Esssa dissertação trata da percepção da comunidade escolar de uma escola pública na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro - Nova Iguaçu sobre a política de provação automática. A política de ciclos, para funcionamento da estrutura de ensino nas escolas, ficou mais conhecida pelo efeito da aprovação automática dos alunos das séries iniciais. A pesquisa procurou acompanhar a forma como professores e pais percebem o efeito de tal sistema sobre aprendizado dos alunos. O trabalho de campo com observação da rotina da escola e as entrevistas realizadas com professores e pais foram os caminhos utilizados para o desenho de tais percepções. / This dissertation deals with the perception of the scholar community from a public school in Nova Iguaçu, at the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, concerning the automatic approval politics. The cycle politics, for the education structure at the schools to operate, became better known bythe effect of the automatic approval of students of the primary grades. The research intent to follow the way as teachers and parents discern the effect of such system over the student`s learning. The working field with observation of the school`s routine and interviews perfomed with teachers and parents, were the paths used to draw such perceptions.

Esssa dissertação trata da percepção da comunidade escolar de uma escola pública na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro - Nova Iguaçu sobre a política de provação automática. A política de ciclos, para funcionamento da estrutura de ensino nas escolas, ficou mais conhecida pelo efeito da aprovação automática dos alunos das séries iniciais. A pesquisa procurou acompanhar a forma como professores e pais percebem o efeito de tal sistema sobre aprendizado dos alunos. O trabalho de campo com observação da rotina da escola e as entrevistas realizadas com professores e pais foram os caminhos utilizados para o desenho de tais percepções. / This dissertation deals with the perception of the scholar community from a public school in Nova Iguaçu, at the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, concerning the automatic approval politics. The cycle politics, for the education structure at the schools to operate, became better known bythe effect of the automatic approval of students of the primary grades. The research intent to follow the way as teachers and parents discern the effect of such system over the student`s learning. The working field with observation of the school`s routine and interviews perfomed with teachers and parents, were the paths used to draw such perceptions.

