Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:11:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferdinando_ErickMascagni_M.pdf: 4072305 bytes, checksum: 524e54d5ac7720b7285629f0cf0b5059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Estudos recentes têm mostrado a relevância da pesquisa de modelos de desvanecimento em condições severas. Um desses modelos mais recentes é conhecido como desvanecimento k-? Extreme. Esta dissertação apresenta algumas aproximações em fórmula fechada para as estatísticas de ordem superior do modelo de desvanecimento k-? Extreme. A razão para as aproximações surge do fato de que a formulação clássica para encontrar a taxa de cruzamento de nível possui limitações, que afetam sua aplicação no modelo de desvanecimento aqui estudado. A limitação básica diz respeito ao fato de a formulação clássica aplicar-se apenas a processos contínuos, o que não reflete o caso k-? Extreme. Com base nisso, e na análise de curvas empíricas, cujos diversos dados de campo enquadram-se nas estatísticas de primeira ordem do modelo k-? Extreme, as propostas de aproximações foram formuladas. As comparações com os dados de campo mostram que as aproximações propostas fornecem excelentes resultados / Abstract: Recent studies have shown the research relevance of fading models under severe fading conditions. One of these newest models is known as k-? Extreme fading. This dissertation presents some closed-form approximations to the high-order statistics of the k-? Extreme model. The reason for the approximations arises from the fact that the classical formulation to find the level crossing rate has limitations, which affect its applicability in the fading model studied here. The basic limitation of the classic formulation concerns the fact that it applies to continuous processes, which is not the case of the k-? Extreme. In light of this, and in the analysis of empirical curves, whose different field data closely follow the first-order statistics of the k-? Extreme model, the proposed approximations have been formulated. The comparisons with field data show that the proposed approximations yield excellent results / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: José Cândido Silveira Santos Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_BernardoVieira_M.pdf: 1970441 bytes, checksum: 67f065ec5f220f208a22685648840f7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Em comunicações sem fio, o fenômeno de desvanecimento por múltiplos percursos é modelado por meio de várias distribuições estatísticas, como por exemplo, Rayleigh, Rice, Hoyt e Nakagami-m. Este trabalho propõe e analisa um novo esquema de simulação fase-envoltória para canais de desvanecimento do tipo Nakagami-m. As principais vantagens do esquema proposto são (i) permitir valores reais arbitrários do parâmetro de desvanecimento, (ii) corresponder às estatísticas de primeira ordem exatas do modelo Nakagami-m e (iii) fornecer uma excelente aproximação às estatísticas de segunda ordem associadas tradicionalmente ao modelo Nakagami-m. A análise do simulador proposto é feita com base na obtenção de expressões exatas e em forma fechada para estatísticas importantes de segunda ordem, a saber: (i) funções densidade de probabilidade conjuntas envolvendo a envoltória, a fase e suas derivadas temporais, (ii) função densidade de probabilidade de segunda ordem da envoltória, (iii) taxa de cruzamento de nível, (iv) duração média de desvanecimento e (v) taxa de cruzamento de fase. Como subproduto, são também obtidas expressões exatas em forma fechada para a função de distribuição acumulada da fase Nakagami-m e sua inversa. O esquema proposto á baseado na combinação em cascata de dois simuladores existentes para canais Nakagami-m, random-mixture e rank - matching, superando ambos em desempenho. Para efeito de comparação, algumas estatísticas de segunda ordem desconhecidas para estes dois simuladores são também obtidas de forma exata e fechada / Abstract: In wireless communications, the multipath fading phenomenon is modeled by various statistical distributions such as Rayleigh, Rice, Hoyt, and Nakagami-m. This work proposes and analyzes a new phase-envelope simulation scheme for Nakagami- m fading channels. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are (i) to allow for arbitrary real values of the fading parameter, (ii) to exactly match the Nakagami-m first order statistics, and (iii) to closely match the second-order statistics classically assigned to Nakagami-m fading. The analysis of the proposed simulator is performed by deriving exact closed-form expressions for important second-order statistics, namely (i) joint probability density functions involving the envelope, the phase, and their time derivatives, (ii) second-order probability density function of the envelope, (iii) level crossing rate, (iv) average fade duration, and (v) phase crossing rate. As a byproduct, we also obtain exact closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function of the Nakagami-m phase and its inverse. The proposed scheme is based on a cascade combination of two existing Nakagami-m fading channel simulators, random - mixture and rank - matching, outperforming the both. For comparison, some unknown second-order statistics of these two simulators are also obtained in exact closed form / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Ernesto Ruppert Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MendozaLlerena_MariaTeresa_D.pdf: 1988992 bytes, checksum: 5dd20f521a3399d8647dd84af1564344 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O conhecimento dos valores dos parâmetros do modelo matemático dinâmico de geradores síncronos é de fundamental importância para a análise e controle de sistemas de energia elétrica. Os parâmetros elétricos do modelo matemático dinâmico do gerador síncrono, objetos deste trabalho, são as reatâncias síncronas de eixo d e q, as reatâncias transitórias e subtransitórias de eixos d e q e as constantes de tempo transitórias e subtransitórias de circuito aberto e de curto circuito de eixos d e q. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se metodologias de estimação dos parâmetros do modelo dinâmico de um gerador síncrono, no domínio do tempo e da frequência, usando métodos de otimização como o método de Levy, Gauss-Newton, Levenberg-Marquardt e o método Híbrido. Discute-se, particularmente, a metodologia de estimação dos parâmetros elétricos de um gerador síncrono de polos salientes, através dos dados obtidos dos ensaios de resposta em freqüência com rotor em repouso. Os resultados foram obtidos em laboratório, usando um gerador síncrono de 2 kVA, 230 V, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz. Compararam-se estes resultados com os valores dos parâmetros obtidos em ensaios de curto circuito trifásico brusco e de rejeição de carga / Abstract: The knowledge of the parameter values of synchronous generator dynamic mathematical model has fundamental importance for the analysis and control of power systems. The electrical parameters of synchronous generator dynamic mathematical model, that are the object of this work, are the synchronous reactances in the axis d and q, the transient and subtransient time constants in the axis d and q in open circuit and short circuit. In this work, it is presented methodologies for parameters estimation of a dynamic model of synchronous generator, in the time domain and frequency domain, using optimization methods like the method of Levy, Gauss-Newton, Levenberg-Marquardt, and Hybrid method. It is discussed, particularly, the methodology for estimating the electrical parameters of a salient pole synchronous generator, using data obtained by the frequency response test. The results were obtained in the laboratory using a, 2 kVA, 230 V, 1800 rpm, 60 Hz synchronous generator and compared with the parameter values obtained in tests of short-circuit and load rejection / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The main goal of this thesis is to obtain lateral parameters of the Magic Formula tire model of a tire commonly used in Formula Student competition. Both the author and the supervisor of the thesis know the tire name and its specification, but the research company that did the tire testing and provided me with the date prohibits sharing this of data publicly, so the tire designation is not mentioned in this thesis. The first chapter covers main theoretical facts related to a tire, briefly describes some of the tire models and shows possibilities how to determine tire characteristics that are used in a tire model. The thesis describes how to process raw tire data measured during a laboratory experiment using scripts created in Matlab software. The inputs variables are slip angle, lateral force, normal force and inclination angle. Raw data are splitted into parts, main coefficients of the Magic formula model (B, C, D, E, Sh, Sv) are calculated and subsequently the lateral parameters are obtained using least square method to fit parameters into the measured data. The works gives two main outcomes. The first output is a set of Matlab scripts that can be used to determine lateral parameters of any tire that has the same input data format as presented. A TIR file of the Formula Student tire in case of lateral slip is the second result of the work. This can be used for vehicle dynamics simulation of Formula Student racing car. The thesis also offers a comparison between parameters, which I calculated, and those gained thanks to Optimum Tire software by Calspan research company. Additionally the work shows the effect of load and inclination angle on lateral force.

This thesis is focused on the dynamic drawing analysis. It deals with tracing drawing tests that can be applied for the analysis. It also deals with method for temporal segmentation of emerging drawings and also vectorization of resulted segments of drawings.

