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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Limited Association of Connexin43 and ZO-1 in the Intercalated Disks of Adult Rat Ventricular Myocrdium

Sasano, Chieko, Takagishi, Yoshiko, Honjo, Haruo, Kamiya, Kaichiro, Kodama, Itsuo 12 1900 (has links)
国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。
2

THE ROLE OF CONNEXIN-43-MEDIATED GAP JUNCTION INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION IN BLOOD FORMATION

KASTL, BRYAN DARYL 13 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.
3

Gatekeeper Connexin43 Phosphorylation Events Regulate Cardiac Gap Junction Coupling During Stress

Carlson, Alec David 13 September 2023 (has links)
Rapid and well-orchestrated action potential propagation through the myocardium is essential to each heartbeat. Gap junctions comprising primarily Cx43 reside within the intercalated discs connecting cardiomyocytes, effecting not only direct intercellular electrical coupling, but the localization of other junctional structures and ion channels. Alterations in Cx43 expression occur in essentially all forms of heart disease and is therefore a topic of intense study. Posttranslational modification of Cx43 is understood to impact trafficking, conduction, and stability. Altered Cx43 phosphorylation is well described during pathological remodeling of gap junctions in response to cellular stress. Research has revealed how phosphorylation of specific residues elicit specific effects on Cx43, but the complexity of this process has left much unknown. In particular, the role phosphorylation of a triplet of double serine residues, Ser365, Ser368, and Ser373, plays in GJ function and Cx43/14-3-3 interaction has been called into question. Using an ex vivo whole heart ischemia model we find a decrease in pS368 in mice lacking the ability to phosphorylate S365 and S373 while under stress. In vitro transfection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes when stressed with PMA were also carried out. These data allow us to piece together the exquisite interplay of gatekeeper phosphorylation events upstream of channel closure, altered protein-protein interactions, and gap junction internalization and degradation. It is hoped that our increasing understanding of this important area of gap junction biology will facilitate better understanding of arrhythmogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies to restore or preserve normal electrical coupling in diseased hearts. / Master of Science / The heart, an electrically active organ, relies on the propagation of an electrical signal throughout its entirety in order to produce a healthy heartbeat. In order to do so, the heart uses specialized muscle cells known as cardiomyocytes which can not only contract but pass along chemical signals to the cardiomyocyte next in line to signal it to contract as well. The passage of signals occurs through protein units called gap junctions and are made predominantly of Cx43 proteins in the heart. Gap junctions look and function like tubes that travel from the inside space of one cell to the other and allow a flow of small molecules to occur; these small molecules, namely ions, are part of the signal needed to initiate contraction in the adjacent cell. Cx43, like many proteins in our bodies, is slightly altered after it is produced through a process known as posttranslational modification. This allows the cell to alter the localization and function of the protein and tailor it for the needs of the cell. Rather than changing the backbone composition of the protein, small chemical groups are attached, and this imparts a change to how the protein interacts with other proteins or its environment. In particular, one form of modification is known as phosphorylation where a phosphate group is attached to the protein at specific locations along its chain. Cx43 too can be phosphorylated, and while under pathological stress, such as a lack of oxygen or infection, cardiomyocytes increase the amount of phosphorylated Cx43 at a site known to cause pathological changes to the function of Cx43. These changes include how well the gap junctions can transmit signals or associate with other proteins and, in the heart, can predispose the development of arrhythmias or unhealthy heartbeats. However, not all phosphorylation is bad and phosphorylation at other locations also occurs during normal healthy functions of the cardiomyocyte can affect how other sites along Cx43 are phosphorylated. The process of one phosphorylated site affecting another is known as the gatekeeper effect and add a new layer to our understanding of how cells use phosphorylated Cx43 to fine tune its effects. Using cells that do not produce their own Cx43 and subsequently giving them the instructions to produce specific forms of mutant Cx43 that can and cannot be phosphorylated at specific sites, we can understand with greater detail of how cardiomyocytes respond to stress and how some of those responses can be pathological. This will allow future research into the creation of therapies that prevent negative Cx43 phosphorylation after illness, potentially avoiding the development of dangerous arrhythmias.
4

Efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal em células da glia hipotalâmica em ratos juvenis e adultos / Effects of neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells in juvenile and adult rats

