Objective: To appraise whether adverse events following oral implant placement may be associated with peri-operative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods: All patients with recorded implant failures between 1979 and 2012 in the Implant Prosthodontics Unit were contacted to solicit additional information about potential peri-operative use of NSAIDs. Results: From a total of 168 patients with 292 implant failures between 1979 and 2012, 122 consented to participate and had intact records. Just over half (56.6%) reported no peri-operative NSAID usage. However, compared to patients who did not use peri-operative NSAIDs, four times as many had complicated medical histories and twice as many patients taking NSAIDs suffered multiple implant failures. Conclusions: Patients with a variety of systemic diseases may be adversely affected by the inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on bone healing. Further prospective clinical studies are warranted to clarify this potential causative relationship in humans.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with no available pharmacological treatment. AAA formation reduces the structural integrity of the vessel and increases the susceptibility to rupture. The inflammatory response within human aneurysmal tissue is characterized by increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Similarly, in a mouse model of the disease induced by chronic Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion, we have shown that COX-2 expression in the abdominal aortic smooth muscle layer increases early in the development of the disease. Furthermore, genetic or pharmacological inactivation of COX-2 prior to disease initiation reduces AAA incidence. The current study utilized nonhyperlipidemic mice to determine the effectiveness of COX-2 inhibition initiated after AAA formation. COX-2 inhibitor treatment was initiated 5 days after beginning the AngII infusion, a time-point where significant aneurysmal pathology is observed. COX-2 inhibition with celecoxib significantly reduced the incidence as well as severity of AAAs as compared to the control group. Celecoxib treatment also protected the mice from aortic rupture and death. AAA development is characterized by degradation of the aortic smooth muscle layer with loss of the contractile phenotype. We found that the effectiveness of celecoxib was associated with significantly increased mRNA expression of alpha-actin, SM22alpha and desmin, all of which are markers of a differentiated smooth muscle cell phenotype. Celecoxib treatment also decreased mRNA expression of a marker of dedifferentiated smooth muscle (hyaluronic acid synthase 2). We also examined the role of altered expression of COX-2 in the increased susceptibility of the abdominal segment to AAA formation. We found a prolonged and greater induction of COX-2 in the abdominal aortic smooth muscle layer in contrast to a transient induction of COX-2 in the other regions of the aorta throughout disease progression. Overall, these findings suggest that COX-2 plays an important role in AAA development in mice, and COX-2 inhibition with celecoxib attenuates progression of aneurysm development by maintaining a differentiated phenotype in abdominal aortic smooth muscle cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3649.pdf: 6160139 bytes, checksum: e2fc962eefef9b03fa83e0311a505531 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this research molecular docking was used to study enzime-ligand complexes of Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with pyrimidine derivatives, aiming at understanding the possible mechanisms of action of these compounds and, thus, suggest modifications that could increase their specificity. The chosen ligands were a series of 25 substituted pyrimidines with known activity. The three-dimensional structures of these compounds were obtained by molecular modeling and that of the enzymes from the PDB and PDBSum under the codes 2OYE and 1CX2 for COX-1 and COX-2 respectively. The binding sites chosen for the docking studies were 20 Å around the crystallographic ligands IM8-700 (2OYE) and SC-558 (1CX2). In the COX-1 formed complexes the SO2Me moiety is positioned in such a way as to form hydrogen bonds with Ile517 and Phe518. The benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylmethyl-[2-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-6-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-4- yl]amine formed the most favorable complex with COX-1. In COX-2, the enzyme-ligand interaction pattern shows the SO2Me group in the side pocket, forming hydrogen bonds with His90 and Arg513 and the different substituent groups of the pyrimidine ring form hydrogen bonds with Arg120 and Tyr355. The presence of a small lipophilic pocket in COX-2 and the docking results suggest that the ligands 2, 15, 17, 22 and 23 may have their activity enhanced by the addition of a hydrophobic group on the phenyl or thiophenyl rings so this group can interact within this pocket. In both cases the mechanism of inhibition is probably competitive. As the search for new anti-inflammatory drugs must deal with a subtle balance of COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitions, the ligands 2 and 22 that showed better results for COX-2 rather than for COX-1 would be the most promising ones and therefore, those that should be tested in vivo. / Neste trabalho, o docking molecular foi utilizado para o estudo da formação de complexos alvoligante das enzimas Ciclooxigenase 1 (COX-1) e Ciclooxigenase 2 (COX-2) com derivados pirimidínicos, com a finalidade de entender os possíveis mecanismos de ação e, assim, propor modificações nos compostos visando diminuir prováveis efeitos colaterais. Os ligantes escolhidos foram uma série de 25 pirimidinas substituídas com atividade conhecida. As estruturas tridimensionais destas moléculas foram obtidas por modelagem molecular e as das enzimas dos bancos de dados PDB e PDBSum sob o código 2OYE e 1CX2 para COX-1 e COX- 2 respectivamente. Os sítios de ligação escolhidos para os cálculos de docking foram de 20 Å ao redor dos ligantes cristalográficos IM8-700 (2OYE) e SC-558 (1CX2). Das pirimidinas analisadas as que formaram complexo com a COX-1 se orientaram com a porção SO2Me formando ligações de hidrogênio com a Ile517 e Phe518. Sendo o benzo[b]tiofen-2-ilmetil-2-(4- metanosulfonilfenil)-6-trifluorometilpirimidina-4-il]amina o mais favorável para a formação de complexo com a COX-1. Para a COX-2, os compostos que se ligaram mostram um padrão que inclui ligações de hidrogênio entre a porção SO2Me e a His90 e Arg513 do bolso lateral e entre a Arg120 e Tyr355 com os grupos substituintes do anel pirimidínico. A presença de um pequeno bolso lipofílico na COX-2 e os resultados de docking permitem sugerir que os ligantes 2, 15, 17, 22 e 23 poderiam mostrar melhor atividade mediante a adição de um grupo hidrofóbico no anel fenila ou tiofenila para que este grupo se posicione dentro desse bolso. Em ambos os casos o tipo de inibição provável é o competitivo. Como a busca por novos fármacos antiinflamatórios deve lidar com um equilíbrio entre a inibição de COX-2 e COX-1, os ligantes 2 e 22 que apresentaram resultados favoráveis para a COX-2 e não tanto para a COX-1 seriam os mais promissores e, portanto, aqueles que poderiam ser testados in vivo.

This review focuses on the roles antioxidants and pro-oxidants in colorectal cancer (CRC). Considerable evidence suggests that environmental factors play key roles in the incidence of sporadic CRC. If pro-oxidant factors play an etiological role in CRC it is reasonable to expect causal interconnections between the well-characterized risk factors for CRC, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Cigarette smoking, a high dietary consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol intake are all associated with increased CRC risk. These risk factors are all pro-oxidant stressors and their connections to oxidative stress, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal microfold cells, cyclooxygenase-2 and CRC are detailed in this review. While a strong case can be made for pro-oxidant stressors in causing CRC, the role of food antioxidants in preventing CRC is less certain. It is clear that not every micronutrient with antioxidant activity can prevent CRC. It is plausible, however, that the optimal food antioxidants for preventing CRC have not yet been critically evaluated. Increasing evidence suggests that RRR-gamma-tocopherol (the primary dietary form of vitamin E) or other "non-alpha-tocopherol" forms of vitamin E (e.g., tocotrienols) might be effective. Aspirin is an antioxidant and its consumption is linked to a decreased risk of CRC.

No description available.