Maintenance of apico-basal polarity is essential for epithelial integrity and requires particular reinforcement during tissue morphogenesis, when cells are reorganised, undergo shape changes and remodel their junctions. It is well established that epithelial integrity during morphogenetic processes depends on the dynamic exchange of adherens junction components, but our knowledge on the dynamics of other proteins and their dynamics during these processes is still limited. The early Drosophila embryo is an ideal system to study membrane dynamics during morphogenesis. Here, morphogenetic activities differ along the anterior-posterior axis, with the extending germband showing a high degree of epithelial remodelling. We developed a Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) assay with a higher temporal resolution, which allowed the distinction between a fast and a slow component of recovery of membrane proteins during the germband extension stage. We show for the first time that the recovery kinetics of a general membrane marker, SpiderGFP, differs in the anterior and posterior parts of the embryo, which correlates well with the different morphogenetic activities of the respective embryonic regions. Interestingly, absence of crumbs, a polarity regulator essential for epithelial integrity in the Drosophila embryo, decreases the fast component of SpiderGFP and of the apical marker Stranded at Second-Venus specifically in the anterior region. We suggest that the defects in kinetics observed in crumbs mutant embryos are the first signs of tissue instability in this region, explaining the earlier breakdown of the head epidermis in comparison to that of the trunk, and that diffusion in the plasma membrane is affected by the absence of Crumbs.

由於一般投資人在買進或賣出選擇權時，並不會同時買進多個履約價的選擇權，故會造成選擇權隱含波動度的微笑曲線出現有不連續的現象。本文嘗試運用台指選擇權建構一個日內的隱含波動度微笑曲線交易策略，利用曲線配適的方法來捕捉瞬間時點下隱含波動度曲線發生不連續的現象，雖然最後出來的損益並不如預期但還是驗證了台指選擇權市場有多次這種不連續的機會且價格失衡的狀態會回歸正常。 / Option’s implied volatility smile curves discontinuous phenomenon exists when general investors buy or sell options, they won’t buy in every strike’s options. This paper attempts to use Taiwan Index Options (trading code: TXO) to construct a trading strategy based on the implied volatility. We use curve fitting method to capture volatility smile curve’s instant discontinuous. Although we find out that the strategy won’t make a profit, there were several times when TXO market’s implied volatility smile curves were discontinuous, and the market option price will eventually go back to the theoretical price.

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA) est une déformation tridimensionnelle (3D) de la colonne vertébrale. Pour la plupart des patients atteints de SIA, aucun traitement chirurgical n’est nécessaire. Lorsque la déformation devient sévère, un traitement chirurgical visant à réduire la déformation est recommandé. Pour déterminer la sévérité de la SIA, l’imagerie la plus utilisée est une radiographie postéroantérieure (PA) ou antéro-postérieure (AP) du rachis. Plusieurs indices sont disponibles à partir de cette modalité d’imagerie afin de quantifier la déformation de la SIA, dont l’angle de Cobb. La conduite thérapeutique est généralement basée sur cet indice. Cependant, les indices disponibles à cette modalité d’imagerie sont de nature bidimensionnelle (2D). Celles-ci ne décrivent donc pas entièrement la déformation dans la SIA dû à sa nature tridimensionnelle (3D). Conséquemment, les classifications basées sur les indices 2D souffrent des mêmes limitations. Dans le but décrire la SIA en 3D, la torsion géométrique a été étudiée et proposée par Poncet et al. Celle-ci mesure la tendance d’une courbe tridimensionnelle à changer de direction. Cependant, la méthode proposée est susceptible aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D et elle est calculée localement au niveau vertébral. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique par l’approximation de longueurs d’arcs locaux et par paramétrisation de courbes dans la SIA. Une première étude visera à étudier la sensibilité de la nouvelle méthode présentée face aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D du rachis. Par la suite, deux études cliniques vont présenter la iv torsion géométrique comme indice global et viseront à démontrer l’existence de sous-groupes non-identifiés dans les classifications actuelles et que ceux-ci ont une pertinence clinique. La première étude a évalué la robustesse de la nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique chez un groupe de patient atteint de la SIA. Elle a démontré que la nouvelle technique est robuste face aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D du rachis. La deuxième étude a évalué la torsion géométrique utilisant cette nouvelle méthode dans une cohorte de patient avec des déformations de type Lenke 1. Elle a démontré qu’il existe deux sous-groupes, une avec des valeurs de torsion élevées et l’autre avec des valeurs basses. Ces deux sous-groupes possèdent des différences statistiquement significatives, notamment au niveau du rachis lombaire avec le groupe de torsion élevée ayant des valeurs d’orientation des plans de déformation maximales (PMC) en thoraco-lombaire (TLL) plus élevées. La dernière étude a évalué les résultats chirurgicaux de patients ayant une déformation Lenke 1 sous-classifiées selon les valeurs de torsion préalablement. Cette étude a pu démontrer des différences au niveau du PMC au niveau thoraco-lombaire avec des valeurs plus élevées en postopératoire chez les patients ayant une haute torsion. Ces études présentent une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique et présentent cet indice quantitativement. Elles ont