissant à la / This thesis proposes the development of a method of manufacturing micro-structured components made of a magnetocaloricmaterial. In the long term, these blade-type components will be integrated in magnetic refrigeration devices. On an industrialscale, their production by the conventional process, machining, is not possible. The solution proposed is based on shaping thecomponent by a replication process via a magnetocaloric composite material. This micro-composite is defined by the mixtureof hydrogenated magnetocaloric powders of La(Fe,Si)13 in a thermoplastic matrix (PP, LDPE). This technique allowsutilization of the polymer shaping process, extrusion. The development of this process is divided into two parts. The first partconcerns the development and characterization of the magnetocaloric micro-composite. Results from tests performed with themixer allow the proposal of several micro-composite formulations under different loading rates. These formulations are thenstudied for various aspects of micro-composite material. The rheological characterization based on capillary rheometer tests istaken to evaluate the shaping ability of the mixtures associated with the extrusion process. Specific properties ofmagnetocaloric materials such as the adiabatic temperature variation (ΔT) and the Curie temperature (Tc) are also investigated.The control of the Tc by DSC measurement highlighted problematic dehydrogenation of the powders as a result of theelaboration temperature. The impact of loading rate is studied by measuring the ΔT in order to estimate the final performanceof the micro-composite. The second part deals with the development of the shaping process by extrusion. A tooling linededicated to extrusion of the micro-structured blades is carried out and validated at the laboratory scale. The stability of Tc ischecked throughout the elaboration process of the micro-structured components. The extrusion parameters are defined to avoidthe dehydrogenation of magnetocaloric powders. The extruded components are characterized in terms of homogeneity of thepowder loading rate and geometric tolerances resulting in the validation of the developed process. The industrial transfer isnow possible to a large scale production.

Magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors and magnetic metallic multilayers are investigated by SQUID magnetometry. By doping GaAs with magnetic Mn2+ ions under well defined growth conditions, one obtains a diluted magnetic semiconductor, (Ga,Mn)As, in which the randomly-distributed magnetic ions act as acceptor centers. At high enough dopant and hole concentration a carrier-induced ferromagnetic state results between the magnetic ions. Due to peculiarities of the growth process sizable amounts of donor defects, such as Mn interstitials and As antisites, are also introduced into the GaAs host. The magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As are altered by the presence of such defects through the compensation effect of the holes. The Mn interstitials are thermally unstable above a certain threshold temperature and therefore their concentration can be controlled by post-growth annealing. The influence of the interfaces on the magnetic moment of FeNi/V and FeNi/Co superlattices has been studied. A decrease of the `FeNi' magnetic moment at the interfaces is observed for FeNi/V superlattices while in case of FeNi/Co an enhanced magnetic moment is obtained at the interfaces. Changes of the interlayer exchange coupling have been studied in a series of Fe/V(Fe) multilayers in which the V spacer was alloyed with small amounts of Fe. The dynamic magnetic properties of discontinuous metal-insulator multilayers of Ni81Fe19/Al2O3 have been investigated. By varying the thickness of the insulator the system exhibits a superferromagnetic, a 3d spin-glass-like and a superparamagnetic behavior.