Debarba, Lucas Kniess 29 June 2017 (has links)
As alterações nutricionais no período neonatal são capazes de comprometer o controle hipotalâmico da ingestão alimentar e o metabolismo do indivíduo em fases posteriores do desenvolvimento. Avaliamos as alterações decorrentes do modelo de programação nutricional neonatal em células gliais hipotalâmicas, devido ao seu importante papel na homeostase energética. Os astrócitos possuem função metabólica ativa, e por sua vez, fornecem substrato energético aos neurônios por meio das conexinas 30 (CX30) e 43 (CX43). A CX30, por sua vez, exerce função, também, na manutenção morfológica astrocitária, contribuindo na inserção astrocitária na fenda sináptica, portanto interferindo na neurotransmissão. A TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) proteína contra-reguladora da sinalização celular da leptina e a insulina participam nos mecanismos de resistência a esses hormônios e está presente em células da glia e possui ação moduladora na atividade de CX43. Sendo assim, a hipótese do presente trabalho é de que alterações em células da glia no hipotálamo participam nos efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal na modulação do balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Para investigarmos essa hipótese, utilizamos o modelo de programação nutricional neonatal de alteração do tamanho da ninhada, sendo a quantidade de filhotes por lactante formada da seguinte maneira: 3 filhotes, ninhada pequena (SL), 10 filhotes, ninhada normal (NL) e de 16 filhotes, ninhada grande (LL). O peso corporal da ninhada foi verificado semanalmente até o desmame, realizado no 21º dia de vida (PN21). Após o desmame, o peso corporal foi verificado a cada cinco dias até o 60º dia de vida (PN60). A ingestão alimentar individual foi determinada entre o PN50 e PN60. Os animais SL apresentaram maior peso corporal (72,3 ± 2,08g) ao desmame, quando comparados aos grupos NL (57,2 ± 3,5g) e LL (36,3 ± 1,8g) e essa diferença entre os grupos foi mantida até o PN60. Observou-se, porém, que a ingestão alimentar dos animais adultos SL, não foi diferente do grupo NL. Todavia, os animais LL apresentaram um ganho de peso reduzido ao desmame, porém, esses animais alcançaram o ganho de peso corporal dos animais NL (NL: 165 ± 3,97g; LL: 145,4 ± 4,5g), a partir do PN35, fenômeno esse associado ao comportamento hiperfágico. No PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina (6,4 ? 0,9ng/ml) e insulina (1,9 ? 0,15 ng/ml), quando comparado aos grupos NL (leptina: 3,8 ? 0,3ng/ml; insulina: 1,3 ? 0,2 ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml; 9 insulina: 1,0 ? 0,1ng/ml). No PN60, ambos os grupos SL (leptina: 5,2 ? 1,15ng/ml; insulina: 2,5 ? 0,4ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 4,3 ? 0,5ng/ml; insulina: 3,4 ? 0,5ng/ml) apresentaram aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina e insulina, comparados ao grupo NL (leptina: 1,8 ? 0,4ng/ml; insulina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml). Quando avaliada a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, gene que codifica TCPTP, e a expressão dessa proteína no núcleo arqueado (ARC), observamos um aumento no PN21 no grupo SL e em ambos os grupos no PN60, quando comparados ao grupo NL. O grupo SL apresentou aumento na imunorreatividade para GFAP no PN21 e ambos os grupos apresentaram essa mesma resposta no PN60. O mesmo resultado foi observado na imunorreatividade para a molécula adaptadora ligante de cálcio inonizado-1 (IBA-1) no PN21 e PN60 nos grupos SL e LL. Houve colocalização da TCPTP com GFAP, porém não com IBA-1. A TCPTP possui ação demonstrada na modulação de CX43, ao investigá-la observou-se no PN21, um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1, gene que codifica CX43, assim como na imunorreatividade para CX43 apenas no grupo SL. No PN21 e PN60 observou-se redução da expressão do RNAm de Gja6, gene que codifica CX30, em ambos os grupos SL e LL. Observou-se redução na imunorreatividade de CX30 em ambos os grupos, SL e LL no PN60. No PN21, a expressão do RNAm de Il1b aumentou no ARC em ambos os grupos SL e LL. No entanto, no PN60, apenas o grupo LL apresentou um aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il1b. Adicionalmente, no PN60 ambos os grupos SL e LL apresentaram um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Tnfa no ARC. Na análise morfológica das células da glia, no PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma da microglia e do astrócito, assim como, nos processos de extensão de ambas as células. No PN60 ambos os grupos apresentaram um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma e dos processos de extensão astrocitários, no entanto, apenas o grupo SL apresentou um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma microglial. Para analisarmos o efeito da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos e a participação da TCPTP nesse processo, realizamos a cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos de ratos neonatos que foram estimulados com leptina [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] e LPS [500ng/ml]. O LPS foi utilizado como controle positivo do protocolo. Observamos que os estímulos com leptina e LPS, aumentaram a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, a imunorreatividade para TCPTP e a área astrocitária. O tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1 e o inverso foi observado na expressão de Gja6. Todavia, tanto o tratamento com leptina e LPS promoveu aumento na imunorreatividade para CX43 e o inverso observou-se na imunorreatividade para CX30. Para avaliarmos a participação da TCPTP nos efeitos da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos, realizamos o silenciamento de seu gene, utilizando o siRNA Ptpn2. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 foi capaz de reverter os efeitos da leptina tanto na expressão gênica, na imunorreatividade assim como na morfologia astrocitária. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 reverteu também as respostas de redução de CX30 e o aumento de CX43 promovidas pelo LPS pela leptina. De maneira inédita esses dados sugerem a importância da TCPTP na modulação das conexinas nos efeitos da leptina e LPS na morfologia astrocitária hipotalâmica. Observamos que apenas o tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Ptpn1, e o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão de Ptpn1, demonstrando de forma inédita 10 que a TCPTP exerce ação contra regulatória sobre a PTP1B. Como esperado o estímulo dos astrócitos com LPS aumentou a expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa. Interessantemente, o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa, demonstrando desse modo que a TCPTP possui ação contra regulatória na secreção dessas citocinas. O conjunto de dados demonstra que a alteração nutricional neonatal é capaz de promover alterações no balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Estas alterações estão associadas a modificações morfológicas das células da glia e ao aumento de citocinas inflamatórias, caracterizando um estado reativo glial. Adicionalmente, demonstramos em cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos que a leptina altera a morfologia destas células e pela primeira vez demonstramos, também, que a TCPTP modula esses efeitos da leptina, por meio de suas ações na conexina CX30. A CX30 participa na modulação da morfologia dos astrócitos e sua redução está associada ao aumento na área e nos processos de extensão destas células. Em