Este trabalho apresenta a construção dos conjuntos dos números naturais, inteiros, racionais e reais, buscando contemplar uma mediação entre alunos e professores do ensino médio que possa contribuir em uma abordagem facilitadora para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. A construção dos conjuntos numéricos é feita de modo progressivo, apresentando leis e propriedades que definem cada um deles. Os capítulos apresentam teoremas que são provados de modo que o leitor possa conseguir, efetivamente, estabelecer um elo entre a teoria matemática e suas abstrações iniciais inerentes aos estudantes em formação. / This work presents the construction of the sets of natural, integer, rational and real numbers, aiming to contemplate a mediation between high school students and teachers that can contribute to an easy approach to the teaching and learning processes. The construction of the numerical sets is done progressively presenting laws and properties that define each one of them. The chapters present theorems that are proven so that the reader can effectively establish a link between mathematical theory and its initial abstractions inherent in the students in formation.

A redução da idade ao abate é considerada uma das tecnologias mais impactantes na melhoria da textura da carne bovina. Todavia, esta possibilidade não se aplica à produção de carne de vacas, pelo fato do abate ocorrer após o cumprimento da finalidade reprodutiva do animal. A alternativa seria a modificação da taxa de renovação tecidual através da alteração no ritmo de crescimento durante o período de terminação dos animais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar contribuição do tecido conjuntivo intramuscular na textura da carne de fêmeas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram fêmeas de descarte da raça Nelore, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte (CNPGC)/EMBRAPA, situado no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os animais foram submetidos a dois manejos de suplementação alimentar durante a estação seca: T1. suplementação para promover manutenção; T2. restrição seguida de suplementação para promover ganho compensatório. Quatro abates ocorreram de maneira seriada durante o período de recomposição do peso e escore corporal do grupo de crescimento compensatório. As carcaças de 38 fêmeas da raça Nelore, com idade entre de 4 a 12 anos, foram avaliadas para seguintes características: área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, marmorização; peso proporcional de órgão e rendimento de cortes. Além dessas características foi analisado o efeito do manejo e do tempo de maturação na maciez da carne, no colágeno e na espessura e tensão do perimísio. Para os animais do grupo compensatório, houve aumento da massa muscular e diminuição da proporção óssea com aumento do tempo no grupo submetido a realimentação. O tempo de maturação influenciou a proporção de colágeno solúvel somente no músculo Longissimus dorsi (P<0,05). O Semitendinosus apresentou maior conteúdo de colágeno total e menor de colágeno solúvel quando comparado aos músculos Triceps brachii e Longissimus dorsi. A espessura média do perimísio não foi diferente (P>0,05) entre os manejos embora carnes mais duras tenham apresentado maior espessura de perimísio no músculo Semitendinosus. Este músculo apresentou perimísio mais espesso que o Longissimus dorsi. Não foi encontrado efeito para manejos e classes de maciez neste estudo (P>0,05) para as variáveis de força de ruptura do perimísio, extensão do perimísio no ponto de ruptura e máxima rigidez. A contribuição do tecido conjuntivo e solubilidade do colágeno sobre a textura da carne, não apresentou padrão consistente nos músculos. / Reducing the age at time of slaughter is considered one of the most impressive technologies in improving the texture of beef. However, this process does not apply to the production of meat from cows, because the slaughter occurs after completion of the animal\'s reproductive purpose. The alternative would be to modify the rate of tissue renewal through the change in growth rate during the finishing period of the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of intramuscular connective tissue in the texture of the meat of female under different management systems. The animals used in the experiment were cull females Nellore, belonging to the National Center for Research in Beef Cattle (CNPGC) / EMBRAPA, located in Mato Grosso do Sul. The animals were subjected to two managements of food supplementation during dry season: T1. supplementation to promote maintenance; T2. restriction followed by supplementation to promote compensatory growth. Four serially killing occurred during the period of restoration of weight and body condition score of the group of compensatory growth. Carcasses of 38 Nelore females, aged 4-12 years were evaluated for the following features: rib eye area, fat thickness, marbling, proportional weight of organ and performance of prime cuts. These features analyzed the effect of management and the maturation time of meat tenderness, collagen and thickness