démontré l’existence de sous-groupes 3D basés sur cet indice ayant une pertinence clinique dans la SIA, qui n’étaient pas identifiés auparavant. Ce projet contribue dans la tendance actuelle vers le développement d’indices 3D et de classifications 3D pour la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent. / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine. For most patients, no surgical intervention is required. However, for patients with severe deformities, surgery is often recommended. Postero-anterior (PA) and antero-posterior (AP) x-rays are the most common modality for viewing and evaluating this deformity. From this imaging modality, clinical indices such as the Cobb angle can quantify and evaluate the severity of AIS. Clinical decision making is often based on this descriptor. However, the descriptors based on spinal radiographies are two- dimensional (2D) by nature. Therefore, they do not fully describe the deformity in AIS due to its three-dimensional (3D) nature. Poncet et al. have studied and presented geometric torsion as a 3D descriptor of AIS. This index measures a curve’s tendency to twist out of a plane. However, the method presented in their study is susceptible to errors from an imperfect 3D spinal reconstruction due to the local approach taken and is presented in a qualitative fashion. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate a new method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS employing parametric curve fitting techniques based on local arc-length approximations. The first study attempts to evaluate the sensitivity of the presented method of estimating geometric torsion against noisy data or 3D reconstruction errors. Two clinical studies will then present this descriptor as a quantitative measurement of AIS and will attempt to identify potential new sub-groups and demonstrate the clinical relevance of these new sub-groups. vi The first study evaluated the robustness of the new method in estimating geometric torsion in the presence of reconstruction errors. This study demonstrated that the new method is robust to 3D spinal reconstruction errors and achieves quantitative measures in a global fashion. The second study evaluated this new method of estimating geometric torsion in patients with Lenke type 1 deformities. This study identified two sub-groups based on torsion values, a high torsion and a low torsion group. These two sub-groups showed differences in the orientation of the planes of maximum deformity (PMC) in the thoraco-lumbar segment of the spine with the high torsion group having greater values. The last study evaluated the surgical results of patients with Lenke type 1 deformities having been sub-classified in high and low torsion groups. This study showed differences in TLL PMC with the high torsion group of patients having higher values pre and post-operatively, These studies present a novel method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS and present this 3D descriptor quantitatively. They have demonstrated the existence of new sub-groups within current classification systems that were previously undetected and have shown the clinical relevance of this new method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS. This project contributes towards the development of new 3D indices for AIS and opens the door to potential new 3D classifications.

Large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy technologies is important for counteracting anthropogenic climate change and achieving universal energy access. This thesis explores potential growth rates of technologies necessary to reach a more sustainable global energy system, the material and energy flows required to commission these technologies, and potential future availability of the required resources. These issues are investigated in five papers. Potential future growth rates of wind energy and solar photovoltaics, and the associated material requirements are explored, taking the expected service life of these technologies into account. Methodology for assessing net energy return and natural resource use for wind energy systems are analyzed. Potential future availability of lithium and phosphate rock are also investigated. Estimates of energy and materials required for technologies such as wind energy and photovoltaics vary, and depend on the assumptions made and methods used. Still, it is clear that commissioning of low-carbon technologies on the scale required to reach and sustain a low-carbon energy system in coming decades requires significant quantities of both bulk materials and scarcer resources. For some technologies, such as thin film solar cells and electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries, availability of materials could become an issue for potential growth rates. Future phosphate rock production could become highly dependent on few countries, and potential political, social and environmental aspects of this should be investigated in more detail. Material and energy flows should be considered when analyzing growth rates of low-carbon technologies. Their estimated service life can indicate sustainable growth rates of technologies, as well as when materials are available for end-of-life recycling. Resource constrained growth curve models can be used to explore future production of natural resources. A higher disaggregation of these models can enable more detailed analysis of potential constraints. This thesis contributes to the discussion on how to create a more sustainable global energy system, but the methods to assess current and future energy and material flows, and availability of natural resources, should be further developed in the future.

