There is emerging evidence that the oncogenic potential of hdm2 (human and/or murine double minute-2 protein) stems not only from its ability to counteract tumor suppressor p53 but also from its less understood p53-independent functions. Surprisingly, little is known about the role and regulation of hdm2 in pancreatic tumors, a large proportion (50-75%) of which contain mutant p53. In this study, we determined that hdm2 was expressed in a Ras-signaling-dependent manner in various pancreatic cancer cell lines. As p53 was mutated and inactive in these cells, the expression of hdm2 was seemingly redundant. Indeed, the proliferation and survival of cell lines such as Panc-1 and Panc-28 could be inhibited by PRIMA-1 (mutant p53 activator) but not by Nutlin-3 (inhibitor of the hdm2-p53 interaction). Unexpectedly, however, the proliferation of both cell lines was strongly inhibited by hdm2-specific RNAi. Our data also revealed cyclin D1, c-Jun and c-Myc to be novel targets of hdm2 and suggested that they might mediate hdm2's role in cellular proliferation and/or survival. We conclude from our results that hdm2 is expressed in pancreatic cancer cells as a result of activated Ras signaling, and that it regulates cellular proliferation and the expression of three novel target genes by p53-independent mechanisms.

No description available.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cyclin Dependent Kinase regulation is often manipulated by cancer cells to promote unlimited proliferation. P27 is an important regulator of Cyclin E/CDK 2, which has been found in low amounts in many types of malignant cancers. Lovastatin has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by increasing the P27 protein. There has been some question, however, if lovastatin regulates P27 at the transcriptional or translational level. Although it has been claimed that P27 expression regulation is due to an IRES located in its 5’UTR, other studies suggested that P27 expression is regulated at the level of transcription. To further investigate the regulation mechanism of P27 expression, the 5’-UTR of P27 and its deletion mutants were examined using a luciferase reporter gene in HeLa cells following exposure to lovastatin. It was found that lovastatin stimulated a significant 1.4 fold increase in its promoter activity of the full length 5’UTR (575). Deletion of 35 nucleotides from the 5’ end of the UTR eliminated the lovastatin-induced increase in promoter activity. Further mapping analyses of the first 35 bases showed that two regions, M1 (575-559) and M3 (543-527), were less sensitive to lovastatin than the other mutated constructs. Since M1 and M3 still showed some activity, a construct was created with deletions in both the M1 and M3 regions. This showed no increase in luciferase activity when exposed to lovastatin. Looking at RNA levels, there was a 1.5 fold increase in RNA when the full length 5’UTR was inserted into HeLa cells and exposed to 81 µM of lovastatin. In contrast, there was no increase in RNA when M1/M3 (575-559; 543-527) was inserted into HeLa cells and exposed to 81 µM of lovastatin. In addition, there was a 1.6 fold increase in endogenous P27 RNA levels after HeLa cells were exposed to 81 µM of lovastatin. In all of these experiments, there seems to be two promoters that work cooperatively: M1 (575-559) and M3 (543-527).

Les cellules cancéreuses sont sujettes à des défauts de reformation de l'enveloppe nucléaire (EN) après la mitose. BAF est l'une des premières protéines recrutées sur les chromosomes pour initier la reformation de l’EN. Chez l'humain, le recrutement de BAF nécessite sa déphosphorylation par la phosphatase PP2A et Ankle2, une protéine du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) interagissant avec PP2A. Cependant, les fonctions d’Ankle2 dans la reformation de l’EN ne sont pas complètement comprises. Pour les étudier, notre laboratoire utilise la drosophile comme organisme modèle. On ne sait pas si Ankle2 de drosophile fonctionne dans le NER. Nous avons constaté qu’Ankle2 est nécessaire au recrutement de BAF pour le réassemblage du noyau après la mitose chez la drosophile. Pour mieux comprendre son fonctionnement, nous avons identifié des protéines avec lesquelles BAF interagit : PP2A, Vap33 (une protéine du RE) et certaines Kinases Dépendantes des Cyclines (CDK). Nous avons cartographié les régions d’Ankle2 impliquées dans ces interactions protéiques grâce à une analyse mutationnelle, des co-purifications par affinité et des pulldowns GST. Nous avons ensuite généré des mutants d’Ankle2 spécifiquement déficients pour des interactions et testé leur capacité à sauver la prolifération et la reformation de l’EN dans des cellules où Ankle2 endogène est déplété. Nos résultats indiquent que l'interaction entre