Poucos estudos são reportados na literatura sobre o comportamento dinâmico do reator UASB submetido a variações cíclicas diárias, de cargas orgânicas e hidráulicas, em períodos curtos de duração - iguais ou menores que 24h, com os quais verifica-se queda na eficiência do reator, causada pela provável flotação dos grânulos, problemas com geração de odor e alta concentração de sólidos suspensos no efluente. Para melhor compreender a resposta dinâmica desses reatores submetidos a essas variações, foi desenvolvido o modelo MMS baseado no modelo hidrodinâmico de mistura completa em reatores em série, modelo cinético de primeira ordem para consumo de substrato e para crescimento da biomassa e equacionamentos empíricos reportados na literatura. Esse modelo indicou a capacidade do reator de amortecer as variações impostas e a influência da cinética na eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica. Para calibrar e validar o MMS, foi avaliado o desempenho de um reator UASB (160 L) no tratamento de esgoto sanitário municipal da cidade de São Carlos. Durante o período de operação, o reator foi submetido a variações senoidais cíclicas, de cargas orgânica e hidráulica, em valores inferiores e superiores a 40% e 60% da vazão afluente de 16,0 L/h. A produção média de gás metano e a eficiência média de remoção de DQO alcançadas pelo reator foram de aproximadamente: 1,83 L/h e 61% para vazão afluente de 16 L/h, TDH de 10 h e velocidade ascensional de 0,23 m/h; 2,24 L/h e 48% para variação cíclica de 40% e 2,97 L/h e 40% para variação cíclica de 60%. O MMS indicou faixa de valores para a DQO efluente com diferença em relação aos resultados observados experimentalmente - de 37% para vazão afluente constante de 16 L/h e 59% e 56% para variações senoidais cíclicas de 40% e 60% da vazão afluente, respectivamente – devido à limitação do modelo em considerar o arraste de sólidos no efluente que ocorreu ao longo de toda a operação do reator e mais acentuadamente quando foram aplicadas variações da vazão afluente. O modelo ADM1 proposto por Batstone et al.(2002a,b)apresentou menor similaridade com os resultados observados experimentalmente por não contemplar a variação horária e diária de alguns parâmetros de entrada, mas apenas a média aritmética dos valores. / There are no extensive reports on the dynamic behaviour of UASB reactor submitted to cyclical daily variations of organic and hydraulic loads of short periods of time - equal to or shorter than 24 hours - that can damage the reactor efficiency due to probable granule flotation, odor generation and high concentration of suspended solids in the effluent. Aiming to understand the dynamic response of these reactors when submitted to these variations, it was developed the MMS model based on the N-continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in series model, first order kinetics model for substrate consumption and biomass growth and empirical equations reported in the literature. The model indicated the reactor capacity on dampening the imposed flow rate variations and the influence of the kinetics in the organic matter removal efficiency. It was evaluated the response of a UASB in bench scale (160 L) treating sanitary sewage of São Carlos city in order to calibrate and validate the MMS. During the operation, the reactor was submitted to cyclical sinusoidal variations of organic and hydraulic loads in lesser and higher values of 40% and 60% of the influent flow rate of 16 L/h. The reactor achieved mean methane production and mean COD removal efficiency of: 1,83 L/h and 61% to influent flow rate of 16 L/h, HRT of 10 h and upflow velocity of 0,23 m/h; 2,24 L/h and 48% to sinusoidal variation of 40%; 2,97 L/h and 40% to sinusoidal variation of 60%. The MMS model results indicated a range of effluent COD values with a difference of 37% to influent flow rate of 16 L/h, 59% and 56% to sinusoidal variations of 40% and 60%, respectively, in comparison with the experimental observed data. This probably occurred due to the model limitation in considering and predicting the solids washout in the effluent that was verified during all the operation, and also more significant when the sinusoidal variations were applied. The ADM1 reported by Batstone et al. (2002a,b) presented lesser similarity with the experimental observed results due to the fact that it does not consider hourly and daily variations of some input parameters, but only the arithmetical mean of the values.

