Esta tese consiste do estudo de reações de ciclofuncionalização de compostos β-enamino carbonílicos e β-dicarbonílicos, contendo uma cadeia alquenílica nas posições α ou γ. Os eletrófilos empregados para este fim foram: iodo, brometo de fenilselenenila e tricloreto de p-metóxifeniltelurio. Os iodo-β-enamino ésteres e cetonas cíclicas, após desidroiodação mediada por base, levaram à formação dos correspondentes pirróis, indóis e aminobenzofuranos. A ciclização dos β-ceto ésteres e β-dicetonas levou a enol éteres e benzofuranos funcionalizados. Estes resultados, juntamente com outros obtidos em nosso grupo de pesquisa, foram utilizados em um estudo comparativo entre reagentes de iodo, selênio e telúrio frente a reações de ciclização eletrofílica de substratos β-dicarbonílicos. / This thesis presents a study of the cyclofunctionalization of β-enamino carbonyl and β-dicarbonyl compounds, substituted by an alkenyl group at the α or γ positions. Iodine, phenyl-selenenyl bromide and p-methoxyphenyltellurium trichloride were employed as the electrophilic reagent. The cyclic iodo-β-enamino esters and ketones, after base-promoted dehydroiodination, led to the corresponding pyrroles, indoles and aminobenzofurans. The cyclization of the β-keto esters and β-diketones afforded five- and six-membered enol ethers and benzofuranones. These results, together with others previously obtained in our research group, allowed us to compare the behavior of the three above mentioned electrophiles toward the cyclofunctionalization of β-dicarbonyl substrates.

In this work we developed the efficient and selective heterocyclic product synthesis using as electrophilic agent a ferric chloride combinated with diorganyl dichalcogenides under mild conditions. In the first part of this work, it was possible a variety of 4-organochalcogenyl-1H-isochromen-1-imines synthesis using a combinated system of diorganyl dichalcogenides and anhydrous ferric chloride using o-alkynylbenzamides as a substrate. These product synhesis given high efficiently and selectivity in 35 for 88% yields. These synthetized products were submeted to palladium coupling reactions leading to expected products in 65 for 80% yields. In a second stage, it was possible a 3-(alkyl chalcogen-2- benzophenyl[b]selenophene[2,3-d] chalcogenophenes using a combinated system with dialkyl diorganyl dichalcogenides and hexahidrate ferric chloride. Through this cyclization protocol we could satisfactorily synthetize a series of benzochalcogenophenes chalcohenofene-fused (35 to 89% yields), using relatively mild reaction condictions, since all the experiments were carried at 39°C under ambient atmosphere. / No presente trabalho desenvolveu-se a síntese eficiente e seletiva de produtos heterocíclicos utilizando como agente eletrofílico a combinação de cloreto férrico e dicalcogenetos de diorganoíla sob condições brandas. Num primeiro momento foi possível a síntese de 4-Organocacogenoil-1H-isocromen-1-iminas diversas a partir de reações de ciclização de o-alquinil-benzamidas mediadas por disselenetos ou diteluretos de diorganoíla e cloreto férrico anidro. A síntese desses produtos se deu de maneira eficiente e com seletividade com rendimentos que variaram de 35% a 88%. Os produtos sintetizados foram ainda submetidos a reações de acoplamento catalisadas por paládio, demostrando a versatilidade das isoromeniminas funcionalizadas na síntese de produtos diferentes altamente funcionalizados em rendimentos de 65 e 88%. Subsequentemente, foi possível a síntese de diferentes 3- (alquicacogenoil)-2-benzofenil[b]selenofeno[2,3d] calcogenofenos a partir de reações de ciclização do tipo cascata de 2-alquinil-feniléteres mediadas por dicalcogenetos de diorganoíla alquílicos e cloreto férrico hexahidratado. Através deste protocolo foi possível sintetizar, de maneira satisfatória (35 a 89% de rendimento), uma série de benzocalcogenofenos fundidos a calcogenofenos utilizando condições de reação relativamente bandas uma vez que os experimentos foram realizados na temperatura de 39°C e sem a necessidade de atmosfera inerte, ou seja, em atmosfera ambiente.