and tension of the perimysium. For group compensation, there was an increase in adiposity and decrease in the proportion of bone with increased time in the group subjected to feedback. The aging time influenced the proportion of soluble collagen in the Longissimus dorsi muscle (P <0,05). The Semitendinosus had higher collagen content and lower total soluble collagen compared to muscle Longissimus dorsi and Triceps brachii. The average perimysium thickness showed no difference (P> 0.05) between the managements although tougher meat had a greater thickness in Semitendinosus muscle. This muscle was found to be thicker than the perimysium of Longissimus dorsi. No effect was found for management classes and softness in this study (P> 0.05) for the variables of breaking strength of the perimysium, perimysium extension at the breaking point and maximum rigidity. The contribution of connective tissue and collagen solubility on the texture of the flesh, showed no consistent pattern in the muscles.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Foram realizados cinco experimentos objetivando determinar o consumo e digestibilidade, desempenho e caracterÃsticas quantitativas da carcaÃa de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo subprodutos, com base na matÃria natural, (SPU), da banana (Musa sp.) desidratada (SPB), da manga (Mangifera indica) desidratada (SPM) e do urucum (Bixa orellana L.). No primeiro, segundo e terceiro experimentos foram avaliados os teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente Ãcido (FDA), hemicelulose (HCEL), lignina (LIG), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente neutro (NIDN), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente Ãcido (NIDA), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), os nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT) e fator de efetividade fÃsica da FDN. Ainda foram avaliados o consumo voluntÃrio, digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, FDN, FDA, CHOT, CNF, NDT e balanÃo de nitrogÃnio (BN). No quarto e quinto experimentos foram avaliados os consumos de nutrientes em g/dia, % PV e g/kg0,75, ganho em peso e conversÃo alimentar. Como tambÃm foram avaliadas caracterÃsticas quantitativas da carcaÃa e anÃlise sensorial de dietas com adiÃÃo de 20% do SPB, com 30% do SPM e 40% do SPU. No primeiro experimento, a adiÃÃo do subproduto de banana (SPB) nÃo influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de matÃria seca (MS) e matÃria orgÃnica (MO) quando expressos nas diferentes formas, obtendo-se valores mÃdios de 677,3 e 605,81 em g/dia, respectivamente. A adiÃÃo do SPB promoveu um aumento significativo (P<0,05) no CPB e CEE de 34,3 a 46,5 e de 10,63 a 59,9 g/dia e reduÃÃo de 3,07 unidades percentuais para o consumo de FDN. Com relaÃÃo aos coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, PB, MO, EE, FDA e CHOT observou-se efeito negativo, excetuando, o CDFDN que nÃo foi influenciado (P>0,05) com adiÃÃo do SPB em substituiÃÃo ao feno. No segundo experimento, os consumos em g/dia de MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e FDA apresentaram resposta quadrÃtica estimando-se consumos mÃximos de matÃria seca e matÃria orgÃnica de 36,11 e 37,8%, respectivamente, com a adiÃÃo do SPM. Contudo, nÃo houve diferenÃa (P>0,05) para a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. Entretanto, a digestibilidade aparente da proteÃna bruta (CDPB) e o balanÃo de nitrogÃnio apresentaram comportamento quadrÃtico. No terceiro experimento, houve aumento nos consumos e dos nutrientes com adiÃÃo do subproduto do urucum (SPU), excetuando-se o consumo de EE que nÃo houve efeito (P>0,05). O comportamento linear positivo foi verificado para os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da MS, MO e PB, jà para os CDEE, CDFDN, CDFDA e CDCHOT nÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) significativo. A adiÃÃo do SPU promoveu um balanÃo de N positivo. No quarto experimento, nÃo foram observadas diferenÃas significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para os consumos de matÃria seca em g/animal/dia. PorÃm, observou-se aumento para os consumos em %PV e g/kg0,75, para a dieta com adiÃÃo do SPU. Em relaÃÃo aos consumos de PB o SPB e SPM, apresentaram superioridade em relaÃÃo aos ovinos que receberam a dieta SPU. Para os CFDN nÃo foram observadas diferenÃas (P>0,05) entre as dietas nas diversas formas que foram expressas. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado com relaÃÃo ao ganho em peso, pesos de carcaÃa quente e fria e os respectivos rendimentos de carcaÃa quente e fria. Observaram-se valores mÃdios de RCQ e RCF respectivos de 46,05; 46,38; 46,54; 48,39% e 42,27; 45,67; 45,79; 47,72% para as dietas padrÃo (DP), SPB, SPM e SPU. Com relaÃÃo aos cortes comercias, houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) apenas para o lombo anterior em kg e para a paleta em % do PCF. Para a Ãrea de olho de lombo foram registrados valores respectivos de 8,28; 9,61; 1,38 e 10,82 para as dietas DP; SPB; SPM e SPU. No quinto experimento, relativo à dissecaÃÃo da perna dos ovinos, nÃo foi verificado efeito significativo (P>0,05) para a relaÃÃo M/O; M/G e para o Ãndice de musculosidade da perna (IM). Obtiveram-se valores para o IM de 0,79; 0,73; 0,81 e 0,82, respectivamente, para a DP; SPB; SPM e SPU. No sexto experimento, os atributos sensoriais da carne de ovinos apresentaram superioridade para o grau de dureza da carne dos ovinos alimentados com SPM e SPU. Menores suculÃncia e sabor ovino foram verificados, respectivamente, nas dietas SPM e SPB / Five experiments was conducted with the objective of evaluating the consume and digestibility, performance and quantitative characteristics of the lambs carcass fed with diets containing by - products, with base in the natural matter of the banana ( Musa sp .), ( BBP) , of the mango ( Mangifera ind ica ) ( MBP) , of the annato ( Bixa orellana ) ( ABP) . i n the first, second and third experiments were determination of dry matter ( DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber ( NDF ), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HCEL), lig nin (LIG), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NIDN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) , total carbohydrates (TC) , non - fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) , and factor of physical effectiveness of FND. They were still eval uated the voluntary intake and coefficients of digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, CHOT, TDN, and nitrogen balance (NB). In the fourth and fifth experiments were evaluated the nutrients intake in g/day , % BW and g/kg 0,75 daily gain and alimentary conversion . As well as they were evaluated quantitative characteristic of the carcass and sensorial analysis of diets with addition 20% of BBP with 30% of MBP and 40% of ABP . In the first experiment the addition of the banana's by - product (BBP) it didn't influence ( P>0.05) the dry matter intake (DMI), and organic matter (OMI ) intake when expressed in the different forms with values of 677.3 and 605. 81 in g/day , respectively observed . The (BBP) addition increased (P <0. 05) in crude protein intake (CPI) and ether extrac t (EEI) intak e from 34.3 to 46.5 and from 10. 63 to 59 . 9 g/day and reduction of 3 . 07 percentage units for the NDF intake. Regarding the of digestibility coefficients of DM, CP DO, EE, ADF and TC was observed negative effect (P<0. 05) , excepting, CDNDF that i t was not influenced (P>0.05) with addition of BBP . In second experiment the day of DM, DO, CP, EE, NDF, ADF intakes g/day presented quadratic answer being considered maximum dry matter and organic matter intake 36. 11 and 37. 8% , re spectively of addition of mango by - product (MBP). However there was not difference (P >0.05) for the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, except the apparent digestibility of the crude protein (DCCP) the addition of (MBP) quadratic behavior observed. In third experiment annatto by product (ABP) addition increased (P <0.05) in nutrients intake , excepted the EE intake was not effect significant (P>0. 05) the addition anatto by product (ABP ) with values in the 11.5 and 0. 05 g/day e % BW . The linear ly behavior was verified for the di gestibility coefficients (DC) of DM , DO and CP, already for CDEE, CNDF, CDANF XIX and CDCHOT didn't have effect (P>0. 05). The anatto by - product (ABP ) addition promoted a positive balance of N . In the fourth experiment significant differences were not observed (P>0.05) among the treatments for the dry matter intake in g/ day . However, increase was observed for the % PV and g/kg 0.75 intake for the diet with addition of annato by - product, banana by - product and mango by product . The intake of CP by - product of mango and banana &#769;s by - product (BBP) presented superiority in relation to the lambs that received the other diets. For the EE intake BBP it was observed higher values the other diets and NDF intake it was not observed differences (P>0.05) among the diets in the s everal forms that were expressed . The same behavior was verified regarding the weight gain , hot carcass weight (HCW) and cold carcass (CC W ) and the respective yield of hot and cold carcass. The values of hot carcass yield and cold carcass (CC) were 46.05; 46.38; 46.54; 48. 39% and 42 . 27; 45.67; 45.79; 47. 72% for the diets (PD), BBP, MBP a nd ABP respectively . In respect to the cuts trade there was effect significant (P <0 . 05) just for the anterior loin in kg and for the shoulder % WCC . For loin eye area (LEA ) were registered respective values of 8.28; 9.61; 1. 38 ; 10. 82 for the diets PD; BBP; MBP; ABP. In the fifth experiment with the dissection of the leg of the lambs significant effect was not verified (P>0 . 05) for the accounting M/O; M/G and for the index of muscularity of the leg (MI ) that obtained values of 0.79; 0.73; 0.81; 0. 82 for PD; BBP; MBP; MBP in the sixth experiment the attributes sensorial of the lambs meat presented superiority for the degree of hardness of the meat of the lambs fed with MBP and MBP. To smallest succulency and the smallest flavor lambs they were verified in the diets MBP and BBP respectively.