AL’objectif de cette thèse est de tester la corrélation des cycles économiques entre les pays développés et les pays émergents, et de déterminer, en outre, l’importance relative des mécanismes causaux de la synchronisation/désynchronisation cyclique entre ces deux groupes de pays. Il s’agit notamment d’examiner comment les phases cycliques qui secouent les pays avancés se transmettent aux pays émergents. En étudiant les relations économiques entre les pays avancés et les pays émergents, nos résultats montrent qu’il existe une synchronisation cyclique entre les deux groupes de pays, mais aussi, en même temps, un découplage partiel des cycles conjoncturels entre un nombre limité de ces deux groupes de pays, notamment l’Inde et la Chine. Les circuits commerciaux et les canaux financiers sont les déterminants principaux de la synchronisation cyclique entre les pays développés et les pays émergents, en tenant compte d’une importance relative des facteurs financiers. Ce résultat nous a amené à analyser plus en profondeur les aspects financiers. Ainsi, on a étudié, en premier lieu, l’indice des turbulences financières. On observe qu’il existe une forte corrélation entre les troubles financiers des pays avancés et ceux des pays émergents. On a également testé, en second lieu, la synchronisation cyclique sous les différents régimes de change. On constate que les économies émergentes qui adoptent un régime de change intermédiaire sont les plus synchronisées, parce qu’il existe un lien entre corrélation cyclique et comportement des réserves de change. Ces dernières arrivent à leur pic dans un régime de change intermédiaire, ce qui est probablement dû aux relations intenses avec l’Europe et les Etats-Unis qui atteignent leur plus haut niveau sous un système intermédiaire de changes / The aim of this thesis is to analyze business cycles correlation between developed and emerging countries, and to determine the relative importance of causal mechanisms of synchronization/desynchronization between these two groups of countries. The business cycles across countries: divergence or convergence? How cyclical phases that shake the developed countries are transmitted to emerging countries ? By examining the economic relations between advanced and emerging countries, our results show that there is business cycles synchronization between the two groups of countries, but also at the same time, a partial decoupling of business cycles between a limited number of these two groups of countries, particularly India and China. Trade integration and financial channels are the main determinants of cyclical synchronization between developed countries and emerging economies, with a relative importance of the financial factors. This result led us to analyze, further, the financial aspects. Thus, we studied in the first place, the financial stress index. It is observed that there is a strong correlation between financial turmoil of developed countries and emerging countries. It was tested, in the second place, the cyclical synchronization under different exchange rate regimes. It appears that emerging economies that adopt an intermediate exchange rate regime are more synchronized because there is a link between their cyclical correlation and their international reserves behavior. These arrive at their peak under an intermediate exchange rate regime, probably due to the intense relations with Europe and the United States, which reach their highest level under an intermediate exchange rate system.

Through education, a society hopes to reproduce itself, and through architecture a society reveals it’s values, aspirations, norms, beliefs and its cultural composition in the built environment. The first democratic elections in 1994 marked the end of the apartheid era and the beginning of the definition of a new era that would represent the new aspirations of all the people of South Africa. These fairly recent changes are important for the reshaping of the architectural profession as it seeks to interpret new meanings, views and aspirations of the new South African society in the built environment. A starting point in the transformation of the architecture profession is the development of a curriculum model in schools of architecture that will ensure continuous adaptation to the changes in society. The study reviewed and categorized the contemporary curriculum models as used in the South African schools of Architecture according to an array of philosophies and principles that underlie curricula. The Thesis proposes that an eclectic approach to design of architecture curricula is ideal for the multicultural society of South Africa that seeks to balance the demands of the local and global context in its education. This study revealed that most architecture programmes retain their traditional programmes because the university is the largely the locus of learning, experiential learning is minimal as well as little flexibility as most of the learning course- modules are required modules. The Thesis proposes a curriculum model for architecture based on the Post-Modern philosophy, which can effectively accommodate the needs of a changing South Africa in the educational programmes for architects. Such a model defines with clarity the pedagogic or epistemological reasons for directing change in architecture programmes in an increasingly complex and dynamic South African society. / Thesis (PhD (Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Architecture / unrestricted

The aim of the thesis is to examine possible connections between economic results of public budgets, especially the most important part-state budget, and the course of the political cycle in Czech republic between years 1993 and 2015. The theoretical part is based on the Public choice theory, Theory of public finance and Political-business cycle theory. The practital part focuses on analysis of political situation in each political cycle and then on association with public and state budgets revenues and expenditures, their growth rate and the business cycle. Results of the analysis show that deficits of state budget are predominantly structural based. Moreover, a tendency to influence election results through released fiscal policy is also noticeable in some political cycles, which is consistent with the political-business cycle theory.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to compare valuation methods and models for individual companies operating in different sectors. Part of the thesis deals with the defining particular specifics of financial institutions, commodity companies and cyclical companies, followed by the application of the valuation methods and models, including the determination of the intrinsic value of the company. At the end of the thesis there is a final discussion about the findings and results.