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Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-06-26T14:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Martins Mantovan2.pdf: 2109869 bytes, checksum: 16e3c5ac609d7686c2993985de6f456e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T14:37:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Martins Mantovan2.pdf: 2109869 bytes, checksum: 16e3c5ac609d7686c2993985de6f456e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / This study sought to reflect on the reorganization of cycles in Elementary School in the city of São Paulo and to identify the initial impacts on the school daily life signaled by teachers. In 2014, a reform was instituted in São Paulo‟s Municipal Teaching Network – RMESP –, altering, among other elements, the curriculum and the cycles structure – that were previously organized in two learning cycles: Elementary School I, Elementary School II and are now divided into three: Literacy Cycle, Interdisciplinary Cycle and Autoral Cycle. In this scenario, the research problem came up: how have teachers in the city of São Paulo reacted to these changes? From this central issue emerged others: what characterizes the new proposal? What are the initial impacts of this on the teachers' view? Do they conceive of it as advances or setbacks in the network? Aiming to investigate the presented aspects, this qualitative research initially sought to understand thecycles policies, their origin, the need for its implementation, its limits and possibilities, having as a theoretical foundation the studies of Barreto and Mitrulis (1999), Paro (2001), Freitas (2003), Mainardes (2007; 2009), Bahia (2012), Palma Filho; Alves and Duran (2012), Souza (1998, 2004, 2017), among others. Afterwards, a historical panorama of the implantation and development of the cycles in the RMESP up to the present moment was presented, based on the researches of authors who analyzed the system of cycles specifically in the city of São Paulo, such as Cortella (1992), Alavarse (2002), Redua (2003) and Aguiar (2011a; 2011b), in addition to the documents published between 2012 and 2016 by São Paulo Secretaria Municipal – SME. A field research was also carried out, in which teachers, coordinators and a pedagogical manager of a central organ were interviewed. The relevance of this study lies in the historiography of the main public educational policies instituted in 2014 in the city of São Paulo, being the starting point for an evaluation of the initial impacts and reaction of teachers to the proposal, in order to reflect on the positive and negative aspects that emerged from it. The study of the new proposal indicated that it presents similarities with the one devised by Paulo Freire in the implementation of the cycles in 1992, however revealed, contradictions between the principles of the reform and what are there in its documents. In spite of these differences, it was found that, in a general way, the teachers reacted positively to the reorganization, considering it an advance in the quality of education. It was also observed that the impacts and advances highlighted by teachers are mostly related to the typical practices of the traditional school, such as the return of numerical grades, report cards and increased possibilities of retention, implying that the conception of a serialized and classificatory education remains a reference of education quality from the teachers‟ point of view. / Este estudo buscou refletir sobre a reorganização dos ciclos no Ensino Fundamental no município de São Paulo e identificar os impactos iniciais no cotidiano escolar sinalizados pelos professores. No ano de 2014 foi instaurada uma reforma na Rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo – RMESP –, alterando, entre outros elementos, o currículo e a estrutura dos ciclos – que antes eram organizados em dois ciclos de aprendizagem: Ensino Fundamental I, Ensino Fundamental II e agora são divididos em três: Ciclo de Alfabetização, Ciclo Interdisciplinar e Ciclo Autoral. Nesse cenário, surgiu o problema da pesquisa: como os professores do município de São Paulo têm reagido a estas mudanças? Desta questão central emergiram outras: o que caracteriza a nova proposta? Quais os impactos iniciais desta na visão dos professores? Eles a concebem como avanços ou retrocessos na rede? Objetivando investigar os aspectos apresentados, esta pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, buscou inicialmente compreender no que consistem as políticas de ciclos, sua origem, a necessidade de sua implantação, seus limites e possibilidades, tendo como fundamentação teórica os estudos de Barreto e Mitrulis (1999), Paro (2001), Freitas (2003), Mainardes (2007; 2009), Bahia (2012), Palma Filho; Alves e Duran (2012), Souza (1998; 2004; 2017), entre outros. Posteriormente, foi apresentado um panorama histórico da implantação e desenvolvimento dos ciclos na RMESP até o momento atual, a partir das pesquisas de autores que analisaram o sistema de ciclos especificamente no município de São Paulo, como Cortella (1992), Alavarse (2002), Redua (2003) e Aguiar (2011a; 2011b), além dos documentos publicados entre 2012 a 2016 pela Secretaria Municipal de São Paulo – SME. Realizou-se, também, uma pesquisa de campo, na qual foram entrevistados professores, coordenadoras e uma gestora pedagógica de um órgão central. A relevância deste estudo encontra-se na historicização das principais políticas públicas educacionais instituídas em 2014 no município de São Paulo, configurando-se em ponto de partida para uma avaliação dos impactos iniciais e reação dos docentes frente à proposta visando, desse modo, refletir sobre os aspectos positivos e negativos que dela emergiram. O estudo da nova proposta indicou que ela apresenta similaridades com a idealizada por Paulo Freire na implantação dos ciclos em 1992, mas desvelou, entretanto, contradições entre os princípios da reforma e o que consta em seus documentos. Em que pesem tais divergências, constatou-se que, de uma forma geral, os professores reagiram positivamente à reorganização, considerando-a um avanço na qualidade de ensino. Observou-se, ainda, que os impactos e avanços destacados pelos docentes estão, em sua maioria, relacionados às práticas características da escola tradicional, como o retorno das notas numéricas, boletins e aumento das possibilidades de reprovação, denotando que a concepção de uma educação seriada e classificatória permanece como referência de educação de qualidade na perspectiva dos professores.

There is a large number of design options to consider when designing aircraft vehicle systems for fighter aircraft, and there is a lack of tool support that provides an overview of these available design options. Various design options will bring consequences in terms of weight, performance, cost, etc. which is desired to be known in an early conceptual phase. Conventional methods, such as morphological matrix and design structure matrix, lack the ability to generate an overview and map complex systems. By studying model-based tools in form of ontologies and feature models in Protégé and FeatureIDE respectively, these tools are considered to provide a higher level of detail regarding the available design options compared to the conventional methods, such as the morphological matrix and the design structure matrix. Ontologies and feature-models are therefore considered to increase the effectiveness in the conceptual design phase of aircraft vehicle systems. By combining ontologies and feature models, more thoughtful design decisions can be performed. An increased knowledge of the available design options can lead to an improved development of aircraft vehicle systems, and new solutions can be evaluated. By performing more detailed trade studies for an unmanned aerial vehicle, for different system solutions, various parameters such as engine power outtake, system weight, etc. can be analysed and provide an indication whether a concept should be evaluated further. It is however necessary to consider how different parameters affect the overall system, and fuel penalty may be implemented as an equivalent parameter. Performing power flow calculations do however not consider solution-specific limitations, which have to be implemented to be able to determine if an aircraft vehicle system concept should be considered advantageous or not.

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TITLE: Two-cycle studies of the English language at the Faculty of Education of Charles University in Prague: opinions of students and teachers AUTHOR: Bc. Jiřina Piškulová DEPARTMENT: Department of Education SUPERVISOR: PhDr. RNDr. Hana Voňková, Ph.D. et Ph.D. ABSTRACT: As a consequence of the Bologna process, five-year master's teacher education programme has been divided into three-year bachelor's and consecutively two-year master's programme. The aim of the thesis is to reflect on the changes which have come with the implementation of the structured studies in teacher education programme in the Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague and to present survey results about the opinions of both the students and the academic staff at the Department. In the theoretical part of the work the Bologna process is introduced - its goals, development and the reaction on its introduction in the Czech Republic. The concept of the teacher education from before the Bologna process is described. A comparison has been drawn to the teacher education programme in Germany. In the practical part an analysis of the study plans from before and after the Bologna process has been made and then the data from a questionnaire survey are presented and interpreted. It has shown...