First section of chapter 1 deals with gold catalyzed synthesis of ring fused furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans. Furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans are ubiquitous structural segments found in a number of natural products including polyether containing marine toxins. Synthesis of furo[3,2,b]pyrans 2a was accomplished from the bis-propargyl ethers 1a, while the synthesis of furo[3,2,b]furans 2b was accomplished from the prenyl propargyl ethers 1b. Scheme 1: Synthesis of furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans Second section of chapter 1 describes an unusual ring-contraction rearrangement route to functionalized 2,8-oxymethano-bridged di and triquinane. During the course of investigations concerning the total synthesis of 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework containing natural products, an unusual ring-contraction rearrangement sequence was observed in the reaction of 5-substituted 1-methyl-4-isopropenyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ones 4 to the 2,8-oxymethano-bridged diquinanes 5. The reaction was further demonstrated in the synthesis of triquinane 7 framework. Scheme 2: Synthesis of functionalized di and triquinane In third section of chapter 1 gold catalyzed synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones from suitable substituted allyl propargyl ethers was discussed. Synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones comprising a quaternary center with high diastereoselectivity was realized via AuCl3 catalyzed tandem intramolecular exo-dig heterocyclization/enol isomerization/Claisen rearrangement sequence in excellent yields. The reaction was general and amenable for the synthesis of structurally diverse analogues. Scheme 3: Synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones Forth section of chapter 1 consists of gold catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation assisted ring opening of furans to the corresponding saturated -keto esters. During the course investigations concerning gold catalyzed intramolecular enyne cyclization reactions, an interesting ring opening of furans in furyl propargyl alcohols to the corresponding tetrahydrofuran appended saturated -keto esters exclusively driven by intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of the alkyne was observed. Reaction of furyl propargyl alcohols without free hydroxyl group, under similar conditions afforded the conjugated enynes involving dehydration/ketalization. Scheme 4: Synthesis of saturated -keto esters and enynes Chapter 2 delineates the enantiospecific synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.2]decadienes 15 via gold catalyzed tandem enyne cyclization, semipinacol rearrangement reaction. Bicyclodecadienes are key structural units of natural products nakafuran-8 and pallescensin B. Scheme 5: Synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.2]decadienes

The utility of computational study lies not only in rationalizing a chemical phenomenon but also in its predictive value. Broadly, the scope of my research work includes understanding of the structure and bonding of molecules as well as reaction mechanisms using computational techniques. Here I will discuss three research problems where computational results successfully rationalize and predict the experimental outcome. Firstly, we will describe the electronic structure and bonding of all the possible cyclic isomers of B2AlHnm (where n =3D 3 =96 6 and m =3D -2 to 1) = which is isoelectronic to the cyclopropenyl cation.1 A comparative study among all the isomers of homocyclic and heterocyclic three- membered boron and aluminum hydrides has also been done to understand the factors that differentiate their hydride chemistry. We will also discuss about two different approaches to stabilize neutral planar B3R3 rings. In a mechanistic study, we have designed a a priori system which can undergo two competing biradical generating processes, namely the Myers-Saito (MS) and Garratt-Braverman (GB) Cyclizations.2,3 We will present a detailed mechanistic study of both the reactions, which indicates the preference of the GB cyclization over MS cyclization. The theoretical prediction is in agreement with the experimental findings. We will also describe a conformational constraint-based strategy to switch the selectivity from GB to MS/Schmittel pathway.4 In another study, we will talk about a DFT study to illustrate the effect of the a) solvent, b) ancillary ligand, (L) c) leaving group, (Hal) and d) metal (M) on the equilibrium between metal boryl (1) and borylene (2) complexes (Scheme 1).5,6