A redução da idade ao abate é considerada uma das tecnologias mais impactantes na melhoria da textura da carne bovina. Todavia, esta possibilidade não se aplica à produção de carne de vacas, pelo fato do abate ocorrer após o cumprimento da finalidade reprodutiva do animal. A alternativa seria a modificação da taxa de renovação tecidual através da alteração no ritmo de crescimento durante o período de terminação dos animais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar contribuição do tecido conjuntivo intramuscular na textura da carne de fêmeas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram fêmeas de descarte da raça Nelore, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte (CNPGC)/EMBRAPA, situado no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os animais foram submetidos a dois manejos de suplementação alimentar durante a estação seca: T1. suplementação para promover manutenção; T2. restrição seguida de suplementação para promover ganho compensatório. Quatro abates ocorreram de maneira seriada durante o período de recomposição do peso e escore corporal do grupo de crescimento compensatório. As carcaças de 38 fêmeas da raça Nelore, com idade entre de 4 a 12 anos, foram avaliadas para seguintes características: área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, marmorização; peso proporcional de órgão e rendimento de cortes. Além dessas características foi analisado o efeito do manejo e do tempo de maturação na maciez da carne, no colágeno e na espessura e tensão do perimísio. Para os animais do grupo compensatório, houve aumento da massa muscular e diminuição da proporção óssea com aumento do tempo no grupo submetido a realimentação. O tempo de maturação influenciou a proporção de colágeno solúvel somente no músculo Longissimus dorsi (P<0,05). O Semitendinosus apresentou maior conteúdo de colágeno total e menor de colágeno solúvel quando comparado aos músculos Triceps brachii e Longissimus dorsi. A espessura média do perimísio não foi diferente (P>0,05) entre os manejos embora carnes mais duras tenham apresentado maior espessura de perimísio no músculo Semitendinosus. Este músculo apresentou perimísio mais espesso que o Longissimus dorsi. Não foi encontrado efeito para manejos e classes de maciez neste estudo (P>0,05) para as variáveis de força de ruptura do perimísio, extensão do perimísio no ponto de ruptura e máxima rigidez. A contribuição do tecido conjuntivo e solubilidade do colágeno sobre a textura da carne, não apresentou padrão consistente nos músculos. / Reducing the age at time of slaughter is considered one of the most impressive technologies in improving the texture of beef. However, this process does not apply to the production of meat from cows, because the slaughter occurs after completion of the animal\'s reproductive purpose. The alternative would be to modify the rate of tissue renewal through the change in growth rate during the finishing period of the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of intramuscular connective tissue in the texture of the meat of female under different management systems. The animals used in the experiment were cull females Nellore, belonging to the National Center for Research in Beef Cattle (CNPGC) / EMBRAPA, located in Mato Grosso do Sul. The animals were subjected to two managements of food supplementation during dry season: T1. supplementation to promote maintenance; T2. restriction followed by supplementation to promote compensatory growth. Four serially killing occurred during the period of restoration of weight and body condition score of the group of compensatory growth. Carcasses of 38 Nelore females, aged 4-12 years were evaluated for the following features: rib eye area, fat thickness, marbling, proportional weight of organ and performance of prime cuts. These features analyzed the effect of management and the maturation time of meat tenderness, collagen and thickness and tension of the perimysium. For group compensation, there was an increase in adiposity and decrease in the proportion of bone with increased time in the group subjected to feedback. The aging time influenced the proportion of soluble collagen in the Longissimus dorsi muscle (P <0,05). The Semitendinosus had higher collagen content and lower total soluble collagen compared to muscle Longissimus dorsi and Triceps brachii. The average perimysium thickness showed no difference (P> 0.05) between the managements although tougher meat had a greater thickness in Semitendinosus muscle. This muscle was found to be thicker than the perimysium of Longissimus dorsi. No effect was found for management classes and softness in this study (P> 0.05) for the variables of breaking strength of the perimysium, perimysium extension at the breaking point and maximum rigidity. The contribution of connective tissue and collagen solubility on the texture of the flesh, showed no consistent pattern in the muscles.