conclusão, o presente estudo demonstra que alterações na disponibilidade nutricional na vida neonatal acarretam alterações no comportamento alimentar e no peso corporal na vida juvenil e adulta em ratos. Demonstramos, também, que tais alterações nutricionais neonatais estão associadas a alterações em células da glia. A leptina induz alterações morfológicas em astrócitos, sendo este efeito mediado pela TCPTP e sua regulação sobre a expressão da proteína CX30. O conjunto dos dados indica a importância das células não neuronais no controle central da homeostase energética em modelo de programação nutricional neonatal. / Nutritional changes in the neonatal period can affect the hypothalamic control of food intake and metabolism in later life. We evaluated the influence of the neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells, known to play an important role in the energy homeostasis. Astrocytes have active metabolic function and provide energy substrate for the neurons through connexin 43 (CX43). CX30 is important in the maintenance of astrocyte morphology, contributing to the insertion of its process into the synaptic cleft. The TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) is a counterregulator of cellular signaling of leptin and insulin, contributing to the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these hormones and it is expressed in glial and modulates CX43 activity. We hypothesized that alterations in the hypothalamic glial cells participate in the long-lasting effects on energy balance induced by neonatal nutritional programming. For this purpose, we used the model of neonatal nutritional programming induced by changing the litter size, according to the number of offspring per dam: 3 offsprings, small litter (SL), 10 offsprings, normal litter (NL) and 16 offsprings, large litter (LL). The body weight of the litter was determined weekly until weaning on the 21st day of life (PN21). After weaning, body weight was determined every five days until the 60th day of life (PN60). Individual dietary intake was determined between PN50 and PN60. The SL animals presented higher body weight (72.3 ± 2.08g) at weaning, when compared with the NL (57.19 ± 3.49g) and LL (36.27 ± 1.79g) groups and the difference between these groups were maintained until the PN60. However, the food intake of adult SL animals was not different from the NL group. On the other hand, LL animals presented a reduced weight gain at weaning but they had a catch up of reaching the vody weight of NL animals (NL: 165 ± 3.97g; LL: 145.42 ± 4.55g) from PN35 on, and this response was associated with higher food inatke. At PN21, there was an increase in plasma leptin (6.41 ± 0.90 ng/ml) and insulin (1.97 ± 0.11ng/ml) concentrations in the SL group, when compared with the NL group (leptin: 3.79 ± 0,35ng/ml; insulin: 1.32 ± 0.21ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 1.23 ± 0.10ng/ml; insulin: 0.99 ± 0.10 ng/ml). At PN60, both SL (leptin: 5,26 ± 1.15ng/ml, insulin: 2,53 ± 0,36ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 4.30 ± 0.51ng/ml, insulin: 3.39 ± 0.47ng/ml) groups presented increased plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared with the group NL (leptin: 1.79 ± 0.41ng/ml; insulin: 1.19 ± 0.09ng/ml). The mRNA expression of Ptpn2 mRNA, gene encoding TCPTP, and its protein in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was increase at PN21 in the SL group and in both groups at PN60, compared with the NL group. The SL group showed an increased immunoreactivity for GFAP at PN21 and 12 both groups showed this increased response at PN60. Similar response was observed for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) immunoreactivity at PN21 and PN60. There was an overlap of TCPTP with GFAP immunoreactivity, but not with IBA-1. At PN21 there was an increase in the mRNA expression of Gja1, gene coding for CX43, as well as in the immunoreactivity of CX43 in the SL group only. At PN21 and PN60, mRNA expression of the Gja6, gene encoding for CX30, was reduced in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60 it was reduction of CX30 immunoreactivity in both groups, SL and LL. At PN21, Il1b mRNA expression was increased in the ARC in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60, only the LL group showed an increased Il1b mRNA expression. Additionally, at PN60 both SL and LL groups showed an increase in the Tnfa mRNA expression in the ARC. In the morphological analysis of glia cells, at PN21, there was an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglia and astrocyte in the SL group, as well as in the extension processes of both cells. At PN60, both groups showed an increase in the soma immunoreactivity and astrocytic processe extension, however, only the SL group showed an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglial soma. To analyze the effect of leptin on astrocyte morphology and the participation of TCPTP in this process, we performed the primary culture of hypothalamic astrocytes from neonatal rats that were stimulated with leptin [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] and LPS [500ng /ml]. The LPS was used as a positive control of the protocol. We observed that the leptin and LPS stimuli increased the Ptpn2 mRNA expression, the TCPTP immunoreactivity and the astrocyte area. The LPS treatment increased the Gja1 mRNA expression and the opposite was observed in the Gja6 expression. On the other hand, both treatment with leptin and LPS increased the immunoreactivity for CX43 and the opposite was observed for the CX30 immunoreactivity. In order to evaluate the participation of TCPTP in the effects of leptin on the astrocyte morphology, we performed the silencing of its gene using the siRNA Ptpn2. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to reverse the effects of leptin and LPS on gene expression, immunoreactivity as well as astrocyte morphology. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to revert the reduction of CX30 and the increase of CX43 immunoreactivity and the its gene expression promoted by LPS leptin. These data are the first to show the importance of TCPTP in the modulation of connexins on the leptin and LPS effects on the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. Additionally, only LPS treatment was able to promote an increase in the Ptpn1 mRNA expression and Ptpn2 silencing enhanced this increase in Ptpn1 mRNA expression.These data demonstrate an unprecedented way that Ptpn2 exerts regulatory action against Ptpn1. As expected, the stimulation with LPS increased the mRNA expression of the Il6, Il1b and Tnfa. The silencing of Ptpn2 amplified this effect of LPS on cytokine gene expression, demonstrating that TCPTP has a counterregulatory action on the secretion of IL6, IL1? and Tnf?. Taken together these data demonstrate that the neonatal nutritional changes are able to promote alterations in the energy balance in the juvenile and adult life. These effects are associated with morphological changes in glial cells and increase of inflammatory cytokines, characterizing a glial reactive state. Additionally, using primary cell culture, we demonstrated that leptin alters the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. We also demonstrate for the first time that TCPTP modulates these effects of 13 leptin, through its actions regulating the expression of CX30. The data shown indicate the importance of non-neuronal cells in the central control of energy homeostasis in a model of neonatal nutritional programming.
5

Efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal em células da glia hipotalâmica em ratos juvenis e adultos / Effects of neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells in juvenile and adult rats

Lucas Kniess Debarba 29 June 2017 (has links)
As alterações nutricionais no período neonatal são capazes de comprometer o controle hipotalâmico da ingestão alimentar e o metabolismo do indivíduo em fases posteriores do desenvolvimento. Avaliamos as alterações decorrentes do modelo de programação nutricional neonatal em células gliais hipotalâmicas, devido ao seu importante papel na homeostase energética. Os astrócitos possuem função metabólica ativa, e por sua vez, fornecem substrato energético aos neurônios por meio das conexinas 30 (CX30) e 43 (CX43). A CX30, por sua vez, exerce função, também, na manutenção morfológica astrocitária, contribuindo na inserção astrocitária na fenda sináptica, portanto interferindo na neurotransmissão. A TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) proteína contra-reguladora da sinalização celular da leptina e a insulina participam nos mecanismos de resistência a esses hormônios e está presente em células da glia e possui ação moduladora na atividade de CX43. Sendo assim, a hipótese do presente trabalho é de que alterações em células da glia no hipotálamo participam nos efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal na modulação do balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Para investigarmos essa hipótese, utilizamos o modelo de programação nutricional neonatal de alteração do tamanho da ninhada, sendo a quantidade de filhotes por lactante formada da seguinte maneira: 3 filhotes, ninhada pequena (SL), 10 filhotes, ninhada normal (NL) e de 16 filhotes, ninhada grande (LL). O peso corporal da ninhada foi verificado semanalmente até o desmame, realizado no 21º dia de vida (PN21). Após o desmame, o peso corporal foi verificado a cada cinco dias até o 60º dia de vida (PN60). A ingestão alimentar individual foi determinada entre o PN50 e PN60. Os animais SL apresentaram maior peso corporal (72,3 ± 2,08g) ao desmame, quando comparados aos grupos NL (57,2 ± 3,5g) e LL (36,3 ± 1,8g) e essa diferença entre os grupos foi mantida até o PN60. Observou-se, porém, que a ingestão alimentar dos animais adultos SL, não foi diferente do grupo NL. Todavia, os animais LL apresentaram um ganho de peso reduzido ao desmame, porém, esses animais alcançaram o ganho de peso corporal dos animais NL (NL: 165 ± 3,97g; LL: 145,4 ± 4,5g), a partir do PN35, fenômeno esse associado ao comportamento hiperfágico. No PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina (6,4 ? 0,9ng/ml) e insulina (1,9 ? 0,15 ng/ml), quando comparado aos grupos NL (leptina: 3,8 ? 0,3ng/ml; insulina: 1,3 ? 0,2 ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml; 9 insulina: 1,0 ? 0,1ng/ml). No PN60, ambos os grupos SL (leptina: 5,2 ? 1,15ng/ml; insulina: 2,5 ? 0,4ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 4,3 ? 0,5ng/ml; insulina: 3,4 ? 0,5ng/ml) apresentaram aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina e insulina, comparados ao grupo NL (leptina: 1,8 ? 0,4ng/ml; insulina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml). Quando avaliada a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, gene que codifica TCPTP, e a expressão dessa proteína no núcleo arqueado (ARC), observamos um aumento no PN21 no grupo SL e em ambos os grupos no PN60, quando comparados ao grupo NL. O grupo SL apresentou aumento na imunorreatividade para GFAP no PN21 e ambos os grupos apresentaram essa mesma resposta no PN60. O mesmo resultado foi observado na imunorreatividade para a molécula adaptadora ligante de cálcio inonizado-1 (IBA-1) no PN21 e PN60 nos grupos SL e LL. Houve colocalização da TCPTP com GFAP, porém não com IBA-1. A TCPTP possui ação demonstrada na modulação de CX43, ao investigá-la observou-se no PN21, um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1, gene que codifica CX43, assim como na imunorreatividade para CX43 apenas no grupo SL. No PN21 e PN60 observou-se redução da expressão do RNAm de Gja6, gene que codifica CX30, em ambos os grupos SL e LL. Observou-se redução na imunorreatividade de CX30 em ambos os grupos, SL e LL no PN60. No PN21, a expressão do RNAm de Il1b aumentou no ARC em ambos os grupos SL e LL. No entanto, no PN60, apenas o grupo LL apresentou um aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il1b. Adicionalmente, no PN60 ambos os grupos SL e LL apresentaram um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Tnfa no ARC. Na análise morfológica das células da glia, no PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma da microglia e do astrócito, assim como, nos processos de extensão de ambas as células. No PN60 ambos os grupos apresentaram um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma e dos processos de extensão astrocitários, no entanto, apenas o grupo SL apresentou um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma microglial. Para analisarmos o efeito da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos e a participação da TCPTP nesse processo, realizamos a cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos de ratos neonatos que foram estimulados com leptina [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] e LPS [500ng/ml]. O LPS foi utilizado como controle positivo do protocolo. Observamos que os estímulos com leptina e LPS, aumentaram a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, a imunorreatividade para TCPTP e a área astrocitária. O tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1 e o inverso foi observado na expressão de Gja6. Todavia, tanto o tratamento com leptina e LPS promoveu aumento na imunorreatividade para CX43 e o inverso observou-se na imunorreatividade para CX30. Para avaliarmos a participação da TCPTP nos efeitos da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos, realizamos o silenciamento de seu gene, utilizando o siRNA Ptpn2. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 foi capaz de reverter os efeitos da leptina tanto na expressão gênica, na imunorreatividade assim como na morfologia astrocitária. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 reverteu também as respostas de redução de CX30 e o aumento de CX43 promovidas pelo LPS pela leptina. De maneira inédita esses dados sugerem a importância da TCPTP na modulação das conexinas nos efeitos da leptina e LPS na morfologia astrocitária hipotalâmica. Observamos que apenas o tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Ptpn1, e o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão de Ptpn1, demonstrando de forma inédita 10 que a TCPTP exerce ação contra regulatória sobre a PTP1B. Como esperado o estímulo dos astrócitos com LPS aumentou a expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa. Interessantemente, o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa, demonstrando desse modo que a TCPTP possui ação contra regulatória na secreção dessas citocinas. O conjunto de dados demonstra que a alteração nutricional neonatal é capaz de promover alterações no balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Estas alterações estão associadas a modificações morfológicas das células da glia e ao aumento de citocinas inflamatórias, caracterizando um estado reativo glial. Adicionalmente, demonstramos em cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos que a leptina altera a morfologia destas células e pela primeira vez demonstramos, também, que a TCPTP modula esses efeitos da leptina, por meio de suas ações na conexina CX30. A CX30 participa na modulação da morfologia dos astrócitos e sua redução está associada ao aumento na área e nos processos de extensão destas células. Em conclusão, o