Cette thèse est principalement consacrée à l'étude des inhomogénéités de taille nanométrique dans les systèmes magnétiques désordonnés ou dilués. La présence d'inhomogénéités, souvent mise en évidence dans de nombreux matériaux, donne lieu à des propriétés physiques intéressantes et inattendues. La possibilité de ferromagnétisme à l'ambiante dans certains matéraux a généré un grand enthousiasme en vue d'application dans la spintronique. Cependant, d'un point de vue fondamental la physique de ces systèmes reste peu explorée et mal comprise. Dans ce manuscrit, on se propose de fournir une étude théorique complète et détaillée des effets des inhomogenéités de tailles nanométriques sur les propriétés magnétiques dans les systèmes dilués. Tout d'abord, on montre que l'approche RPA locale autocohérente est l'outil le plus adapté et fiable pour un traitement approprié du désordre et de la percolation. Nous avons implémenté cet outil et étudié dans un premier temps, les propriétés magnétiques dynamiques d'un modèle Heisenberg dilué (couplages premiers voisins) sur un reseau cubique simple. Nous avons reproduit précisémment la disparition de l'ordre à longue portée au seuil de percolation et comparé ce travail à des études précédentes. Dans le cadre d'un Hamiltonien minimal (modèle $V$-$J$) nous avons ensuite étudié en détails les propriétés magnétiques de (Ga,Mn)As (température critique, excitations magnétiques, stiffness,..). Nous avons obtenu de très bon accords avec les calculs textit{ab initio} et les résulats expérimentaux. Finalement, nous avons étudié les effets des inhomogénéités dans les sytèmes dilués. Nous avons montré, qu'inclure des inhomogenéités pourrait s'averer être une voie très efficace et prometteuse pour dépasser l'ambiante dans de nombreux matériaux. Nous avons pu obtenir une augmentation colossale de la température critique dans certains cas comparée à celle des systèmes dilués homogènes. Nous avons atteint une augmentation de 1600% dans certains cas. Nous avons également analysé les effets des inhomogénéités sur les courbes d'aimantations, elles sont inhabituelles et peu conventionelles dans ces systèmes. Les spectres d'excitations magnétiques sont très complexes, avec des structures très riches, et présentent de nombreux modes discrets à haute energie. De plus, nos calculs ont montré que la ``spin-stiffness" est fortement supprimé par l'introduction d'inhomogénéités. Il reste encore de nombreuses voies à explorer, ce travail devrait servir de base à de futures études théoriques et expérimentales des systèmes inhomogènes. / This thesis is mainly devoted to the study of nanoscale inhomogeneities in diluted and disordered magnetic systems. The presence of inhomogeneities was detected experimentally in several disordered systems which in turn gave rise to various interesting and unexpected properties. In particular, the possibility of room-temperature ferromagnetism generated a huge thrust in these inhomogeneous materials for potential spintronics applications. However, a proper theoretical understanding of the underlying physics was a longstanding debate. In this manuscript we provide a detailed theoretical account of the effects of these nanoscale inhomogeneities on the magnetic properties of diluted systems. First we show the importance of disorder effects in these systems, and the need to treat them in an appropriate manner. The self-consistent local RPA (SC-LRPA) theory, based on finite temperature Green's function, is found to be the most reliable and accurate tool for this. We have successfully implemented the SC-LRPA to study the dynamical magnetic properties of the 3D nearest-neighbor diluted Heisenberg model. The percolation threshold is found to be reproduced exactly in comparison with previous existing studies. Following this, we discuss the essential role of a minimal model approach to study diluted magnetic systems. The one-band $V$-$J$ model, has been used to calculate the Curie temperature and the spin excitation spectrum in (Ga,Mn)As. An excellent agreement is obtained with first principles based calculations as well as experiments. Finally we propose an innovative path to room-temperature ferromagnetism in these materials, by nanoscale cluster inclusion. We find a colossal increase in $T_C$ of up to 1600% compared to the homogeneous case in certain cases. Also the spontaneous magnetization is found to exhibit anomalous non-mean-field like behavior in the presence of inhomogeneities. In addition we observe a complex nature of the magnon excitation spectrum with prominent features appearing at high energies, which is drastically different from the homogeneous case. Our study interestingly reveals a strong suppression of the spin-stiffness in these inhomogeneous systems. The results indicate toward the strong complexities associated with the interplay/competition between several typical length scales. We believe this work would strongly motivate detailed experimental as well as theoretical studies in this direction in the near future.

The submitted thesis describes characteristics and use of the ferroelectric material which has their utilization in electronics and electro technical industry. The thesis describes behaviour ferroelectrics in temperature range. A suitable workplace was designed and its functionality was verified in selected ferroelectrics samples dependence of temperature of components of complex permittivity.