Le cancer colorectal (CCR) est au 3ème rang des cancers les plus répandus dans le monde. Il est bien établi que l'inflammation est un acteur clé de la carcinogenèse colorectale. Parmi les cellules de l'infiltrat inflammatoire tumoral, les macrophages jouent un rôle moteur dans la carcinogenèse en sécrétant un arsenal de cytokines/chimiokines et facteurs protumoraux tels que la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2), produit enzymatique de la cyclo-oxygénase 2 (COX-2). Des dysbioses du microbiote intestinal, en particulier une augmentation d’Escherichia coli (E. coli) appartenant au phylogroupe B2 et producteurs de cyclomodulines ont été rapportées chez les patients atteints de CCR. Mon doctorat s'inscrit dans lacaractérisation du potentiel carcinogène de souches d'E. coli B2 isolées de patients atteints de CCR, et ceci notamment au travers de leur interaction avec les macrophages, principale population de l'infiltrat inflammatoire tumoral. La caractérisation de souches d'E. coli de phylogroupe B2 isolées de patients atteints de CCR a révélé qu'elles possèdent de faibles capacités d'adhésion et d'invasion aux cellulesépithéliales intestinales comparativement à la souche adhérente et invasive d'E. coli LF82. En revanche, les E. coli associés au CCR sont capables d'induire l'expression du récepteur CEACAM6 par les cellules épithéliales coliques humaines T-84. Nous avons également montré que la souche d'E. coli 11G5 associée au CCR est capable, dans un modèle murin d'infection chronique exprimant CEACAM6, de coloniser la muqueuse colique, d'induire une inflammation colique et des dommages épithéliaux, ainsi qu'une augmentation de la prolifération cellulaire, suggérant que les E. coli associés au CCR pourraient participer à l'établissement d'un épithélium hyperprolifératif. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que les E. coli isolés de patients atteints de CCR sont capables de survivre en macrophages humains THP-1, suggérant que les macrophages pourraient représenter un niche de réplication pour ces bactéries. Les souches d'E. coli isolées de CCR sont capables d'induire des niveaux de COX-2 significativement supérieur à celui induit par une souche de la souche d'E. coli commensale ED1a. L'expression de COX-2 induite par les souches d'E. coli associées au CCR est dépendante du nombre et de la viabilité des bactéries internalisées. Enfin, l'analyse des voies de signalisation a révélé que la voie de signalisation p38 permet de contrôler le nombre de bactéries intracellulaires et l'expression de COX-2, suggérant que cette voie de signalisation pourrait être impliquée dans la survie et la multiplication des E. coli associés au CCR. Ce travail de thèse a contribué à une meilleure caractérisation des souches d'E. coli associés au cancer du côlon et a ouvert de nouvelles pistes sur la compréhension de leurcapacité à influencer la carcinogenèse colorectale. Plus largement, ces données suggèrent que les bactéries associées aux tumeurs pourraient jouer un rôle actif dans la progression tumorale, et ceci notamment au travers de leur interaction avec les macrophages. En plus d'être une cible, le tropisme particulier des E. coli associés au CCR pour les macrophages en ferait de bons candidats pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / No abstract available

A População brasileira apresenta elevada diversidade genética devido à multietnicidade, que têm implicações clínicas/genéticas importantes. O estudo de genes polimórficos pode auxiliar na detecção de pessoas com maior risco de desenvolver câncer, caracterização de evolução diferenciada, resposta distinta ao tratamento quimioterápico ou radioterápico e prognóstico. A ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) é induzida em resposta ao fator de crescimento e citocinas, sendo expressa nas doenças inflamatórias, lesões pré-malignas e tumores colorretais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a influência dos polimorfismos 1195A > G e 8473T > C do gene COX-2 como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de câncer colorretal e investigar o impacto dos polimorfismos na progressão e sobrevida de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico por câncer colorretal. Avaliaram-se SNPs (polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único) em 230 pacientes submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica no Hospital das Clínicas (SP), seguidos por 5 anos e 196 controles, operados por doença benigna na mesma instituição, pareados quanto ao sexo e idade, sem histórico individual ou familial de câncer. Isolou-se o DNA dos leucócitos utilizando-se do kit de extração e purificação PureLink DNA Minikit, seguido de amplificação pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Utilizou-se a análise do PCR em Tempo Real para determinar os genoótipos os polimorfismos através dos ensaios TaqMan ® SNP Genotyping Assay. Os resultados encontrados foram associados aos dados epidemiológicos e clinicopatológicos dos pacientes. Determinaram-se as frequências genotípicas, alélicas e estimaram-se as frequências de haplótipos dos polimorfismos do COX-2 -1195A > G e 8473T > C. As populações estão em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, a exceção do grupo controle para o polimorfismo 8473T > C (p=0,02). As frequências foram similares nos grupos caso e controle para genótipos e haplótipos, portanto, não há associação entre esses polimorfismos e risco de CCR. Em relação às variáveis epidemiológicas e anatomopatológicas do grupo caso, demonstraram-se associação das mesmas com alguns perfis genotípicos. Encontrou-se frequência elevada do genótipo polimórfico -1195GG na população oriental, grupo constituído em sua maioria por japoneses, e dos genótipos 8473TC e CC em afrodescendentes (p < 0,05). Neste grupo, o genótipo -1195GG é ausente. Foi encontrada. Encontrou-se associação entre invasão angiolinfática e genótipo polimórfico 8473 CC (p < 0,05). Na análise de sobrevida, houve associação, no modelo codominante e dominante, do genótipo COX-2 -1195GG com menor sobrevida global (AAxGG: RR = 2,78; IC95% = 1,13-6,84; p < 0,020 e AA/AG x GG: RR = 2,59; IC95% = 1,07-6,27; p < 0,04), utilizando o modelo de regressão múltipla, ajustado para as variáveis de confusão. Assim, pode-se concluir que as variantes -1195A > G e 8473T > C não participam da suscetibilidade genética ao CCR na população brasileira. O polimorfismo -1195A > G, associado à menor sobrevida, pode atuar como marcador prognóstico nestes pacientes / Brazilian population displays very high levels of genomic diversity due to the multi-ethnicity, which have important clinical/genomic implications. Polymorphic genes\' study may aid in the detection of people at higher risk of developing cancer, characterization of differentiated outcome, distinctive response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy and prognosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced in response to growth factor and cytokines, and it is expressed in inflammatory diseases, precancerous lesions and colorectal tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of COX-2 -1195A> G and 8473T> C gene polymorphisms as a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer and to investigate the impact of polymorphisms on progression and survival in patients who have undergone surgical treatment for colorectal cancer. We evaluated SNPs (Single nucleotide Polymorphism) of 230 colorectal cancer resected patients admitted at the Hospital das Clinicas (SP), followed by 5 years, and 196 controls, operated for benign disease at the same institution, matched for age and sex, and no individual or familial history of cancer. DNA was isolated from leukocyte using PureLink (TM) Genomic DNA Mini Kit, followed by amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Real-time analysis was used for genotyping of polymorphisms, through the TaqMan ® SNP Genotyping Assay. The results of the polymorphisms were associated to epidemiological, clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of the patients. Were determined genotype and allelic frequencies, and were estimated the haplotype frequencies of COX-2 -1195A > G and 8473T > C polymorphisms. The populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for the control group to the 8473T > C polymorphism (p = 0,02). The frequencies were similar in case and control groups for genotypes and haplotypes, therefore, there is no association between these polymorphisms and risk of CCR. Regarding the epidemiological and pathological variables in the case group, we demonstrate their association with some genotypic profiles. A high frequency of the polymorphic genotype -1195GG was found in an Asiatic population, group composed in its majority by Japaneses, and 8473TC and CC genotypes in African descent (p < 0,05). In this group, the 1195GG genotype is absent. Association was found between angiolymphatic invasion and polymorphic genotype 8473 CC (p < 0,05). In survival analysis, there was an association, in co-dominant and dominant model, of the COX-2 genotype -1195GG with decreased overall survival (AAxGG: RR = 2,78, 95% CI 1,13-6,84; p < 0,020 and AA / AG x GG: RR = 2,59, 95% CI 1,07-6,27; p < 0,04), using the multiple regression model, adjusted for confounding variables. Therefore, -1195A variants > G and 8473T > C does not appear participate in genetic susceptibility to CCR in the Brazilian population, but the polymorphism -1195A > G, associated with decreased survival, may act as a prognostic marker in these patients