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T11:29:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diêgo de Melo - 2017.pdf: 12963482 bytes, checksum: 14979af9bcf3df3d1a038ba4bc54e354 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T12:38:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diêgo de Melo - 2017.pdf: 12963482 bytes, checksum: 14979af9bcf3df3d1a038ba4bc54e354 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diêgo de Melo - 2017.pdf: 12963482 bytes, checksum: 14979af9bcf3df3d1a038ba4bc54e354 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work describes a practical method for intramolecular heterocyclization of the (-)-α-bisabolol to obtain cyclic arylselenoethers and arylthioethers. The electrophilic cyclization addition is promoted by arylselenenyl bromide (ArSeBr) and arylsulfenyl chloride (ArSCl) through electrophilic addition across the terminally disubstituted double bond of the alfa-bisabolol. The cyclization reaction preceeded cleanly and smoothly under mild reaction conditions and provided the cyclic arylselenoethers and arylthioethers with 71% and 47% of yield respectively, employing pyridine as addictive under inert atmosphere. The methodology showed to be highly regioselective since the tetrahydrofuranes were obtained as unique products, presumably because of electronic and conformational factors. It is well known that cyclic ethers are present in the skeletons of several groups of natural compounds exhibiting important biological activities. / Este trabalho descreve um método simples para a heterociclização Intramolecular do (-)-α-bisabolol para obtenção de ariltioeteres e arilselenoeteres cíclicos. A ciclização eletrofílica é promovida por brometo de arilselenenila (ArSeBr) e cloreto de arilsulfenila (ArSCl) através da adição eletrofílica na dupla ligação terminal dissubstituída do (-)-α-bisabolol A reação de ciclização procedeu-se sob condições brandas fornecendo arilselenoeteres e ariltioeteres cíclicos com 71% e 47% de rendimento respectivamente, empregando piridina como aditivo, em atmosfera inerte. A metodologia mostrou-se altamente regiosseletiva, uma vez que se obteve como produto principal somente tetrahidrofuranos organocalcogeno funcionalizados em consequência de fatores eletrônicos e conformacionais. Adicionalmente, sabe-se que, os éteres cíclicos estão presentes nos esqueletos de vários grupos de compostos naturais, apresentando importantes atividades biológicas.

Sais de diazônio são um classe de compostos amplamente usados em química orgânica. Sua aplicação abrange uma gama de sínteses desde corantes até reações de hetero-acoplamento para produção de fármacos, mas pouco é conhecido de sua redução eletroquímica para fins sintéticos. As metodologias empregadas na redução de sais de diazônio geralmente envolvem o uso de metais ou compostos capazes de transferir elétrons como Pd, Cu ou tetratiafulvaleno. Neste trabalho é descrita a redução eletroquímica de dois sais de diazônio: tetrafluoroborato de 2-(2-propen-1-ilóxi)benzenodiazônio (1) e tetrafluoroborato de 2-(2-propen-1-iltio)benzenodiazônio (2) usando três eletrodos: Pt, Hg e pó de grafite. Quando foi feita a eletrólise de (1) utilizando cátodo de Hg vários produtos foram formados envolvendo uma reação de ciclização intramolecular, porém não conseguimos separá-los pelos métodos cromatográficos. A eletrólise de (2) em condições experimentais similares conduziu a uma mistura complexa de produtos provavelmente devido a uma interação do Hg com o átomo de enxofre do substrato e seus produtos de redução. Usando o cátodo de Pt e sal (1) a reação não foi eficiente pois ocorria uma queda brusca da corrente, provavelmente devido ao bloqueio da superfície do eletrodo. Concernente ao eletrodo de pó de grafite, apenas alguns experimentos preliminares foram feitos, portanto uma análise de seu desemprenho é prematura. / Diazonium salts are a class of compounds largely used in organic synthesis. Their application cover a broad range from dye syntheses to hetero-coupling reactions for production of medical drugs, but little is known about their electrochemical reduction and its possible use in synthesis. Metodologies employed for their reduction generally involve metals or compounds capable to perform an electron transfer like Pd, Cu or tetrathiafulvalene. We describe the electrochemical reduction studies of two diazonium salts: 2-(-2-propen-1-yloxi)benzenediazonuim (1) and 2-(2-propen-1-ylthio)benzenediazonuim (2) using three electrodes: Pt, Hg and graphite powder. When (1), was electrolyzed using a Hg cathode several products were formed involving an intramolecular cyclization reaction, but we were unable to separate them by chromatographic methods. The electrolyses of (2) under similar experimental conditions gave a complex mixture of products probably due to an interaction of Hg with sulfur of the substrate and the reduction products. Using a Pt cathode and salt (1) the reduction did not proceed efficiently because the current decreased rapidly probably due to a blockage of the electrode surface. Concerning the graphite powder electrode only some preliminary experiments were made, therefore an evaluation of its performance is premature.