Ankle2 et PP2A est essentielle pour sa fonction dans la reformation de l’EN. Une analyse biochimique suggère qu’Ankle2 fonctionne comme une sous-unité régulatrice de PP2A. En utilisant une approche phosphoprotéomique, nous avons confirmé que la déphosphorylation de BAF dépend d’Ankle2 et nous avons aussi identifié de nouveaux substrats potentiels du complexe PP2A-Ankle2. Nous concluons que le complexe PP2A-Ankle2 est nécessaire à la déphosphorylation de BAF et à son recrutement pour le réassemblage du noyau. Les expériences en cours permettront de déterminer les exigences d'autres interactions d’Ankle2 pour ses fonctions dans la reformation de l’EN. La suite de ces travaux impliquera l’étude de la régulation de nouveaux substrats de PP2A-Ankle2 impliqués dans ce processus. Une reformation de l’EN défectueuse peut provoquer une 4 micronucléation, ce qui peut déclencher une réponse immunitaire innée. La perturbation de la reformation de l’EN dans les cellules cancéreuses pourrait donc être bénéfique dans le contexte de l’immunothérapie. / Cancer cells are prone to defects in Nuclear Envelope Reformation (NER) after mitosis. BAF is one of the first proteins recruited on chromosomes to initiate NER. In humans, BAF recruitment requires its dephosphorylation by PP2A and Ankle2, a PP2A-interacting protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the functions of Ankle2 in NER are incompletely understood. Our lab uses Drosophila as a model system. Whether Drosophila Ankle2 functions in NER is unknown. We found that Ankle2 is required for BAF recruitment to reassembling nuclei in Drosophila. To better understand how it functions, we identified its interactors, which include PP2A, Vap33 (an ER protein) and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs). We mapped the regions of Ankle2 involved in these protein-protein interactions through a mutational analysis, affinity co-purifications and GST pulldowns. We then generated mutant forms of Ankle2 defective in individual interactions and tested their ability to rescue proliferation and NER in cells depleted from endogenous Ankle2. Our results indicate that the interaction of Ankle2 with PP2A is essential for its function in NER. A biochemical analysis suggests that Ankle2 functions as a regulatory subunit of PP2A. Using a phosphoproteomic approach, we confirmed that BAF dephosphorylation depends on Ankle2 and also identified novel candidate substrates of the PP2A-Ankle2 complex. We conclude that PP2A-Ankle2 complex is required for BAF dephosphorylation and recruitment to reassembling nuclei. Ongoing experiments will determine the requirements of other interactions of Ankle2 for its functions in NER. Future work will explore the regulation of novel PP2A-Ankle2 substrates in this process. Defective NER can cause micronucleation, which can elicit an innate immune response. Disrupting NER in cancer cells could be beneficial in the context of immunotherapy.

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No description available.

<p>The POZ-ZF transcription factor ZBTB4 was initially identified due to its sequence homology to the dual-specificity DNA-binding transcription factor Kaiso. Subsequent characterization of ZBTB4 revealed that it is also a dual-specificity DNA-binding protein; it recognizes a specific oligonucleotide sequence C^T/_CGCCATC, coined the <strong>Z</strong>BTB<strong>4</strong> <strong>B</strong>inding <strong>S</strong>equence (Z4BS) as well as methylated CpG-dinucleotides. Interestingly, ZBTB4 also binds to the highly similar consensus <strong>K</strong>aiso <strong>B</strong>inding <strong>S</strong>ite (KBS) <em>in vitro</em>.</p> <p>ZBTB4 is misexpressed in cancer, and follows a stage-specific pattern of expression in breast carcinoma tissues; low ZBTB4 levels are found in late stages while high ZBTB4 expression is detected in early stages of disease progression. Ongoing studies have begun to elucidate the molecular interactions that mediate ZBTB4’s apparent tumour suppressor role in tumourigenesis, however no study has investigated the nature of ZBTB4’s ability to interact with both the Z4BS and the KBS <em>in vivo</em>, and how this may expand ZBTB4’s repertoire of potential target genes.</p> <p>Recently Kaiso has been characterized as a transcriptional repressor of the cell cycle regulatory gene <em>cyclin D1</em>, and thus we used <em>cyclin D1 </em>as a model to investigate the nature of ZBTB4’s interaction with the KBS <em>in vivo</em>. The <em>cyclin D1</em> minimal promoter contains two partial Z4BS at the same location as the KBS sites and we found that ZBTB4 binds to the +69 Z4BS/KBS site, but not to the -1067 site. Because the +69 Z4BS/KBS is immediately flanked by a CpG dinucleotide, this interaction may be a methylation-dependent interaction. To determine the consequence of this interaction, we conducted minimal promoter luciferase assays, and observed that ZBTB4 mediates an activation of the -1748-CD1 minimal promoter activity.