La résistance aux agents anticancéreux souvent observée en chimiothérapie s'accompagne d'une augmentation de l'expression des gènes tels que MDR-1, gérée par des réactions de méthylation cellulaire. La physiologie des réactions de méthylation régulant l'expression de MDR-1 est insuffisamment connue. La méthionine synthase est l'enzyme clé du cycle métabolique de la méthionine et possède comme cofacteur la cobalamine (vitamine B12), suggérant un rôle crucial du couple cobalamine / méthionine synthase dans la survenue de la chimio-résistance par l'intermédiaire de la méthylation. Nous avions trouvé que l'ajout de cobalamine à des cellules d'adénocarcinome hépatique conduisait à une répression du gène MDR-1 qui ne passe pas par la méthylation du promoteur. Notre objectif est d'explorer et d'étudier les voies métaboliques situées entre le cycle de la méthionine et l'expression du gène MDR-1. Des techniques chromatographiques, électrophorétiques, de culture cellulaire, de pharmacotoxicologie et d'expression génique sont utilisées sur la lignée HepG2. La répression cobalamine-dépendante du gène MDR-1 est associée à une activation de la PLD, une diminution du facteur de signalisation Akt ainsi qu'à une inhibition de Cox2. Le ciblage pharmacologique de ces voies semble potentialiser l'effet d'agents utilisés en chimiothérapie. Cette étude devrait permettre de mieux comprendre des mécanismes de chimiorésistance, de déterminer des paramètres d'optimisation de l'utilisation de ces anticancéreux en relation avec l'expression de MDR-1 elle même en relation avec le statut vitaminique B et peut être d'orienter la recherche en chimiothérapie vers de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques / A key factor of chemioresistance is an increased expression of MDR-1 gene, partly controlled by cellular methylation reactions. Until now, the physiology of these reactions is not clearly known. The main intracellular metabolic pathway, generating methyl donors, is the methionine cycle, the activity of which is strongly depending on B-group vitamins (B12, B9). Thus, MDR-1 gene expression may be controlled by the activity of the methionine cycle and consequently presence of these vitamins. The aim of this study is to determine if, and to elucidate how, the methionine cycle influences the MDR-1 gene expression. Chromatography, pharmacotoxicology, cell culture techniques, gene and protein expression studies have been used on the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. We showed that cobalamin-induced MDR-1 gene repression was associated with phospholipase D activation, Akt phosphorylation, and Cox-2 co-repression in a complex and intricated manner. We may suggest that targeting these pathways could potentiate chimotherapy. This work shoiuld allow 1) a better understanding of mechanisms explaining why some anticancer agents may become inactive, 2) to optimize utilisation of these agents in relationship with MDR-1 gene expression and the B vitamin status, 3) to evaluate impacts of nutritionnal factors (cobalamine) in MDR-1 gene expression and 4) probably developp possible ways to improve chemotherapy

Durante a resposta inflamatória, diversos mediadores são liberados localmente com o objetivo de estimular a resposta imune celular e humoral. Por meio da ação das enzimas ciclooxigenases e lipoxigenases ocorrerão modificações estruturais na cadeia do ácido araquidônico levando a síntese de prostaglandinas ou leucotrienos e lipoxinas, respectivamente. Tais mediadores são responsáveis pela regulação da expressão dos genes RANK, RANKL e OPG, moduladores da osteoclastogênese. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão do RNA mensageiro (RNAm) para as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e 5- lipoxigenase (5-LO), e para os mediadores da osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL e OPG) no tecido ósseo, após inoculação de lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS) nos canais radiculares de molares de camundongos. Posteriormente foi investigado o efeito do bloqueio farmacológico da via COX-2 induzida pelo LPS, na expressão de mediadores da osteoclastogênese e de genes envolvidos no metabolismo ósseo. Foram utilizados 144 camundongos C57BL/6, com 6 semanas de idade, pesando de 18 a 20 gramas, nos quais os canais radiculares dos primeiros molares foram inoculados com uma solução contendo lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano de E. coli (0,1, 1,0 e 10mg/ml). Decorridos os períodos experimentais de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e os blocos