在這篇論文中，我們根據局部連通和局部補連通性質將圖分類，計算在 Harary 圖裡大小為 2k - 1 和 2k 邊切集的個數，和證明當圖形有最大的最小邊度數和最小點度數差，一些關於度數為 1 的點個數性質。 / In this thesis, we classify some graphs into locally coconnected graphs or locally connected graphs, compute the number of its edge cuts of size 2k - 1 and 2k in a Harary graph, and show some properties of the number of vertices of degree 1 when the graph has the maximum difference of minimum edge degree and minimum vertex degree.

A feature of minimizing images of a class of binary Markov random field energies is introduced and proved. Using this, the collection of minimizing images of levels of higher order, levelable MRF energies is shown to be a monotone collection. This implies that these images can be combined to give minimizing images of the MRF energy itself. Due to the recent developments, second and third order binary MRF energies of the mentioned class are known to be exactly minimized by maximum flow/minimum cut computations on appropriately constructed graphs. With the aid of these developments an exact and efficient algorithm to minimize levelable second and third order MRF energies, which is composed of a series of maximum flow/minimum cut computations, is proposed and applications of the proposed algorithm to image restoration are given.

We develop a generic Graph Cut-based semiautomatic multiobject image segmentation method principally for use in routine medical applications ranging from tasks involving few objects in 2D images to fairly complex near whole-body 3D image segmentation. The flexible formulation of the method allows its straightforward adaption to a given application.\linebreak In particular, the graph-based vicinity prior model we propose, defined as shortest-path pairwise constraints on the object adjacency graph, can be easily reformulated to account for the spatial relationships between objects in a given problem instance. The segmentation algorithm can be tailored to the runtime requirements of the application and the online storage capacities of the computing platform by an efficient and controllable Voronoi tessellation clustering of the input image which achieves a good balance between cluster compactness and boundary adherence criteria. Qualitative and quantitative comprehensive evaluation and comparison with the standard Potts model confirm that the vicinity prior model brings significant improvements in the correct segmentation of distinct objects of identical intensity, the accurate placement of object boundaries and the robustness of segmentation with respect to clustering resolution. Comparative evaluation of the clustering method with competing ones confirms its benefits in terms of runtime and quality of produced partitions. Importantly, compared to voxel segmentation, the clustering step improves both overall runtime and memory footprint of the segmentation process up to an order of magnitude virtually without compromising the segmentation quality.

A growing pressure to fundraise at the school level in Ontario is a direct result of funding cuts by the Ministry of Education. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the kinds of different fundraising strategies principals use in select elementary public schools in a southern Ontario large city and to determine the positive and negative results of fundraising. Principals of eight elementary schools were interviewed from high and low fundraising schools. Five included school observation tours. The findings show a positive correlation between student achievement and fundraised amounts and utilization, but that the benefits of fundraising only apply to a small number of students. The findings also show that an equal educational opportunity is not being provided to all students, and that moral, civic and democratic values are being eroded. This study highlights the need for Ontario’s Ministry of Education to fully fund public education.

A growing pressure to fundraise at the school level in Ontario is a direct result of funding cuts by the Ministry of Education. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the kinds of different fundraising strategies principals use in select elementary public schools in a southern Ontario large city and to determine the positive and negative results of fundraising. Principals of eight elementary schools were interviewed from high and low fundraising schools. Five included school observation tours. The findings show a positive correlation between student achievement and fundraised amounts and utilization, but that the benefits of fundraising only apply to a small number of students. The findings also show that an equal educational opportunity is not being provided to all students, and that moral, civic and democratic values are being eroded. This study highlights the need for Ontario’s Ministry of Education to fully fund public education.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hot-deboning (1 h post-mortem) on the shelf-life and the physical meat quality characteristics, including tenderness, pH, purge (%), cooking loss (%), and raw meat colour of vacuum packed ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) meat cuts from the M. gastrocnemius, pars interna and the M. iliofibularis during post-mortem refrigerated aging for respectively 21 d at 4ºC and 42 d at -3º to 0ºC.