[pt] Efeitos da taxa de deformação nas propriedades mecânicas podem ser significativos na simulação do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas deformadas plasticamente, e o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliá-los através de duas tarefas complementares: (i) desenvolver e qualificar uma metodologia apropriada para a medição de propriedades mecânicas dinâmicas, incluindo os requisitos necessários para medir e ajustar da melhor forma possível os dados experimentais, quantificando a incerteza a eles associada; e (ii) verificar a influência da estratégia de medição das propriedades mecânicas na previsibilidade do comportamento de estruturas sujeitas a impactos.Os modelos que descrevem o comportamento mecânico dinâmico são baseados na taxa de deformação de/dt, mas freqüentemente seus parâmetros são medidos em testes controlados pela velocidade do carregamento. Todavia, a taxa de/dt não permanece constante nos testes feitos sob velocidade fixa, o que aumenta a incerteza das previsões baseadas nos parâmetros assim medidos. Para avaliar quantitativamente a influência das estratégias de controle nas propriedades mecânicas, primeiro foi estabelecido um procedimento estatístico apropriado para determinar o número de corpos de prova necessários para medir propriedades dinâmicas dentro de um nível de confiança desejado. Todos os dados foram medidos em duplicata, controlando as taxas de deformação ou a velocidade de carregamento imposta nos corpos de prova, numa larga faixa, 10(-4) menor ou igual a de/dt menor ou igual a 10/s, em testes particularmente feitos com cuidado. A aquisição e tratamento dos dados foram feitos através de um programa desenvolvido em Labview. Um programa desenvolvido em Mathcad foi usado para otimizar os parâmetros dos diversos modelos estudados ao conjunto de dados medidos via um algoritmo Levenberg–Marquardt. A partir deste estudo é proposto um novo modelo que descreve adequadamente o patamar de escoamento, e minimiza os erros de ajuste na região de transição elastoplástica, de grande importância na análise estrutural. Um pórtico simples foi escolhido para verificar o efeito das propriedades dinâmicas nas simulações numéricas feitas no programa LS-DYNA, tradicionalmente usado para modelar impactos elastoplásticos. Vários destes pórticos foram submetidos a impactos numa máquina de queda livre (dropweight), para induzir deformações plásticas variáveis em função das velocidades de impacto. As deformações medidas foram comparadas com as previstas usando as propriedades obtidas sob as duas estratégias de controle, e ajustadas pelos diversos modelos estudados. Desta forma pode-se finalmente quantificar a influência da metodologia de medição das propriedades mecânicas dinâmicas na previsibilidade do comportamento de estruturas sujeitas a impactos elastoplásticos. / [en] The strain rate effects in the mechanical properties can be significant in the simulation of the dynamic behavior in plastic deformed structures, this work has the objective to evaluate these effects through two complementary tasks: (i) to develop and qualify an appropriate methodology for the measurement of dynamic mechanical properties, including the requirements necessary to measure and to adjust of the best possible way the experimental data, quantifying the uncertainty they associated; and (ii) to verify the influence of the strategy of measurement of the mechanical properties in the prediction of the behavior of structures submitted to impacts.The models that describe the dynamic mechanical behavior are based on the strain rate de/dt, but usually its parameters are measured in controlled tests by the speed of loading. However, the rate de/dt does not remain constant in the tests realized with fixed speed, which it increases the uncertainty of the predictions based on the measured parameters. For a quantitative evaluation of the influence of the control strategies in the mechanical properties, was first established a appropriated statistical procedure to determine the number of specimens necessary to measure dynamic properties with a acceptable level of reliability. All the data were measured twice, controlling the strain rate or the loading speed imposed in the specimens, in a wide range, 10(-4) less than or equal de/dt less than or equal 10/s, in tests particularly realized with care. The acquisition and data processing were made through a program developed in Labview. A program developed in Mathcad was used to optimize the parameters of the diverse models studied to the data set measured by a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. From this study is proposed a new model that describes the yieldind adequately, and minimizes the errors of fitting in the region of transition elasto-plastic, that plays a great role in the structural analysis.A simple porch was chosen to verify the effect of the dynamic properties in the numerical simulations made in program LS-DYNA, used traditionally to simulate elasto-plastics impacts. Several of these porches had been submitted to impacts in a machine of free fall (drop-weight), to induce variable plastic strains in function of the impact speeds. The measured strains were compared with the predicted ones using the properties obtained with the two strategies of control, and adjusted by the diverse studied models. In such way the influence of measurement methodology of the dynamic mechanical properties in the prediction of the behavior of structures submitted to elasto-plastics impacts can be quantified.