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work reports the synthesis of a series of 4-organoselenyl-isoxazoles (19 examples), prepared via FeCl3/diorganyl diselenides-promoted intramolecular cyclization of alkynone O-metyloximas. In general, the selenyl-isoxazoles were obtained, in 50 to 70% yield. In addition, an alternative method was developed to promote the intramolecular cyclization reaction of o-alkynyl-N,N-dimethyl-anilines, where FeCl3 and substituted diorganyl diselenides were employed as promoter agents to this process. Through this cyclization protocol a series of N-methyl-3-organoselenyl-indoles could be synthesized (20 examples), in yields varying from 36 to 81%, by using room temperature and ambient atmosphere. In order to evaluate the versatility of the obtained compounds as precursors to the synthesis of functionalized isoxazoles and indoles, the 3,5-diphenyl-4-(phenylselenyl)-isoxazole, N-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(phenylselenyl)-1H-indole and N,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-(phenylselenyl)-1H-indole were submitted to PhSe-Lithium exchange reactions, and the corresponding organolithium intermediates, which were generated by treatment with nBuLi, could be trapped with different electrophiles, affording the functionalized isoxazoles (5 examples) and indoles (4 examples) in good yields (45-80%). / Este trabalho relata a síntese de uma série de 4-organoseleno-isoxazóis (19 exemplos), preparados a partir da reação de ciclização intramolecular de O-metiloximas alquinílicas promovidas por FeCl3 e diferentes disselenetos de diorganoíla. Em geral, os derivados de seleno-isoxazóis foram obtidos de maneira satisfatória, em rendimentos de 50 a 70%. Desenvolveu-se também, um método alternativo para promover a reação de ciclização intramolecular de o-alquinil-N,N-dimetil-anilinas, empregando-se FeCl3 e disselenetos de diorganoíla diferentemente substituídos, como agentes promotores da ciclização. Através deste protocolo de ciclização pode-se sintetizar uma série de N-metil-3-organosseleno-indóis (20 exemplos), em rendimentos que variaram de 36 a 81%, utilizando condições de reação brandas, uma vez que os experimentos foram realizados a temperatura e atmosfera ambiente. A fim de avaliar a versatilidade dos compostos obtidos, como precursores para a síntese de isoxazóis e indóis com diferentes funcionalizações, o 3,5-difenil-4-(fenilselenil)-isoxazol e o N-metil-2-fenil-3-(fenilselenil)-1H-indol e N,5-dimetil-2-fenil-3-(fenilselenil)-1H-indol, foram submetidos à reações de troca PhSe-lítio, e o intermediário litiado correspondente, formado a partir de uma reação utilizando n-BuLi, pôde ser capturado com diferentes eletrófilos, obtendo-se como produtos uma série de isoxazóis (5 exemplos) e indóis (4 exemplos) diferentemente funcionalizados em bons rendimentos (45-80%).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the first part of this work, a series of organochalcogen propargyl aryl ethers (19 examples) was easily prepared by reaction of propargyl aryl ethers and different organochalcogen electrophilic species. In general, the ethers were satisfactorily obtained in 50 to 80% yield. After that, the organochalcogen propargyl aryl ethers were submitted to intramolecular electrophilic cyclization reaction, using iodine and tellurium electrophilic reagents. Through this methodology, we were able to obtain a wide range of 4-organochalcogen-2H-chromenes (26 examples), regioselectively, in 40 to 83% yield. In order to evaluate the versatility of the obtained 2H-chromenes as precursors to the synthesis of different functionalized chromenes, the 3-iodo-4-(n-butylseleno)-2H-chromene was submitted to palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling reactions with different organozinc reagents and, to CuI-catalyzed coupling reaction with arylthiols. The corresponding 3-aryl-4-(n-butylseleno)-2H-chromenes (3 examples), obtained from Negishi coupling, as well as the 3-arylthio-4-(n-butylseleno)-2H-chromenes (3 examples) were isolated in 65 to 91% yield. In a second stage, we developed an alternative and