presente estudo demonstra que alterações na disponibilidade nutricional na vida neonatal acarretam alterações no comportamento alimentar e no peso corporal na vida juvenil e adulta em ratos. Demonstramos, também, que tais alterações nutricionais neonatais estão associadas a alterações em células da glia. A leptina induz alterações morfológicas em astrócitos, sendo este efeito mediado pela TCPTP e sua regulação sobre a expressão da proteína CX30. O conjunto dos dados indica a importância das células não neuronais no controle central da homeostase energética em modelo de programação nutricional neonatal. / Nutritional changes in the neonatal period can affect the hypothalamic control of food intake and metabolism in later life. We evaluated the influence of the neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells, known to play an important role in the energy homeostasis. Astrocytes have active metabolic function and provide energy substrate for the neurons through connexin 43 (CX43). CX30 is important in the maintenance of astrocyte morphology, contributing to the insertion of its process into the synaptic cleft. The TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) is a counterregulator of cellular signaling of leptin and insulin, contributing to the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these hormones and it is expressed in glial and modulates CX43 activity. We hypothesized that alterations in the hypothalamic glial cells participate in the long-lasting effects on energy balance induced by neonatal nutritional programming. For this purpose, we used the model of neonatal nutritional programming induced by changing the litter size, according to the number of offspring per dam: 3 offsprings, small litter (SL), 10 offsprings, normal litter (NL) and 16 offsprings, large litter (LL). The body weight of the litter was determined weekly until weaning on the 21st day of life (PN21). After weaning, body weight was determined every five days until the 60th day of life (PN60). Individual dietary intake was determined between PN50 and PN60. The SL animals presented higher body weight (72.3 ± 2.08g) at weaning, when compared with the NL (57.19 ± 3.49g) and LL (36.27 ± 1.79g) groups and the difference between these groups were maintained until the PN60. However, the food intake of adult SL animals was not different from the NL group. On the other hand, LL animals presented a reduced weight gain at weaning but they had a catch up of reaching the vody weight of NL animals (NL: 165 ± 3.97g; LL: 145.42 ± 4.55g) from PN35 on, and this response was associated with higher food inatke. At PN21, there was an increase in plasma leptin (6.41 ± 0.90 ng/ml) and insulin (1.97 ± 0.11ng/ml) concentrations in the SL group, when compared with the NL group (leptin: 3.79 ± 0,35ng/ml; insulin: 1.32 ± 0.21ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 1.23 ± 0.10ng/ml; insulin: 0.99 ± 0.10 ng/ml). At PN60, both SL (leptin: 5,26 ± 1.15ng/ml, insulin: 2,53 ± 0,36ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 4.30 ± 0.51ng/ml, insulin: 3.39 ± 0.47ng/ml) groups presented increased plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared with the group NL (leptin: 1.79 ± 0.41ng/ml; insulin: 1.19 ± 0.09ng/ml). The mRNA expression of Ptpn2 mRNA, gene encoding TCPTP, and its protein in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was increase at PN21 in the SL group and in both groups at PN60, compared with the NL group. The SL group showed an increased immunoreactivity for GFAP at PN21 and 12 both groups showed this increased response at PN60. Similar response was observed for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) immunoreactivity at PN21 and PN60. There was an overlap of TCPTP with GFAP immunoreactivity, but not with IBA-1. At PN21 there was an increase in the mRNA expression of Gja1, gene coding for CX43, as well as in the immunoreactivity of CX43 in the SL group only. At PN21 and PN60, mRNA expression of the Gja6, gene encoding for CX30, was reduced in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60 it was reduction of CX30 immunoreactivity in both groups, SL and LL. At PN21, Il1b mRNA expression was increased in the ARC in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60, only the LL group showed an increased Il1b mRNA expression. Additionally, at PN60 both SL and LL groups showed an increase in the Tnfa mRNA expression in the ARC. In the morphological analysis of glia cells, at PN21, there was an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglia and astrocyte in the SL group, as well as in the extension processes of both cells. At PN60, both groups showed an increase in the soma immunoreactivity and astrocytic processe extension, however, only the SL group showed an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglial soma. To analyze the effect of leptin on astrocyte morphology and the participation of TCPTP in this process, we performed the primary culture of hypothalamic astrocytes from neonatal rats that were stimulated with leptin [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] and LPS [500ng /ml]. The LPS was used as a positive control of the protocol. We observed that the leptin and LPS stimuli increased the Ptpn2 mRNA expression, the TCPTP immunoreactivity and the astrocyte area. The LPS treatment increased the Gja1 mRNA expression and the opposite was observed in the Gja6 expression. On the other hand, both treatment with leptin and LPS increased the immunoreactivity for CX43 and the opposite was observed for the CX30 immunoreactivity. In order to evaluate the participation of TCPTP in the effects of leptin on the astrocyte morphology, we performed the silencing of its gene using the siRNA Ptpn2. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to reverse the effects of leptin and LPS on gene expression, immunoreactivity as well as astrocyte morphology. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to revert the reduction of CX30 and the increase of CX43 immunoreactivity and the its gene expression promoted by LPS leptin. These data are the first to show the importance of TCPTP in the modulation of connexins on the leptin and LPS effects on the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. Additionally, only LPS treatment was able to promote an increase in the Ptpn1 mRNA expression and Ptpn2 silencing enhanced this increase in Ptpn1 mRNA expression.These data demonstrate an unprecedented way that Ptpn2 exerts regulatory action against Ptpn1. As expected, the stimulation with LPS increased the mRNA expression of the Il6, Il1b and Tnfa. The silencing of Ptpn2 amplified this effect of LPS on cytokine gene expression, demonstrating that TCPTP has a counterregulatory action on the secretion of IL6, IL1? and Tnf?. Taken together these data demonstrate that the neonatal nutritional changes are able to promote alterations in the energy balance in the juvenile and adult life. These effects are associated with morphological changes in glial cells and increase of inflammatory cytokines, characterizing a glial reactive state. Additionally, using primary cell culture, we demonstrated that leptin alters the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. We also demonstrate for the first time that TCPTP modulates these effects of 13 leptin, through its actions regulating the expression of CX30. The data shown indicate the importance of non-neuronal cells in the central control of energy homeostasis in a model of neonatal nutritional programming.
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Modulation de l'expression et de la localisation de la connexine 43 par des cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les cellules folliculostellaires de l'hypophyse antérieure