contendo dente e osso foram removidos para extração do RNA total. Em seguida, foi realizada a avaliação da expressão gênica por meio de transcrição reversa e reação da polimerase em cadeia em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A análise global da expressão de RNAm para proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo ósseo foi realizada por meio de um ensaio de PCR Array (Osteogenesis RT² Profiler PCR Array). Os valores de expressão relativa de cada RNAm, para cada grupo, foram comparados por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias seguido pelo pós-teste de Bonferroni ou por ANOVA de uma via seguido pelo pós-teste de Dunnett (&alpha = 0,05). A inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares de molares de camundongos foi capaz de induzir a expressão dos genes PTGS2 e ALOX5, responsáveis pela codificação das enzimas COX-2 e 5-LO, envolvidas no metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, concomitantemente à modulação da expressão dos genes TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11 e TNFRSF11B, responsáveis pela codificação dos moduladores da osteoclastogênese RANK, RANKL e OPG, respectivamente. A administração de Indometacina, um inibidor não seletivo de COX-2, inibiu a expressão de RNAm para RANK e RANKL e estimulou a expressão de OPG durante os períodos iniciais de resposta à inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares. A inibição da via COX-2 de metabolismo do ácido araquidônico nos períodos iniciais de resposta à inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares modulou diferencialmente a expressão de genes envolvidos no catabolismo e anabolismo ósseo, indicando possíveis papéis para os mediadores derivados no ácido araquidônico na regulação do metabolismo ósseo. Estes resultados sugerem alvos terapêuticos importantes para intervenção precoce em doenças inflamatórias, como lesões periapicais para evitar a reabsorção do tecido ósseo. / During an inflammatory response, several mediators are locally released in order to stimulate cellular and humoral immune response. Through the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes structural changes occur in the arachidonic acid chain leading to synthesis of prostaglandins or leukotrienes and lipoxins, respectively. Such mediators are responsible for the regulation of RANK, RANKL and OPG gene expression, osteoclastogenesis modulators. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and the osteoclastogenesis mediators (RANK, RANKL and OPG) in bone tissue after injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine dental root canals. Then, COX-2 pathway was pharmacologically blocked for investigation of expression of osteoclastogenesis mediators and genes involved in bone metabolism. We used 144 C57BL/6 mice, 6 weeks-old, weighing 18-20 grams, which had the first molars root canals inoculated with a solution containing LPS from E. coli (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/ml). After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and the tooth-and-bone blocks were removed for total RNA extraction. Subsequently, the evaluation of gene expression was performed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction in real time (qRT-PCR). Global analysis of mRNA expression for proteins involved in bone metabolism was performed using PCR arrays (Osteogenesis RT² Profiler PCR Array). The values for relative expression of each mRNA for each group were compared using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett\'s test (&alpha;=0.05). The injection of LPS into the root canals was induced expression of genes PTGS2 and ALOX5, responsible for encoding COX-2 and 5-LO enzymes, involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, simultaneously to the modulation of gene expression of TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B, responsible for encoding the osteoclastogenesis modulators RANK, RANKL and OPG, respectively. Administration of Indomethacin, a non-selective inhibitor of COX-2, inhibited the expression of mRNA for RANK and RANKL and stimulated the expression of OPG during the initial response to the root canals contamination with LPS. Inhibition of the COX-2 pathway from arachidonic acid metabolism in the initial periods of response to LPS injection into the root canals differentially modulated the expression of genes involved in bone catabolism and anabolism, indicating possible roles for mediators derived from arachidonic acid in the regulation of bone metabolism. These results suggest important therapeutic targets for early intervention in inflammatory diseases such as apical periodontitis to avoid resorption of bone tissue.