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> Kaiso is a unique member of the BTB/POZ (Broad complex, Tramtrak, Bric à brac,/Pox virus and zinc finger) zinc finger family of transcription factors with established roles in development and tumourigenesis. Kaiso was originally identified as a novel binding partner of the Armadillo catenin p120^ctn, a cytosolic co-factor and regulator of the cell-cell adhesion molecule and tumor suppressor E-cadherin. In addition to their roles in cell adhesion, the multifunctional Armadillo catenins also regulate gene expression, thus providing at least two mechanisms for their contribution to tumourigenesis. The discovery of a novel interaction between p120^ctn and the transcription factor Kaiso was therefore consistent with gene regulatory roles for Armadillo catenins. Interestingly, Kaiso represses transcription via a sequence-specific DNA binding site (TCCTGCnA) as well as through methylated CpG di-nucleotides, and one role of nuclear p120^ctn is to inhibit Kaiso DNA-binding and transcriptional repression. We recently identified sequence-specific Kaiso binding sites in a subset of Wnt/β-catenin/TCF tumour-associated target genes, and here we present data characterizing cyclin D1 as a putative Kaiso target gene.</p> <p> Kaiso binds the cyclin D1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, and artificial promoter assays revealed that Kaiso overexpression results in the repression of a cyclin D1 promoter luciferase reporter. Since cyclin D1 is highly amplified in ~50% of human breast tumours, and a cancer profiling array demonstrated that Kaiso is misexpressed in ~40% of human breast tumours, we hypothesized that Kaiso represses and regulates cyclin D1 expression to inhibit breast tumourigenesis. In fact, examination of Kaiso expression in human breast cell lines demonstrated that cyclin D1 mRNA levels were upregulated in Kaiso-depleted cells. My studies further revealed that methylation-dependent Kaiso-DNA binding may contribute to Kaiso's transcriptional repression of the cyclin D1 promoter. We also determined that Kaiso inhibits, while p120^ctn activates, β-catenin-mediated activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. These findings further support a role for Kaiso and p120^ctn in breast tumourigenesis via their modulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway which is highly implicated in human tumourigenesis. Together these findings support our hypothesis that Kaiso regulates cyclin D1 expression. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism employed by Kaiso to elicit cyclin D1 repression and to examine how this activity may contribute to breast tumourigenesis.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p dir="ltr">UBE2C is upregulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer and shows strong correlation with high tumor grade. Currently, the scarcity of UBE2C inhibitors is alarming. This study is the first to report UBE2C post-translational modulation mediated by LIMK2 kinase. A proteome-wide screen previously conducted in the Shah lab has identified UBE2C as a direct substrate of LIMK2 using an innovative chemical genetic approach. LIMK2 regulates UBE2C in a variety of ways. First, LIMK2 directly associates with UBE2C in cells. Second, LIMK2 phosphorylates UBE2C at S123 and increases its stability at the protein level. Third, LIMK2 upregulates UBE2C mRNA and protein expression levels in cells. Contrary to its well-established function as an enzyme involved in the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway, UBE2C stabilizes LIMK2 protein expression in a reciprocal loop. This study is the first to show UBE2C stabilizing its substrate. Likewise, UBE2C increases LIMK2 mRNA and protein levels; however, the mechanism is to be elucidated. LIMK2-UBE2C loop is extremely oncogenic creating CRPC pathogenesis <i>in vivo</i>. Targeting LIMK2 is a suitable approach to effectively degrade both UBE2C and LIMK2 which leads to significant inhibition of tumor formation, cancer stem cell phenotype and epithelial to mesenchymal transition <i>in vivo</i>. Additionally, CDK1 for the longest time was thought to be the only protein of the cyclin dependent kinase family which binds to and is activated by cyclin B1 to regulate cell cycle progression. We first showed CDK5 activity in cell division and its importance in maintaining mitotic fidelity. We first established the activation of CDK5 by cyclin B1 <i>in vitro</i>. The phospho-mimetic CDK5 was observed to be less active when bound to cyclin B1 than its wild-type counterpart.</p>