Fortin, Marie-Ève January 2004 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Auswirkungen von Betablockern auf die Connexin43-Expression beim Sinusrhythmus und Vorhofflimmern

Rothe, Susanne Kerstin 05 April 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen vermuten, dass die Connexin43 Anordnung an der der Zellmembran humaner Herzmuskelzellen pharmakologisch beeinflussbar ist. Es ist bekannt, dass sich Connexin43 an der polaren und lateralen Zellmembran beim Vorhofflimmern und Sinusrhythmus unterschiedlich anordnet. Während beim Sinusrhythmuspatienten Connexin43 kaum an der lateralen Zellmembran zu finden ist, zeigt sich beim Vorhofflimmern vor allem an der lateralen Zellmembran eine verstärkte Connexin43 Anhäufung. Neben dem Rhythmustyp hat auch β-Adrenozeptorstimulation Einfluss auf die Connexin43 Expression. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit den Einfluss einer pharmakologischen Blockade der β-Adrenozeptoren durch Betablocker. Dafür wurden 38 die untersuchten Patienten anhand ihres Rhythmustyps, ihrer kardialen Begleiterkrankung und ihrer Pharmakotherapie (Betablocker: ja/nein) unterteilt und neben deren klinischen Daten ihre intraoperativ gewonnenen Herzohrbiopsien immunhistochemisch gefärbt und anschließend ausgewertet. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es zum einen zu einer unterschiedlichen Anordnung von Connexin43 bei den beiden Rhythmustypen kommt. Während beim Sinusrhythmus Connexin43 vor allem polar an der Zellmembran zu finden ist, ist es beim Vorhofflimmern vor allem an den lateralen Zellgrenzen zu finden. Betablockade geht hierbei vor allem beim Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern und Mitralklappenvitium mit einer Reduktion der Lateralisierung und einem positiven Effekt auf die Polarisierung einher.
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Alternative mechanisms of translation initiation in modulation of gap junctional coupling