Solar energy is a virtually inexhaustible energy resource, and thus, has great potential in helping meet many of our future energy requirements. Current technology used for solar energy conversion, however, is not cost effective. In addition, solar thermal power systems are also generally less efficient as compared to fossil fuel based thermal power plants. There is a large variety of systems for solar thermal power generation, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. A distinct advantage of solar thermal power generation systems is that they can be easily integrated with a storage system and/or with an auxiliary heating system (as in hybrid power systems) to provide stable and reliable power. Also, as the power block of a solar thermal plant resembles that of a conventional thermal power plant, most of the equipment and technology used is already well defined, and hence does not require major break through research for effective utilisation. Manufacturing of components, too, can be easily indigenized. A solar collector field is generally used for solar thermal energy conversion. The field converts high grade radiation energy to low grade heat energy, which will inevitably involve energy losses as per the laws of thermodynamics. The 2nd law of thermodynamics requires that a certain amount of heat energy cannot be utilised and has to be rejected as waste heat. This limits the efficiency of solar thermal energy technology. However, in many situations, the waste heat can be effectively utilized to perform refrigeration and desalination using absorption or solid sorption systems, with technologies popularly known as “polygeneration”. There is extensive research done in the area of solar collectors, including but not limiting to thermal analysis, testing of solar collectors, and economic analysis of solar collectors. Exergy and optimization analyses have also been done for certain solar collector configurations. Research on solar thermal power plants includes energy analysis at system level with certain configurations. Research containing analysis with insolation varying throughout the day is limited. Hence, there is scope for analysis incorporating diurnal variation of insolation for a solar thermal power system. This thesis centres on the thermodynamic analysis at system level of a solar thermal power system using a concentrating solar collector field and a simple Rankine cycle power generation (with steam as the working fluid) for Indian conditions. The aim is to develop a tool for thermodynamic analysis of solar thermal power systems, with a generalised approach that can also be used with different solar collector types, different heat transfer fluids in the primary loop, and also different working fluids in the secondary loop. This analysis emphasises the solar collector field and a basic sensible heat storage system, and investigates the various energy and exergy losses present. Comparisons have been made with and without a storage unit and resulting performance issues of solar thermal power plants have been studied. Differences between the system under consideration and commercially used thermal power plants have also been discussed, which brought out certain limitations of the technology currently in use. A solution from an optimization analysis has been utilized and modified for maximization of exergy generated at collector field. The analysis has been done with models incorporating equations using the laws of thermodynamics. MATLAB has been used to program and simulate the models. Solar radiation data used is from NREL’s Indian Solar Resource Data, which is obtained using their SUNY model by interpreting satellite imagery. The performance of the system has been analysed for Bangalore for four different days with different daylight durations, each day having certain differences in the incident solar radiation or insolation received. A particular solution of an optimization analysis has been modified using the simulation model developed and analysed with the objective of maximization of exergy generated at collector field. It has been found that the performance of the solar thermal power system was largely dependent on the variation of incident solar radiation. The storage system provided a stableperformance for short duration interruptions of solar radiation occurred on Autumn Equinox (23-09-2002).The duration of the interruption was within the limits of storage unit capacity. The major disruption in insolation transpired on Summer Solstice (21-06-2002) caused a significantly large drop in the solar thermal system performance; practically the system ceased to function due to lack of energy resource. Hence, the use of an auxiliary heating system hasbeen considered desirable. The absence of a storage unit has been shown to cause a significant loss in gross performance of the power system. The Rankine cycle turbine had many issues coping with a highly fluctuating energy input, and thus caused efficiency losses and even ceased power generation. A storage unit has been found to be ideal for steady power generation purposes. Some commercial configurations may lack a storage system, but they have been compensated by the auxiliary heating system to ensure stable power generation. The optimization of the solar collector determines that optimal collector temperatures vary in accordance to the incident solar radiation. Hence, the collector fluid outlet temperature must not be fixed so as to handle varying insolation for optimal exergy extraction. The optimal temperatures determined for Bangalore are around 576 K which is close to the values obtained by the simulation of the solar thermal power system. The tools for analysis and simulation of solar thermal power plants developed in this thesis is fairly generalised, as it can be adapted for various types of solar collectors and for different working fluids (other than steam), such as for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The model can also be easily extended to other types of power cycles such as Brayton and Stirling cycles.