regioselective method to promote the intramolecular cyclization of alkynyl aryl ketones, by employing FeCl3 and differently substituted diorganyl diselenides as promoter agents of this process. Through this cyclization protocol we could satisfactorily synthesize a series of 3-organochalcogen-4H-chromen-4-ones (26 examples, in 60 to 87%), using relatively mild reaction conditions, since all the experiments were carried out at 25 °C, under ambient atmosphere. / Este trabalho relata a síntese de uma série de éteres organocalcogeno arilpropargílicos (19 exemplos), facilmente preparada a partir da reação entre éteres arilpropargílicos e diferentes espécies eletrofílicas, derivadas de organocalcogênio. Em geral, os éteres derivados de organocalcogênio foram obtidos de maneira satisfatória, em rendimentos de 50 a 80%. Posteriormente, os éteres organocalcogeno arilpropargílicos foram submetidos à reação de ciclização eletrofílica intramolecular, mediada por reagentes eletrofílicos de iodo e telúrio. Através desta metodologia, tornou-se possível a obtenção de uma gama de 4-organocalcogeno-2H-cromenos (26 exemplos), regiosseletivamente, em rendimentos que variaram de 40 a 83%. A fim de avaliar a versatilidade dos 2H-cromenos obtidos, como precursores para a síntese de cromenos com diferentes funcionalizações, o 3-iodo-4-(seleno-n-butil)-2H-cromeno foi submetido às reações de acoplamento do tipo Negishi, catalisadas por sais de paládio, com diferentes reagentes de organozinco e, às reações de acoplamento catalisadas por CuI com tióis arílicos. Os correspondentes 3-aril-4-(seleno-n-butil)-2H-cromenos (3 exemplos), oriundos do acoplamento de Negishi, bem como os 3-tioaril-4-(seleno-n-butil)-2H-cromenos (3 exemplos), foram isolados em rendimentos entre 65 e 91%. Subsequentemente, desenvolveu-se um método alternativo e regiosseletivo para promover a reação de ciclização intramolecular de cetonas alquinilarílicas, empregando-se FeCl3 e disselenetos de diorganoíla diferentemente substituídos, como agentes promotores deste processo. Através deste protocolo de ciclização pode-se sintetizar, de maneira satisfatória (60 a 87% de rendimento), uma série de 3-organocalcogeno-4H-cromen-4-onas (26 exemplos), utilizando condições de reação relativamente brandas, uma vez que os experimentos foram realizados a temperatura de 25 °C e sem a necessidade de uma atmosfera inerte, ou seja, em atmosfera ambiente.

In this thesis, a polypeptide binder concept is illustrated. By conjugation to a set of sixteen polypeptides, a small binding molecule can evolve into a polypeptide binder with increased affinity and selectivity. The concept was applied to 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid (DQ) and acetazolamide (AZM) for development of high affinity binders targeting human C-reactive protein (CRP) and human carbonic anhydrase (HCA) II and IX respectively. In addition, peptididic macrocycles were developed as inhibitors of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). CRP is a well-known biomarker of inflammation in humans and binders recognizing it are therefore of large interest as medical diagnostics. Until now, phosphocholine (PCh) and derivatives are the only known small molecule binders for CRP, but they have low μM affinity and bind CRP in a Ca2+ dependent manner. The small molecule DQ was designed as a CRP binder that is structurally unrelated to PCh. Its polypeptide conjugate, 4-C25l22-DQ, was demonstrated as a strong, Ca2+ independent binder for CRP, and had an affinity approximately three orders of magnitude higher than DQ itself. HCA IX is a protein that is interesting for diagnosis of cancer. AZM is a small molecule inhibitor of HCAs with a dissociation constant of 38 nM for HCA II and 3 nM for HCA IX. Interestingly, polypeptide conjugate 4-C10L17-AZM displayed stronger binding to both HCA II (KD 4 nM) and HCA IX (KD 90 pM). This result provided evidence that the binder concept can be applied also for small molecules which already have high affinity for their protein receptors. LSD1 is an enzyme that regulates the methylation of Lys 4 of histone 3 via a PPI-like interaction and which is of therapeutic interest in certain cancers. Based on the structures of two peptidic ligands bound to LSD1, we sequentially prepared truncated, mono-substituted and macroyclic peptides in order to develop reversible inhibitors of LSD1. Some stapled cyclic peptides bound to LSD1 with 10-fold higher affinity than the corresponding linear parent peptide. Changing the staple into a lactam further improved the binding potency and the best lactams inhibited the enzymatic activity of LSD1 at low μM Ki values.

No description available.