James, Carissa Chey 22 April 2019 (has links)
Gap junctions, comprised of connexin proteins, are essential for direct intercellular electrical, metabolic, and immunological coupling. Connexin43 (Cx43, gene name GJA1) is the most ubiquitously expressed gap junction protein, and Cx43 gap junctions are altered in pathological states including cardiac disease and cancer. The GJA1 mRNA undergoes alternative translation initiation to yield a truncated Cx43 isoform, GJA1-20k, that can regulate gap junction formation. Using epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a cellular model of gap junction remodeling, we have demonstrated altered translation initiation of Gja1 as a mechanism by which cellular Cx43 gap junctions can be dynamically regulated. Suppression of Gja1 alternative translation is necessary for Cx43 gap junction loss, and stable expression of GJA1-20k rescues gap junction formation during EMT. To identify regulatory factors acting on the Gja1 mRNA, an MS2 RNA aptamer tagging system was adapted to isolate Gja1 with associated RNA binding proteins. We find the RNA binding protein IMP1 is sensitive to hypoxic stress and complexes with Gja1 mRNA, where it is necessary for alternative translation to generate GJA1-20k. We have demonstrated alterations in translation initiation of the Gja1 mRNA as a critical mechanism by which cells modulate Cx43 gap junctional coupling in changing conditions and identified a novel regulator of this process in mammalian cells. / Doctor of Philosophy / Communication between cells is necessary for healthy function of organs throughout the body. Gap junctions form conduits through which signals can pass directly between neighboring cells. Many diseases, including cancer and heart disease, involve disturbances in gap junction communication. Connexin proteins are the building blocks of gap junctions, and it was recently demonstrated that smaller fragments of connexins are synthesized by cells by a poorly understood process called alternative translation. Importantly, levels of these connexins fragments can alter gap junction formation. We have used mammalian cells to delineate the mechanism by which this alternative protein translation regulates gap junction formation and generated insight into how such protein synthesis is dynamically regulated. Harnessing this knowledge will inform development of new therapeutics inducing alternative translation to rescue gap junctions, and restore normal communication in pathological conditions.
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Electrophysiological, structural and molecular remodeling of chronically infarcted rabbit heart