Durante a resposta inflamatória, diversos mediadores são liberados localmente com o objetivo de estimular a resposta imune celular e humoral. Por meio da ação das enzimas ciclooxigenases e lipoxigenases ocorrerão modificações estruturais na cadeia do ácido araquidônico levando a síntese de prostaglandinas ou leucotrienos e lipoxinas, respectivamente. Tais mediadores são responsáveis pela regulação da expressão dos genes RANK, RANKL e OPG, moduladores da osteoclastogênese. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão do RNA mensageiro (RNAm) para as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e 5- lipoxigenase (5-LO), e para os mediadores da osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL e OPG) no tecido ósseo, após inoculação de lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS) nos canais radiculares de molares de camundongos. Posteriormente foi investigado o efeito do bloqueio farmacológico da via COX-2 induzida pelo LPS, na expressão de mediadores da osteoclastogênese e de genes envolvidos no metabolismo ósseo. Foram utilizados 144 camundongos C57BL/6, com 6 semanas de idade, pesando de 18 a 20 gramas, nos quais os canais radiculares dos primeiros molares foram inoculados com uma solução contendo lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano de E. coli (0,1, 1,0 e 10mg/ml). Decorridos os períodos experimentais de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e os blocos contendo dente e osso foram removidos para extração do RNA total. Em seguida, foi realizada a avaliação da expressão gênica por meio de transcrição reversa e reação da polimerase em cadeia em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A análise global da expressão de RNAm para proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo ósseo foi realizada por meio de um ensaio de PCR Array (Osteogenesis RT² Profiler PCR Array). Os valores de expressão relativa de cada RNAm, para cada grupo, foram comparados por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias seguido pelo pós-teste de Bonferroni ou por ANOVA de uma via seguido pelo pós-teste de Dunnett (&alpha = 0,05). A inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares de molares de camundongos foi capaz de induzir a expressão dos genes PTGS2 e ALOX5, responsáveis pela codificação das enzimas COX-2 e 5-LO, envolvidas no metabolismo do ácido araquidônico, concomitantemente à modulação da expressão dos genes TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11 e TNFRSF11B, responsáveis pela codificação dos moduladores da osteoclastogênese RANK, RANKL e OPG, respectivamente. A administração de Indometacina, um inibidor não seletivo de COX-2, inibiu a expressão de RNAm para RANK e RANKL e estimulou a expressão de OPG durante os períodos iniciais de resposta à inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares. A inibição da via COX-2 de metabolismo do ácido araquidônico nos períodos iniciais de resposta à inoculação de LPS nos canais radiculares modulou diferencialmente a expressão de genes envolvidos no catabolismo e anabolismo ósseo, indicando possíveis papéis para os mediadores derivados no ácido araquidônico na regulação do metabolismo ósseo. Estes resultados sugerem alvos terapêuticos importantes para intervenção precoce em doenças inflamatórias, como lesões periapicais para evitar a reabsorção do tecido ósseo. / During an inflammatory response, several mediators are locally released in order to stimulate cellular and humoral immune response. Through the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes structural changes occur in the arachidonic acid chain leading to synthesis of prostaglandins or leukotrienes and lipoxins, respectively. Such mediators are responsible for the regulation of RANK, RANKL and OPG gene expression, osteoclastogenesis modulators. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and the osteoclastogenesis mediators (RANK, RANKL and OPG) in bone tissue after injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine dental root canals. Then, COX-2 pathway was pharmacologically blocked for investigation of expression of osteoclastogenesis mediators and genes involved in bone metabolism. We used 144 C57BL/6 mice, 6 weeks-old, weighing 18-20 grams, which had the first molars root canals inoculated with a solution containing LPS from E. coli (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/ml). After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and the tooth-and-bone blocks were removed for total RNA extraction. Subsequently, the evaluation of gene expression was performed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction in real time (qRT-PCR). Global analysis of mRNA expression for proteins involved in bone metabolism was performed using PCR arrays (Osteogenesis RT² Profiler PCR Array). The values for relative expression of each mRNA for each group were compared using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett\'s test (&alpha;=0.05). The injection of LPS into the root canals was induced expression of genes PTGS2 and ALOX5, responsible for encoding COX-2 and 5-LO enzymes, involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, simultaneously to the modulation of gene expression of TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B, responsible for encoding the osteoclastogenesis modulators RANK, RANKL and OPG, respectively. Administration of Indomethacin, a non-selective inhibitor of COX-2, inhibited the expression of mRNA for RANK and RANKL and stimulated the expression of OPG during the initial response to the root canals contamination with LPS. Inhibition of the COX-2 pathway from arachidonic acid metabolism in the initial periods of response to LPS injection into the root canals differentially modulated the expression of genes involved in bone catabolism and anabolism, indicating possible roles for mediators derived from arachidonic acid in the regulation of bone metabolism. These results suggest important therapeutic targets for early intervention in inflammatory diseases such as apical periodontitis to avoid resorption of bone tissue.