This study documents and analyzes cyclic patterns used as melodic vocabulary in John Coltrane's improvisations from compositions of 1965 to 1967. The analysis is categorized in two distinct sections. The first section analyzes melodic vocabulary that is derived from the cycle of descending major thirds progressions found in the compositions of 1959 to 1960. The second section analyzes melodic vocabulary that is derived from Nicolas Slonimsky's Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns using the theoretical terminology incorporated in the treatise. Musical examples consist of patterns from the Thesaurus and excerpts from selected improvisations of John Coltrane as transcribed by Andrew White. Important scholarly contributions relevant to the subject by Carl Woideck, Lewis Porter, David Demsey, and Walt Weiskopf are included. Every effort has been made to cite interviews with musicians and commentaries by writers contemporary to that period of time with special emphasis on the important influence of Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, and Ornette Coleman. Chapter headings include: Literature Review and Methodology; Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, and Ornette Coleman: Converging Influences; Analysis: Coltrane's Major Thirds Harmonic Cycles Used as Melodic Vocabulary; Interval Cycles in Coltrane's Melodic Vocabulary Based on Patterns from Slonimsky's Thesaurus; Summary and Conclusion.

La investigación aborda la problemática de la gestión logística en una empresa productora de cemento portland. En primer lugar, se analizó el proceso de gestión de inventarios cuya exactitud de registro de inventarios (ERI) era inferior al 50% por las causas de falta de control y falta de procedimientos e indicadores. En segundo lugar, se aborda el proceso de compras en la planta. El año 2019 las compras urgentes representaron el 14% de las compras totales, las cuales generan sobrecostos debido a la no planificación y a la ausencia de control en el proceso. La propuesta de mejora inicia con el diseño e implementación de inventarios cíclicos y la implementación de la herramienta 5S en el almacén para mejorar la exactitud de registro de inventarios. En el caso del proceso de compras incluye implementar la planificación de las compras con la matriz de Kraljic y la elaboración de indicadores para un mejor control. Finalmente con las mejoras propuestas se propone aumentar la confiabilidad del ERI del 43% hasta un 95% y reducir las compras urgentes del 14% al 1% de las compras totales al año. / The research addresses the problem of logistics management in a portland cement production company. In the first place, the inventory management process was analyzed whose inventory record accuracy (IRA) was less than 50% due to the causes of lack of control and lack of procedures and indicators. Second, the purchasing process at the plant is addressed. In 2019, urgent purchases represented 14% of total purchases, which generate cost overruns due to non-planning and the lack of control in the process. The improvement proposal begins with the design and implementation of cyclical inventories and the implementation of the 5S tool in the warehouse to improve the accuracy of inventory registration. In the case of the purchasing process, it includes implementing the planning of purchases with the Kraljic matrix and the development of indicators for better control. Finally, with the proposed improvements, it is proposed to increase the reliability of the ERI from 43% to 95% and reduce urgent purchases from 14% to 1% of total purchases per year. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The Farm is a speculative proposal for a self sustainable city block where as much food is produces as is consumed by it’s inhabitants. It is utilising the potential that arise when the greenery of farming is brought in to the cities in creating a new hybrid that blends with the city fabric with the aim of contributing to the areas multiplicity and vibrant life. The aim of the project has been that through architecture design; study the possibility to go from a throughput society, where everything we consume is produced outside of the community, to a society that produces what it consumes within the community in a cyclical integrated sustainable way. Can we produce what we consume with in a city and what happens when the production, which in this case is the cultivation of crops and plants, merge with the existing city fabric? What happens if the cultivation is combined with a traditional apartment program and what does it  become? Can the programs thrive together in symbiosis or will one of the programs become a parasite of the other? How does the vast open spaces required for farming relate to the small intimate spaces suitable for living spaces? What is their interrelationship, how do they effect each other?

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Since its implementation in 2002, the Better Regulation agenda for improved policy-making aimed at closing the gap in the policy cycle in the European Union. The gap in the policy cycle is said to be due to a lack of compliance with evaluations of existing regulations through ex-post evaluations before starting new policy processes with impact assessments. With a point of departure in the effect of the external shock from Covid-19 on the EU policy process, the thesis analyzes if and how the usage of ex-post evaluation in impact assessments has differed before and during Covid-19. This comparative case study focuses on the qualitative use of ex-post evaluations in impact assessments during crises, the study contributes with a new crisis-oriented focus on the research on Better Regulation as well as new data on the cyclical policy process in the EU. The analysis tests two explanatory theories for non-compliance by linking ex-post evaluations with impact assessments under Better Regulation. The theory of regulatory reactivity can explain non-compliance tied to the external shock of Covid-19 and the inherent variation in DG capacity to produce cyclical and evidence-based impact assessments in line with the Better Regulation guidelines can explain if the non-compliance is systematic. The results contradict the somewhat pessimistic picture from previous research and the theoretical expectations of compliance with Better Regulation. A stronger compliance over time with Better Regulation was found which was not visibly impacted by the external shock from Covid-19 nor connected to the variation in DG capacity.