Li, Li January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Estudio del rol de conexina 43 en la sinapsis inmunológica citolítica entre linfocitos t citotóxicos y células de melanoma

Hoffmann Vega, Francisca Alejandra 08 1900 (has links)
Seminario de Título entregado a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al Título de Ingeniera en Biotecnología Molecular. / El desarrollo de una respuesta inmune anti-tumoral requiere de la comunicación entre diferentes células del sistema inmune, así como del reconocimiento de la célula tumoral. Una vez que los Linfocitos T Citotóxicos (CTL) y las células Natural Killers (NK) reconocen la célula tumoral, forman la Sinapsis Inmunológica Citotóxica (SIC), una estructura supramolecular altamente especializada que resulta fundamental para la liberación localizada de los gránulos citotóxicos y la eliminación específica de la célula tumoral. Recientemente, se ha descrito la participación de canales Gap Junction (GJ) formados por la isoforma Cx43 (GJ-Cx43) en la actividad citotóxica de las células NK durante la SIC. A pesar de las similitudes funcionales y estructurales presentadas por la SIC mediada por las células NK y por CTL, la participación de los canales GJ-Cx43 en la sinapsis mediada por CTL aún no ha sido determinada. En este trabajo se estudió el rol de los canales GJ-Cx43 en la actividad de la SIC entre CTL obtenidos desde ratones pMEL-1 y células de melanoma murino B16F10. Primero, se evaluó la polarización de Cx43 hacia la zona de contacto entre CTL pMEL-1 y células B16F10, durante la SIC. Se determinó que Cx43 se acumula en el sitio de contacto entre estas células de manera antígeno específica y que esta polarización es dependiente de la activación de los CTL. Luego, se disminuyó la expresión de Cx43 en células B16F10 utilizando un RNA interferente contra Cx43 y luego se evaluó la participación de Cx43 en la formación de canales GJ mediante ensayos de transferencia de calceína y en la actividad citotóxica de los CTL, mediante ensayos de actividad de Granzima B (GrzB). Se observó que los CTL transfieren calceína a las células B16F10 formando canales GJ funcionales, al contrario de cuando se utilizan LT CD8+ vírgenes como células efectoras. Además, cuando se utilizaron las células B16F10 que expresan bajos niveles de Cx43 como células blanco, se observó una disminución en la transferencia de calceína y en la actividad de GrzB en comparación al control. Nuestros resultados demuestran que durante el reconocimiento citotóxico se forman canales GJ-Cx43 entre CTL y células B16F10 y que la formación de estos canales durante la SIC son importantes para la eliminación de células tumorales mediada por CTL. / Development of antitumor immune responses requires communication between different immune cells, and specific immune recognition of tumor cells. Upon tumor cell recognition, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells form the “Cytotoxic Immunological Synapse (SIC)”, a specialized molecular structure fundamental for the polarized delivery of cytotoxic granules and the specific tumor cell killing. Recently, it has been described the participation of Gap Junction Intercellular Communications formed by Connexin 43 (GJIC-Cx43) in the NK cell SIC activity. Despite that CTL and NK cells present functional and structural similarities in SIC formation, the participation of GJIC-Cx43 in CTL-mediated SIC remains unclear. In this work we studied the role of GJIC-Cx43 in the activity of SIC formed between CTL from pMEL-1 mice and B16F10 murine melanoma cells. First, we evaluated by immunofluorescence the polarization of Cx43 to contact site between CTL and B16F10 during SIC. We found that this protein localizes at the contact site of SIC and this polarization dependent on activation of CTL and is an antigenic-specific process. Then, we decrease Cx43 expression in B16F10 cells using interference RNA against Cx43 and we evaluated the participation of Cx43 in the formation of functional GJ channels by calcein transfer assay and in the cytotoxic activity of CTL by Granzyme B (GrzB) activity assay. We found that CTL transfer calcein to B16F10 forming functional GJ in contrast with when we used a naïve CD8+ T cells as an effector cells. In addition, when we used a B16F10 that express low levels of Cx43 as target cells, we observed a decrease in calcein transfer and GrzB activity in comparison to the control. Our results demonstrate that GJIC-Cx43 are formed between CTL and B16F10 during SIC, and suggest that their formation is important for tumor cells-killing by CTL

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